- The study examined the effect of pregnancy on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers in 80 postpartum women in Saudi Arabia.
- Biochemical tests found that 64 women (80%) had low BMD, with 16 (25%) having osteoporosis. Vitamin D levels were deficient in 35.37% of women.
- BMI was the only predictor of BMD based on multiple regression analysis. No significant differences were found in bone markers between immediate postpartum and 12-month follow up for 27 women.
- The study concluded osteoporosis/osteopenia is a significant health problem in this group of postpartum women and further studies are needed.
Dr Jennifer Walsh's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Management of osteoporosis in the young adult.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Dr Steve Cummings presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Patients receiving bisphosphonates should not take holidays from treatment.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Tenslotte zal Prof. Dr. Joop van den Bergh het fractuurrisico bij patiënten met DM type 1 en 2 bespreken: hoe relevant is het verhoogde fractuurrisico bij jonge patiënten met DM type 1? Zijn adipeuze patiënten met DM type 2 beschermd tegen osteoporose? Welke determinanten spelen een rol bij het fractuurrisico bij DM type 2?
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON OSTEOPOROTIC FEMA...Mohamed A. Galal
Mohamed A. Galal ; Mushira A. Dahaba, ; Basma M. Zaki
and Hanaa M. Elshenawy. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON OSTEOPOROTIC FEMALES HAVING CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. Cairo Dental Journal (30)Number (1), 1:10January, 2014.
Dr Jennifer Walsh's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Management of osteoporosis in the young adult.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Dr Steve Cummings presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Patients receiving bisphosphonates should not take holidays from treatment.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Tenslotte zal Prof. Dr. Joop van den Bergh het fractuurrisico bij patiënten met DM type 1 en 2 bespreken: hoe relevant is het verhoogde fractuurrisico bij jonge patiënten met DM type 1? Zijn adipeuze patiënten met DM type 2 beschermd tegen osteoporose? Welke determinanten spelen een rol bij het fractuurrisico bij DM type 2?
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON OSTEOPOROTIC FEMA...Mohamed A. Galal
Mohamed A. Galal ; Mushira A. Dahaba, ; Basma M. Zaki
and Hanaa M. Elshenawy. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON OSTEOPOROTIC FEMALES HAVING CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. Cairo Dental Journal (30)Number (1), 1:10January, 2014.
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in relation to diabetes and cardiovascul...My Healthy Waist
By Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard School of Public HealthChanning Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
The Challenges of Sarcopenia: Definition, Underlying Mechanisms, Intervention...InsideScientific
During this webinar, Drs. Peterson and Guralnik will discuss sarcopenia, the physiological mechanisms underlying the disease, and the current avenues of treatment and assessment that are being researched and developed for patients.
Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle that causes decreased strength and functional limitations. Muscle loss occurs universally in people as we age, but some people lose muscle at an accelerated rate compared to others. While chronic disease can cause sarcopenia, it can also result from a sedentary lifestyle, hospitalizations and extended bed rest due to other conditions.
A gradual decline in muscle mass and strength begins around 30 years of age with this condition, and annual losses get larger throughout life. The self-reporting of functional difficulties to health care providers may give an indication that sarcopenia is present, but a more precise definition is needed for research and clinical use.
Efforts made in Europe and the US have used grip strength, gait speed and lean mass to define sarcopenia, but these definitions lead to large differences in prevalence rate and discordance in who is labelled as “sarcopenic”. To assess this condition, lean mass as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may not accurately reflect actual muscle mass, but a new technique using dilution of deuterium-labelled creatine may prove to be superior in clinically diagnosing sarcopenia. Currently, a consensus has not been reached on the clinical outcome assessments that can be used by regulatory agencies to judge the effectiveness of drugs for sarcopenia.
A number of potential interventions are being explored to treat sarcopenia in older people, but no drugs are currently approved for this condition. The antidiabetic drug metformin shows promise in preventing many age-associated conditions, but appears to blunt the benefits of exercise on muscle. Senolytic drugs, which clear senescent cells, may improve muscle repair following injury preferentially in older individuals.
Vicki Harber
LA GIOVANE ATLETA
Il ciclo mestruale, punto di riferimento per un sviluppo sano della giovane atleta
Nel processo di sviluppo delle giovani atlete è necessario che siano integrati il monitoraggio continuo del menarca e il controllo del loro stato mestruale. Promuovere lo sviluppo di una giovane atleta e supervisionarne l’allenamento è impegnativo e complesso. Se dispongono di una conoscenza maggiore della funzione mestruale le giovani atlete e le loro famiglie hanno strumenti migliori per rispondere alle esigenze dell’allenamento e delle gare. Lo stato mestruale rappresenta un indicatore globale della salute e del benessere che fornisce informazioni che riguardano l’energia, il rischio di lesioni scheletriche e muscolari, l’apporto alimentare, il profilo metabolico e ormonale, il recupero e altri elementi, importanti per la prestazione. Inoltre, con l’uso crescente dei contraccettivi orali da parte delle giovani atlete che non hanno raggiunto la loro maturità scheletrica, allenatori, allenatrici e genitori debbono essere informati dei risultati recenti che riguardano la salute delle ossa.
A study of serum Cadmium and lead in Iraqi postmenopausal women with osteopor...IOSR Journals
Postmenopausal status is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. Several studies have reported that heavy metals, including lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, have harmful effects on bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heavy metals, including Cadmium and Lead on osteoporosis in postmenopausal Iraqi women. This prospective study included a total of 70 postmenopausal women divided as 40patients with osteoporosis compared to 30 apparently healthy women as controls during 2011. Serum levels of Cadmium and Lead were measured using atomic absorption while serum Calcium, Phosphorus and Alkaline phosphatase were measured by spectrophotometry.The results showed that there was no significant difference between patients and controls regarding age, Body Mass Index, Calcium, Phosphorous, and Alkaline phosphatase. Serum levels of Cadmium and Lead were higher in patients compared to controls, p < 0.001 and p< 0.01 respectively. It is concluded that increased serum levels of cadmium and lead maybe associated with higher risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
Magnesium as an Important Marker in Post-Menopausal Women with Osteoporosis a...inventionjournals
Objective: Osteoporosis is quite common in elderly people, especially in post-menopausal women. The role of Magnesium, an important cation along with calcium for bone formation, is not very well-studied in osteoporosis as well as osteopenia group. Methods: Total 68 post-menopausal women 48-75 years of age group, were included in this study. In which, 33 women were having osteoporosis while rest 35 were from osteopenia. The differentiation between osteoporosis and osteopenia were done with the bone mineral density usually expressed in T score and Z score. Serum total calcium, ionized calcium, serum phosphate, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum magnesium were estimated in post-menopausal women. Results: Significant results were obtained in various parameters. In osteopenic women, the mean values of total calcium (8.25±1.25 vs. 9.29±0.62) and ionized calcium (4.22±0.51 vs. 4.64±0.31) were significantly (<0.001)><0.01)><0.05). Conclusion: In post-menopausal women, osteoporosis is characterized by a lower concentration of calcium and definitely Low Magnesium. Hypomagnesemia may result in inflammatory disorders which have an existing relationship with bone loss. The dietary intake of magnesium supplement may be useful in reducing the adverse effect of osteoporosis.
A Retrospective Study to Investigate Association among Age, BMI and BMD in th...IOSR Journals
Bone strength (and, hence, fracture risk) is dependent on many qualities of bone, of which bone mineral density (BMD) is the most commonly measured. Association between advancing age and lower body mass index (BMI) is an important risk factor in the occurrence of low BMD. This study was aimed at evaluation of the association among age, BMI and status of BMD among 159 age matched postmenopausal women who underwent Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptimetry (DEXA) scan. The study population was divided into three groups on the basis of body mass index (BMI) as normal weight, obese and severely obese. The mean bone mineral density (BMD) of obese and severely obese postmenopausal women was found to be significantly higher (P value < 0.001) as compared to the mean BMD of normal weight women. Significant negative correlation was found between the age and BMI except in severely obese group (P value < 0.05). Age and BMD in all the three groups correlated negatively (P value < 0.01) in all the three groups. BMD and BMI in the normal weight group significantly correlated negatively (P value < 0.05) while a very weak positive but insignificant correlation existed between the same in the obese and severely obese postmenopausal women. The study revealed that with advancing age BMD is lowered and that higher BMI might have a positive influence (although not significant as observed in the present study) on the BMD. Other factors like exposure to sunlight, calcium intake, diet etc should also be investigated which could not be probed in the present study as it was a retrospective analysis.
Sanni Ali's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Antidiabetic medication use and the risk of fracture amongst type 2 diabetic patients: a nested case-control study
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Dr Trevor Cole's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: From family history to epigenetics of osteoporosis.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Kate Ward's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Relationships between muscle function and bone microarchitecture in the Hertfordshire cohort study.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in relation to diabetes and cardiovascul...My Healthy Waist
By Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard School of Public HealthChanning Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
The Challenges of Sarcopenia: Definition, Underlying Mechanisms, Intervention...InsideScientific
During this webinar, Drs. Peterson and Guralnik will discuss sarcopenia, the physiological mechanisms underlying the disease, and the current avenues of treatment and assessment that are being researched and developed for patients.
Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle that causes decreased strength and functional limitations. Muscle loss occurs universally in people as we age, but some people lose muscle at an accelerated rate compared to others. While chronic disease can cause sarcopenia, it can also result from a sedentary lifestyle, hospitalizations and extended bed rest due to other conditions.
A gradual decline in muscle mass and strength begins around 30 years of age with this condition, and annual losses get larger throughout life. The self-reporting of functional difficulties to health care providers may give an indication that sarcopenia is present, but a more precise definition is needed for research and clinical use.
Efforts made in Europe and the US have used grip strength, gait speed and lean mass to define sarcopenia, but these definitions lead to large differences in prevalence rate and discordance in who is labelled as “sarcopenic”. To assess this condition, lean mass as measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may not accurately reflect actual muscle mass, but a new technique using dilution of deuterium-labelled creatine may prove to be superior in clinically diagnosing sarcopenia. Currently, a consensus has not been reached on the clinical outcome assessments that can be used by regulatory agencies to judge the effectiveness of drugs for sarcopenia.
A number of potential interventions are being explored to treat sarcopenia in older people, but no drugs are currently approved for this condition. The antidiabetic drug metformin shows promise in preventing many age-associated conditions, but appears to blunt the benefits of exercise on muscle. Senolytic drugs, which clear senescent cells, may improve muscle repair following injury preferentially in older individuals.
Vicki Harber
LA GIOVANE ATLETA
Il ciclo mestruale, punto di riferimento per un sviluppo sano della giovane atleta
Nel processo di sviluppo delle giovani atlete è necessario che siano integrati il monitoraggio continuo del menarca e il controllo del loro stato mestruale. Promuovere lo sviluppo di una giovane atleta e supervisionarne l’allenamento è impegnativo e complesso. Se dispongono di una conoscenza maggiore della funzione mestruale le giovani atlete e le loro famiglie hanno strumenti migliori per rispondere alle esigenze dell’allenamento e delle gare. Lo stato mestruale rappresenta un indicatore globale della salute e del benessere che fornisce informazioni che riguardano l’energia, il rischio di lesioni scheletriche e muscolari, l’apporto alimentare, il profilo metabolico e ormonale, il recupero e altri elementi, importanti per la prestazione. Inoltre, con l’uso crescente dei contraccettivi orali da parte delle giovani atlete che non hanno raggiunto la loro maturità scheletrica, allenatori, allenatrici e genitori debbono essere informati dei risultati recenti che riguardano la salute delle ossa.
A study of serum Cadmium and lead in Iraqi postmenopausal women with osteopor...IOSR Journals
Postmenopausal status is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. Several studies have reported that heavy metals, including lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, have harmful effects on bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heavy metals, including Cadmium and Lead on osteoporosis in postmenopausal Iraqi women. This prospective study included a total of 70 postmenopausal women divided as 40patients with osteoporosis compared to 30 apparently healthy women as controls during 2011. Serum levels of Cadmium and Lead were measured using atomic absorption while serum Calcium, Phosphorus and Alkaline phosphatase were measured by spectrophotometry.The results showed that there was no significant difference between patients and controls regarding age, Body Mass Index, Calcium, Phosphorous, and Alkaline phosphatase. Serum levels of Cadmium and Lead were higher in patients compared to controls, p < 0.001 and p< 0.01 respectively. It is concluded that increased serum levels of cadmium and lead maybe associated with higher risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
Magnesium as an Important Marker in Post-Menopausal Women with Osteoporosis a...inventionjournals
Objective: Osteoporosis is quite common in elderly people, especially in post-menopausal women. The role of Magnesium, an important cation along with calcium for bone formation, is not very well-studied in osteoporosis as well as osteopenia group. Methods: Total 68 post-menopausal women 48-75 years of age group, were included in this study. In which, 33 women were having osteoporosis while rest 35 were from osteopenia. The differentiation between osteoporosis and osteopenia were done with the bone mineral density usually expressed in T score and Z score. Serum total calcium, ionized calcium, serum phosphate, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum magnesium were estimated in post-menopausal women. Results: Significant results were obtained in various parameters. In osteopenic women, the mean values of total calcium (8.25±1.25 vs. 9.29±0.62) and ionized calcium (4.22±0.51 vs. 4.64±0.31) were significantly (<0.001)><0.01)><0.05). Conclusion: In post-menopausal women, osteoporosis is characterized by a lower concentration of calcium and definitely Low Magnesium. Hypomagnesemia may result in inflammatory disorders which have an existing relationship with bone loss. The dietary intake of magnesium supplement may be useful in reducing the adverse effect of osteoporosis.
A Retrospective Study to Investigate Association among Age, BMI and BMD in th...IOSR Journals
Bone strength (and, hence, fracture risk) is dependent on many qualities of bone, of which bone mineral density (BMD) is the most commonly measured. Association between advancing age and lower body mass index (BMI) is an important risk factor in the occurrence of low BMD. This study was aimed at evaluation of the association among age, BMI and status of BMD among 159 age matched postmenopausal women who underwent Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptimetry (DEXA) scan. The study population was divided into three groups on the basis of body mass index (BMI) as normal weight, obese and severely obese. The mean bone mineral density (BMD) of obese and severely obese postmenopausal women was found to be significantly higher (P value < 0.001) as compared to the mean BMD of normal weight women. Significant negative correlation was found between the age and BMI except in severely obese group (P value < 0.05). Age and BMD in all the three groups correlated negatively (P value < 0.01) in all the three groups. BMD and BMI in the normal weight group significantly correlated negatively (P value < 0.05) while a very weak positive but insignificant correlation existed between the same in the obese and severely obese postmenopausal women. The study revealed that with advancing age BMD is lowered and that higher BMI might have a positive influence (although not significant as observed in the present study) on the BMD. Other factors like exposure to sunlight, calcium intake, diet etc should also be investigated which could not be probed in the present study as it was a retrospective analysis.
Sanni Ali's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Antidiabetic medication use and the risk of fracture amongst type 2 diabetic patients: a nested case-control study
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Dr Trevor Cole's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: From family history to epigenetics of osteoporosis.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Kate Ward's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: Relationships between muscle function and bone microarchitecture in the Hertfordshire cohort study.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
Analytical Study of Clinicopathological Data of Saudi Patients with Osteoarth...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
SUMMARY: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disabling disease. Epidemiological studies have revealed various risk
factors for OA, including sex, aging, obesity, occupational illnesses, and chronic diseases. Here we evaluate the clinical, pathological,
and radiological findings of knee OA in a subset of Saudi patients who were subjected to total knee replacement (TKA). The study
population included 30 Saudi patients with knee OA who were operated by TKA (from June 2014 to December 2015) in the Department
of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Patient’s clinical and radiological data were collected
from the hospital files. Pathological examination of the excised superior articular surface of tibia and femoral condyles were done.
Pearson Chi-squared analysis was used to test for differences between the variables in associated risk factors. There were more women
than men. Sixty per cent of patients were older than 60 years [mean age, 59.2 (females) and 61.7 (men) years-old]. All patients exceeded
obesity class 1, with females being more obese than males. Pathological examination of the superior articular surface of tibia and femoral
condyles showed high score lesions, which was more apparent in females than in males. Radiological findings showed that most lesions
were high grade. The findings of this study will help to understand the pathogenesis of OA and improve treatment decision making
relevant to TKA in knee OA in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.
KEY WORDS: Osteoarthritis; Knee; Arthroplasty.
Osteoarthritis is the most common disease of women after menopause. There are many factors to develop the disease. Hormones play important role to in this context. The objective of the present study is to determine whether the levels of thyroid and sex hormones are associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in postmenopausal women. Forty three patients suffering from OA and twenty control subjects were included in this study. Thyroid and sex hormones were measured in the serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. In OA patients serum estrogen levels were low as compared to control subjects(p<0.001), but these patients did not show any significant change in thyroid hormones and progesterone hormone levels when compared with control subjects. The findings suggest that estrogen deficiency after menopause may contribute to develop OA in postmenopausal women.
Validity of Clinical Attachment Loss for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in Postmen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
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2. Bone health of postpartum women
Mansouri et al. 018
Previous studies have provided conflicting findings on the
long-term effects of pregnancy and lactation on bone
mineral density (BMD, g/cm2). Two retrospective
(Sowers, et al., 1993; Parra-Cabrera, et al., 1996) and
one prospective. (Black, et al., 2000) studies, showed
that number of pregnancies and lactation had a
deleterious effect on BMD with an average loss of 4.8,
3.5% loss at femoral neck and spines.
On the other hand, other investigators, found no relation
between pregnancy, lactation and BMD. ( Sowers et al.,
1991; Tuppurainen et al.,1995; Laskey et al., 1997)
Berehi et al.,(1996) found no significant influence on
BMD of the number of children, when they studied 159
Omani women with a high average number of children of
5 (range: 0–14). To the contrary, a large retrospective
study of 2230 women aged <65 years showed that each
additional birth conferred a 1.4% increase in distal radial
bone density, (Fox et al., 1993). Even These variations in
reporting the effects of pregnancy and lactation on BMD
could be explained by the fact that investigators had
studied different sites for bone densities, (Olausson et al.,
2008). Some of these studies suggested that bone
density may decrease in skeletal regions rich in
trabecular bone, such as the spine and hip (More et al.,
2001; Pearson et al., 2004; Ulrich et al., 2003; Kaur et al.,
2003; Naylor et al., 2000; Prentice, 2003; Holmberg-
Marttila et al., 2000). with either no change or an increase
in regions rich in cortical bone, (Ulrich et al., 2003). In
addition, these studies have suggested that there is
considerable variation between women in the skeletal
response to pregnancy, for reasons that are unclear,
(Kaur et al., 2003; Naylor et al., 2000; Prentice et al.,
2003; Holmberg-Marttila et al., 2000; Prentice, 2003
suppl). LM Paton et al., (2003). in their unique study of
twin pairs (study 1, 2, 3), which thus eliminating genetic
factors and partially also environmental effects, observed
that there were no significant within-pair differences in
BMD between parous and nulliparous women (study 1,
included: 83 women>18 years).
This study was done to prospectively evaluate the effect
of pregnancy and lactation on bone health postpartum
and after twelve months.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was approved by the ethical committee of King
Abdul-Aziz University Hospital. Women delivered
normally at King Abdul-Aziz University between May 16/
2009 to July 20/2010, were recruited, the inclusion
criteria used were: singleton full term pregnancy, no
medical or pregnancy complications, no history of bone
disease, and no history of use of medications for bone
disease (e.g. steroids) other than regular ante natal
supplements including iron and a daily dose of calcium
carbonate (600mg), women with multiple pregnancy,
bone disease, or on steroids were excluded.
After obtaining an informed consent, these women were
tested for bone profile, 25 OH vitamin D, bone turn-over
markers and BMD. The demographic data of these
women included: age, parity BMI, and ethnicity.
Behavioral history included smoking, exposure to sun,
and dietary calcium which was assessed by the
interviewer and considered adequate if daily intake was
equivalent to 1200 mg/day).
These women were advised to come back for follow up, 6
weeks postpartum and after one year. Despite the clear
and long discussion and encouragement to come for
follow up, only 27 women came because of difficulty
coming to hospital ( nobody to look after the children
,difficult or expensive transport, illiterate or low socio-
economic status). These were tested for bone profile and
BTM.
The methodology of the tests of the study was done as
follows:
The bone turnover markers were analyzed manually by
ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) for both
Osteocalcin (serum biomarker of bone formation and CTx
(C-terminal telopeptide -serum biomarker of bone
turnover ). Vitamin D level ( 25 hydroxy vitamin D-
25OHD) was measured and analyzed using automated
based ECL (Electro-Chem-Liumencint) technique in
Modular system. Bone profile included: serum Calcium,
Phosphate, Total Proteins, Albumin and Alkaline
phosphatase, and it was analyzed using a method of
automated based on Spectrophotometer in Dimension
System.
Bone mineral density was measured by DXA (Lunar MD
with software 4.7e; GELunar Corporation, Madison, WI).
The interpretation of the reports was done using WHO
criteria for defining normal or abnormal scores. Although
the reference values of postpartum women is not known,
and because the relationship between BMD and fracture
risk is not well established in this population, Writing
Group for the ISCD Position Development Conference
Diagnosis of osteoporosis in men, premenopausal
women, and children, (2004). Z-scores ≤-2.0 , not T-
scores, will be used in this group as recommended by
WHO and The International Society for Clinical
Densitometry (ISCD), (Binkley et al., 2007).
The statistical analysis used was the paired t-test to
compare the means of bone profile and BTMs of
postpartum women to those after 12 months.
The effect of age, parity, weight, height, BMI, antenatal
visits, birth weight ,on BMD, BTM, Bone profile and 25
OH vitamin D will be studied using multiple regression
analysis using SPSS 16. The mean BMI of the study
group will be used as an independent variable.
3. Bone health of postpartum women
Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. Res. 019
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of postpartum women (90)
Demographic characteristics Mean Standard deviation/SEM
Age 28.2 6.3/0.73
Gravida 3.7 2.7/0.29
Para:
0-1
2-4
>/5
41 (45.6%)
33 (36.7%)
15 (16.7%)
1: missing data
Weight kg 69.69 1.6/1.7
Height m 1.54 1.76/1.88
BMI 28.3 5.18/0.56
Antenatal visits 2.5 1.87/0.198
Birth weight gm 3000 0.52/0.27
Table 2. The mean of postpartum serum bone profile, serum turnover markers and BMD
Test Mean Standard Deviation
Serum Calcium 2.48 0.08
Serum Phosphate 1.105 0.172
Alkaline phosphate 172.69 5.9
25 OH vitamin D 35.35 1.98
Osteocalcin 11.01 7.24
CTx 2.93 3.16
BMD spine 0.88 0.099
Tscore spine 1.54 0.85
Zscore spine 1.46 0.83
BMD left femur 0.802 0.095
BMD right femur 0.78 0.155
NB:
Serum calcium: Normal range (2.12-2.52 mmol/l)
Serum phosphate (PO4): Normal range (0.8-1.58 mmol/l)
Alkaline phosphatase: Normal range ( 50-136 U/l )
25 hydroxy vitamin D: Normal range (75-200 nmol/l)
Serum osteocalcin: Normal range ( 4-15 ng/ml)
Serum CTx: Normal range (0.1-1.27 ng/ml)
RESULTS
Ninety women, who delivered spontaneously and have
no antenatal complications, were recruited for the study.
Ten of these women were discharged before BMD
studies were done.
The demographic data of these women were shown in
Table 1. More than 50% of the study group were
multigravidas (54.4%).Three women were black, two
were Asians, and only one was Mediterranean and the
rest were Saudi citizens ( not included in the table). The
mean BMI of the study group was 28.3%. Of the women
studied, 53 % had adequate dietary calcium intake but
only three (3.33%) continued regular calcium
supplements throughout pregnancy.
All postpartum values of the bone profile of these women
were within normal range. The mean of postpartum
serum 25 OH vitamin D was 35.35 nmol /l (Normal 75-
200 nmol/l). Only Three women (3.33%) had normal 25
OH vitamin D, while fifty (55.56%) had mild deficiency
(25-75 nmol/l), and twenty nine (32.22%) had moderate
(12.5-25 nmol/l) to severe (<12.5 nmol/l) deficiency. Eight
values were missing (8.89%).
The mean serum level of osteocalcin and CTx were
11.01 ng/ml (Normal 4-15 ng/ml) and mean serum CTx
level was 2.93 (Normal o.1- 1.27) respectively. Twenty
four women (26.67%) had osteocalcin levels higher than
normal, while most postpartum women (81.33%) had
higher values than normal of CTx bone resorption
marker.
The BMD, T and Z score of lumbar spine, and BMD of
the neck of the femur (left and right) of these women was
shown in Table 2. According to WHO criteria and Using
ISCD cut-off Z score of =/<-2.0, it was observed that
osteoporosis was present in 16 (17.78%) and osteopenia
in 48 (53.3%) women as interpreted by the radiographer.
4. Bone health of postpartum women
Mansouri et al. 020
Table 3. Correlation between BMD and other independent variables after adjusting for ageand BMI.
P valuerVariable
0.70.26Number of pregnancies
0.30.72Parity
0.1-0.88Lactation (month )
0.90.13CTX PP
0.4-0.56Osteocalcin pp
0.6-0.4425-OH Vitamin D3
Where r is the correlation coefficient
BMD: the dependent variable
CTx pp: CTx postpartum
Osteocalcin pp: osteocalcin postpartum
Table 4. Correlation between BMD and other variables after adjusting for age and BMI.
Control Variables
G P
Lactation
month BMD CTX-PP Osteo-pp vitD
age & BMI G Correlation 1.000 .686 -.255 .256 .439 .588 -.786
Sign (2-tailed) . .314 .745 .744 .561 .412 .214
P Correlation .686 1.000 -.868 .724 -.101 -.168 -.938
Sign (2-tailed) .314 . .132 .276 .899 .832 .062
Lactation
month
Correlation -.255 -.868 1.000 -.883 .298 .630 .676
Sign (2-tailed) .745 .132 . .117 .702 .370 .324
BMD Correlation .256 .724 -.883 1.000 .125 -.558 -.442
Sign (2-tailed) .744 .276 .117 . .875 .442 .558
CTXPP Correlation .439 -.101 .298 .125 1.000 .555 .161
Sig (2-tailed) .561 .899 .702 .875 . .445 .839
Osteopp Correlation .588 -.168 .630 -.558 .555 1.000 -.088
Sign (2-tailed) .412 .832 .370 .442 .445 . .912
vitD Correlation -.786 -.938 .676 -.442 .161 -.088 1.000
Sign (2-tailed) .214 .062 .324 .558 .839 .912 .
Osteo-pp: osteocalcin postpartum
CTx-pp: CTx postpartum
Table 5. Multiple linear regressions showed that BMI was a significant predictor for BMD. Variables in the model included parity, gravidity,
BMI, Age, & vitamin D.
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
95.0% Confidence Interval for B
B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound
1 (Constant) .627 .071 8.886 .000 .485 .768
BMI .009 .002 .451 3.610 .001 .004 .014
a. Dependent Variable: BMD
A correlation was done between the BMD and the
demographic data (including: number of pregnancies,
parity, number of months of lactation and serum 25OH-
vitamin D3) and after adjustment for BMI and age there
were no significant correlation between BMD and other
variables, Table 3 and 4. Multiple linear regression
showed that BMI was a significant predictor for BMD
(P=0.001). Variables in the model included parity,
gravidity , BMI, Age, and vitamin D, Table 5.
Twenty seven women came for follow up. The mean
serum level of osteocalcin and CTx was 12.98 ng/ml and
5.54 ng/ml, respectively.
Using paired t-test, there was no significant difference of
serum level of bone turnover markers (osteocalcin and
CTx) twelve months after delivery when compared to
those within the first few days postpartum (P value= 0.25,
and 0.065) respectively, Table 6 and 7 respectively. But it
is observed that the mean level at 12 months after
5. Bone health of postpartum women
Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. Res. 021
Table 6. Paired t-test comparing postpartum levels of osteocalcin & CTx to their levels after one year
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation St d. Error Mean
Pair 1 Osteocalcin (pp) 11.0109 7.24002 1.50965
Osteocalcin (12m) 12.9783 8.09034 1.68695
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
t df Sig. (2-tailed)Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence Interval of
the Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 Ost pp - Ost.12m -1.96741 7.98775 1.66556 -5.42157 1.48675 -1.181 22 .250
Osteocalcin postpartum (Ost pp)
Osteocalcin after 12 months (Ost.12m)
Table 7. Paired t-test comparing postpartum levels of CTx to their levels after one year
Mean Std. Deviation Std.Error Mean
Pair 1 CTXPP 2.9268 3.16390 .67455
CTx12m 5.5364 6.21040 1.32406
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
t df Sig. (2-tailed)Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence Interval of
the Difference
Lower Upper
Pair 1 CTXPP -
CTx12m
-2.60955 6.29752 1.34264 -5.40171 .18262 -1.944 21 .065
CTx postpartum (Ost pp)
CTx after 12 months (Ost.12m)
delivery was almost twice (1.9 times) more than
postpartum levels, but did not reach statistical
significance which may suggest increased bone
resorption, but the number was small.
DISCUSSION
It is noticed from this study that the prevalence of Low
Bone Density (osteopenia/ osteoporosis) is high in this
group of Saudi women (71.11%). This finding was
immediately postpartum which denotes that the loss
occurred prior to delivery: either during pregnancy or
before pregnancy. A BMD study before pregnancy would
have helped to differentiate between these two.
A high prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal
women was reported (Sadat-Ali et al., 2004) to be 46.7%,
the rate in this study was even higher in these
postpartum women.
This finding (this color 24062014) may suggest indirectly
that a low BMD during the women’s reproductive years
could be a predictive factor for future osteoporosis/
osteopenia in postmenopausal women. A BMD of
Japanese women postpartum and a repeat after 5-10
years, demonstrated that 71% who had been osteopenic
or osteoporotic postpartum remained so after
menopause, (Wu XP et al., 2004). A low BMD of Saudi
women could be normal to this population age group, and
some investigators suggested to compare the BMD of
postmenopausal women to this young age group, before
diagnosing osteopenia/osteoporosis,(Ardawi et al., 2004).
Another explanation is that the age of peak bone mass
could be at older age than expected depending on racial
or ethnic background, ,(Ardawi et al., 2004; Johansen et
al., 1988). Severe vitamin D deficiency and low calcium
intake were, among other factors, that might explain why
adolescents did not achieve their genetic potential for
calcium deposition and bone health and metabolism.
With the presence of high estrogen levels during
pregnancy and the marked decrease in level during
lactation, it was commonly hypothesized that lactation
was the culprit of low BMD and or osteopenia/
6. Bone health of postpartum women
Mansouri et al. 022
osteoporosis. In this study the osteopenia/ osteoporosis
complex was present before lactation even started. What
caused that was it due to low BMD before pregnancy, or
during adolescent period, and or the effect of substrate
deficiencies essential for bone metabolism. These were
some of the areas thought need to be studied in the
future.
CONCLUSION
Low Bone Density, including Osteoporosis is a
significant health problem in this group of women. More
studies are needed to look into factors that increases the
risk in this young group of patients .Could that be related
to poor attainment of PBM or early pregnancy in
adolescent age or to high parity or the known factors in
this population including poor dietary calcium, lack of sun
exposure or lack of exercise. Further studies are needed
to look into these factors.
Conflict of Interest Statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project had been funded by deanship of Scientific
Research (DSR) / King Abdul-Aziz University, under
grant number (5/007/429). Therefore we acknowledge
with thanks DSR support for scientific research. Special
thanks are to Miss Manal Baklo to her help in obtaining
data.
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