The document provides an overview of onion production in Ethiopia and analyzes the onion value chain. It discusses how onion is an important vegetable crop in Ethiopia but productivity is lower than other countries due to limited availability of quality seeds and technologies. The value chain begins with land preparation and includes planting, harvesting, cleaning, and domestic marketing. Understanding the activities and relationships between actors in the chain can help identify inefficiencies and opportunities for improvement. The goal of the analysis is to investigate the current onion value chain in order to understand production, bottlenecks, and how to increase small farmer incomes through a demand-driven approach.
11.marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest volume (42%) of crops sold in rural markets, followed by wheat (21%) and rice (17%), due to their perishability.
2. Most farmers prefer selling in local rural markets rather than farther markets due to lack of transportation and storage infrastructure.
3. Prices of crops varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers, including unemployed villagers, accounted for 70% of sellers on average, selling crops to supplement their income.
5
Marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest transaction volume (42.46%) due to their perishability. Wheat and rice also had high volumes.
2. Most farmers prefer local rural markets over specialized markets due to lack of transportation and infrastructure.
3. Prices varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers accounted for 69.99% of sellers on average, supplementing their incomes. Producer sellers were mainly marginal and small farmers.
Determinants of Tomato Smallholder Farmers Market Outlet Choices in West Shew...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the determinants of market outlet choices for tomato smallholder farmers in West Shewa, Ethiopia. A survey was conducted with 300 farmers across 12 villages and 3 districts selected based on tomato production. Descriptive statistics found retailers were the most common outlet. A multivariate probit model was used to analyze the effects of variables on choices for wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The model found 5 variables significantly affected wholesaler choices, 4 variables affected retailer choices, and 3 variables affected consumer choices. The model showed good fit and explanatory power. Distance to market, access to credit, family size, education, and tomato production volume were among the factors found to significantly influence farmers' outlet choices.
Analyzing Marketing Margins and the Direction of Price Flow in the Tomato Val...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document analyzes the tomato value chain in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It finds that farmers receive a low portion of the final consumer price for tomatoes, with about 85% of the consumer's rand going towards marketing margins. Examining prices at different levels of the chain, it determines that both wholesale and retail prices are "caused by" or dependent on farm gate prices through Granger causality tests. Therefore, the farm level plays a key role in price determination for tomatoes in Limpopo Province. Policies to improve the tomato farming sector may help enhance other sectors in the value chain.
Determinants of Coffee Market Outlet Choices in Gewata District, Kaffa Zone, ...Premier Publishers
Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Coffee is one of the cash crop which is highly marketed through world next to petroleum. It has a great contribution in earning foreign currency and it is an income source for around 20 % Ethiopian population either directly or indirectly. Linking small producers to markets are widely recognized as a valuable development route and market outlets choice is one of the most important farm household decisions to sell their produce and has a great impact on household income. Even if the study area has great potential of coffee production, the farmers faced the marketing problem particularly in choice of appropriate coffee market outlets. This study was therefore carried out to analyze determinants of coffee producers’ market outlet choice decisions in Gewata district. Purposive and two stage random sampling technique was used and data was collected from 121 coffee producers. Multivariate probit model (MVP) was used to analyze factors influencing the choice of coffee market outlets choice by coffee producers. The multivariate probit model results indicated that quantity of coffee sold, education level, frequency of extension contacts, household size, years of farming experience, distance to nearest market, off/non-farm income, land under coffee and transport access significantly influenced coffee producers’ choice of market outlet. Therefore, strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving accessibility of transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions (extension service provider).
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS CONFRONTING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN NIGERIA AND SUGGEST ...Folarin Gbolahan
Over the years, major changes came into effect to improve the agricultural marketing system. Many institutions viz., the regulated markets, marketing boards, cooperative marketing institutions, warehousing cooperatives etc., have been established primarily to help the farmers. However, various studies indicated that modernization in agricultural marketing could not keep pace with the technological adoptions in agriculture. The various marketing functions viz., grading, standardization, storage, market intelligence, etc., need to be improved to meet the present day requirements of the farmers. In improving the marketing system for food and livestock in developing countries as Nigeria, it is pertinent to understand the nature of marketing problems as it is only by doing this that workable solution can be found to them. Indeed such knowledge of marketing problems would give information as to why markets are not developing and what measures are required to develop the markets.
The document provides an overview of onion production in Ethiopia and analyzes the onion value chain. It discusses how onion is an important vegetable crop in Ethiopia but productivity is lower than other countries due to limited availability of quality seeds and technologies. The value chain begins with land preparation and includes planting, harvesting, cleaning, and domestic marketing. Understanding the activities and relationships between actors in the chain can help identify inefficiencies and opportunities for improvement. The goal of the analysis is to investigate the current onion value chain in order to understand production, bottlenecks, and how to increase small farmer incomes through a demand-driven approach.
11.marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest volume (42%) of crops sold in rural markets, followed by wheat (21%) and rice (17%), due to their perishability.
2. Most farmers prefer selling in local rural markets rather than farther markets due to lack of transportation and storage infrastructure.
3. Prices of crops varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers, including unemployed villagers, accounted for 70% of sellers on average, selling crops to supplement their income.
5
Marketing of agricultural crops in rural indian economy a case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the marketing of agricultural crops in rural markets in Ambedkarnagar District, India. Some key findings:
1. Vegetables accounted for the highest transaction volume (42.46%) due to their perishability. Wheat and rice also had high volumes.
2. Most farmers prefer local rural markets over specialized markets due to lack of transportation and infrastructure.
3. Prices varied across markets depending on location, demand, supply and transportation costs.
4. Non-producer sellers accounted for 69.99% of sellers on average, supplementing their incomes. Producer sellers were mainly marginal and small farmers.
Determinants of Tomato Smallholder Farmers Market Outlet Choices in West Shew...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the determinants of market outlet choices for tomato smallholder farmers in West Shewa, Ethiopia. A survey was conducted with 300 farmers across 12 villages and 3 districts selected based on tomato production. Descriptive statistics found retailers were the most common outlet. A multivariate probit model was used to analyze the effects of variables on choices for wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The model found 5 variables significantly affected wholesaler choices, 4 variables affected retailer choices, and 3 variables affected consumer choices. The model showed good fit and explanatory power. Distance to market, access to credit, family size, education, and tomato production volume were among the factors found to significantly influence farmers' outlet choices.
Analyzing Marketing Margins and the Direction of Price Flow in the Tomato Val...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document analyzes the tomato value chain in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It finds that farmers receive a low portion of the final consumer price for tomatoes, with about 85% of the consumer's rand going towards marketing margins. Examining prices at different levels of the chain, it determines that both wholesale and retail prices are "caused by" or dependent on farm gate prices through Granger causality tests. Therefore, the farm level plays a key role in price determination for tomatoes in Limpopo Province. Policies to improve the tomato farming sector may help enhance other sectors in the value chain.
Determinants of Coffee Market Outlet Choices in Gewata District, Kaffa Zone, ...Premier Publishers
Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Coffee is one of the cash crop which is highly marketed through world next to petroleum. It has a great contribution in earning foreign currency and it is an income source for around 20 % Ethiopian population either directly or indirectly. Linking small producers to markets are widely recognized as a valuable development route and market outlets choice is one of the most important farm household decisions to sell their produce and has a great impact on household income. Even if the study area has great potential of coffee production, the farmers faced the marketing problem particularly in choice of appropriate coffee market outlets. This study was therefore carried out to analyze determinants of coffee producers’ market outlet choice decisions in Gewata district. Purposive and two stage random sampling technique was used and data was collected from 121 coffee producers. Multivariate probit model (MVP) was used to analyze factors influencing the choice of coffee market outlets choice by coffee producers. The multivariate probit model results indicated that quantity of coffee sold, education level, frequency of extension contacts, household size, years of farming experience, distance to nearest market, off/non-farm income, land under coffee and transport access significantly influenced coffee producers’ choice of market outlet. Therefore, strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving accessibility of transport services and developing infrastructure, improving farmers’ knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions (extension service provider).
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS CONFRONTING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN NIGERIA AND SUGGEST ...Folarin Gbolahan
Over the years, major changes came into effect to improve the agricultural marketing system. Many institutions viz., the regulated markets, marketing boards, cooperative marketing institutions, warehousing cooperatives etc., have been established primarily to help the farmers. However, various studies indicated that modernization in agricultural marketing could not keep pace with the technological adoptions in agriculture. The various marketing functions viz., grading, standardization, storage, market intelligence, etc., need to be improved to meet the present day requirements of the farmers. In improving the marketing system for food and livestock in developing countries as Nigeria, it is pertinent to understand the nature of marketing problems as it is only by doing this that workable solution can be found to them. Indeed such knowledge of marketing problems would give information as to why markets are not developing and what measures are required to develop the markets.
This study analyzed the potato value chain in Dedo district of Ethiopia. It identified the key actors as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. It found that small scale processors capture the largest share of margins (65.01%) and profits (63.52%) in the chain. Producers obtain 12.29% of margins and 15.16% of profits. Major constraints included high seed costs, poor infrastructure, and disease/pests. Recommendations were to strengthen links between actors, support small scale processors, provide training on storage/disease control, and improve producers' bargaining power.
This research proposal examines the marketing chain of watermelon in Nkoranza South Municipal, Ghana. The researcher will analyze margins, costs, and efficiency levels of key actors including producers, aggregators, wholesalers, and retailers. Data will be collected through surveys of 60 respondents across the chain. Expected outcomes include identifying the most profitable actor and challenges faced at each stage. The proposal outlines objectives, literature review on agricultural marketing in Africa, methodology, and workplan.
Determinants of Market Facilitators Choice by Smallholder Farmers in Laikipia...iosrjce
Horticultural crop production is one of the major crops grown in arid and semi-arid lands especially
in Laikipia County, Kenya.Market facilitators’ help in linking smallholder farmers to high value market either
in rural or urban markets. The underpinning factors in choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers are
not yet well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to determine those factors influencingchoice of market
facilitators by farmers while marketing their produce. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396
farmers in Laikipia East district. Binary Logit model was used as the major analytical tool; it is applicable
when analyzing binary decision or response. The results showed that, household size, age of household head
and marketing through a group positively influenced choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers. On
the other hand, number of members in the group, access to market information, purpose of farming and amount
of output produced negatively influenced choice of market facilitators. Based on these findings, policy was
drawn to improve access to facilitators by farmers that linked them to high value output market
The vertical farming market is expected to grow securely between 2020 and 2025. The analysis report on vertical farming provides insights into business strategies used by major players and how these strategies could impact future market conditions. It describes the global vertical farming industry, including production volumes, value, demand, and key regions. Major types of vertical farming include hydroponics and aeroponics, while major applications are vegetable cultivation and fruit planting.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Analysis of market participation by rice farmers in southern nigeria.Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in southern Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers. Results showed that factors like higher crop production levels, larger land sizes, use of improved seeds, access to market information, group participation, and contractual agreements positively influenced farmers' ability to participate in output markets. However, lack of timely market information, transportation issues, and limited access to extension agents posed challenges. The study concluded that improving smallholder farmers' access to resources, market information, and group participation could help them better commercialize and contribute to economic growth in rural areas.
The global fruit and vegetable processing industry is a $158.1 billion industry that has been growing at an annual rate of 2.0% over the past five years. Most growth is in developing countries like China and India, while markets in North America, Europe, and Australia are declining. Currently, profit margins are at 4.8% due to economic downturn but are forecast to slowly increase over the next five years. The top companies, Heinz and Campbell Soup, hold 19.2% of the global market share. Competition is high as companies seek greater scale and efficiency through acquisitions and investment in efficient equipment.
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of profit in tomato marketing in Ghana's Ashanti Region. The study analyzed data from 200 tomato traders, including 100 wholesalers and 100 retailers. It found that wholesalers had higher margins of 99.7% compared to retailers' margins of 75.4%. Key determinants of marketing profit for both groups were labor costs, purchase price, transportation costs, and selling price. The document calls for policies to stabilize currency and eliminate illiteracy among traders, as well as enable retailers to increase their scale of operations.
Agricultural Marketing and Economic DevelopmentFazlul Hoque
This document discusses the importance and history of agricultural marketing. It outlines key benefits including increased farm income, market widening, and employment creation. It also examines factors that influence marketable surplus such as farm size, production levels, and consumption habits. Finally, it provides characteristics of ideal marketing systems, including pricing efficiency based on transportation and storage costs.
MARKETING PROBLEMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ORCHID FARMERS OF KASHMIR (J&K) - Aft...American Research Thoughts
Marketing plays a vital role to determine the need and demand of different commodities
produced by farmers. It develops a link between sellers and buyers of a commodity at a mutually
accepted price. It plays an important role in horticultural process by enabling horticulturalists to sell
their produce and get associated privileges in shape of cash and kind. Every crop production in general
and cash crops and fruits in particular are weighted and valued on the basis of their market value.
Marketing of horticultural product is directly associated with availability of markets besides social and
economic status of the cultivators. Marketing of the produce may be carried forward either by directly
or indirectly. It is affected by various factors ranging from availability of cold stores and local markets
to transportation and commission agent charges besides political environment of that particular
region. The reasons which propagate these problems are illiteracy and unawareness of
horticulturalists, faulty institutional loan systems and lack of industries and factories for processing
of the produce. The present study highlights marketing problems and their impact on orchid farmers
in Kashmir.
Comparative Study of Economic Potentials of Cooperative and Non Cooperative M...ijtsrd
Cassava processing greatly influences the price value of cassava produce but processing and marketing through group approach will increase the value addition. Consequently, farmers' income will definitely increase, there will also be increase in savings habit. The study broad objective was to compare the economic potentials of cooperative and non cooperative members in cassava processing and marketing in agricultural zones of Anambra State. The farmers are poor and cannot access the needed agricultural facilities and technologies to enhance their productivity individually, that is why the rationale to compare their economic potentials through group approach becomes vital. Multistage sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of 287 for cassava farmers that were cooperative members and 294 sample size was equally determined for cassava farmers that were not cooperative members. Data obtained were analyzed with both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Evidence from the study revealed that majority of the both respondents were females. The findings also revealed that the cooperative farmers earned more income from cassava processing and marketing more than those cassava farmers that were not cooperative members. In order to enhance the cooperative approach of cassava processing and marketing among the farmers, the farmers should be encouraged to expand their cassava production capacity. As a matter of necessity, the farmers should be provided with micro production loan and credit. The cooperative society should adopt more innovative processing technologies. Also, the cooperative society should be more informed with current market information and seek for alternative access from other markets to dispose processed cassava. Okafor I. P. | Umebali E. E "Comparative Study of Economic Potentials of Cooperative and Non Cooperative Members in Cassava Processing and Marketing in Agricultural Zones of Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25247.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/25247/comparative-study-of-economic-potentials-of-cooperative-and-non-cooperative-members-in-cassava-processing-and-marketing-in-agricultural-zones-of-anambra-state/okafor-i-p
Determinants of Market outlet Choice for Major Vegetables Crop: Evidence from...Premier Publishers
This study was initiated to investigate factors affecting market outlet choices by smallholder farmers’ in Ambo and Toke-Kutaye districts. A total of 150 sample households were randomly selected for an interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. The Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression model were used for data analysis. Hence, 49.33% of sampled respondents choice direct sell to market while the remaining 31.33% and 19.33% of respondents choice wholesaler and retailer channel respectively. On the other hand, the multinomial logit regression analysis result showed that family size and access to market negatively affecting choice of retailer channel. Similarly, dummy model farmer, education level, and access to credit decrease the probability choice of retailer channel while it increases probability choice of wholesaler channel. Livestock in TLU and access to market decreases the probability choice of wholesaler channel. Finally, the study suggested that being model farmer, allocating more land for vegetables production, efficient use of family labor, access to market, and access to credit services would help to enhance smallholders capacity to produce vegetables that aligned to improve vegetables value chain in the study areas.
Agriculture marketing involves the process of transferring agricultural goods from the producer to the consumer. It includes pre-harvest and post-harvest operations, assembly, grading, storage, transportation, and distribution. Agriculture marketing in Pakistan faces several problems, including a long chain of middlemen that reduce farmers' returns, low-quality produce due to poor production practices, costly and inadequate transportation and storage infrastructure, and lack of market knowledge among farmers. Reforms are needed to improve the agricultural marketing system in Pakistan.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Eleventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy. July 18-20, 2013
This document discusses banana production, demand, supply, marketing and export potential in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Pakistan is a major banana producer, with most production occurring in Sindh province. However, production and exports face challenges like poor crop management, lack of cold storage and an inefficient price mechanism.
- There is potential to increase banana exports to nearby markets in the Middle East and Central Asia, as these regions currently import large volumes of bananas. However, Pakistan will need to address post-harvest handling and quality issues to compete internationally.
- Improving infrastructure for transportation, storage, and implementing quality standards could help make the banana industry more efficient and open new export opportunities.
Demand-led market opportunities for farmers in the high value product sector ...Premier Publishers
Market information is indispensable in facilitating marketing of agricultural produce, particularly fresh produce given its high perishability. The purpose of this study was to estimate South African consumers’ demand for vegetables. Demand for six vegetables was analysed via a multi-stage budgeting system, using data from the Household Expenditure Survey and the 2010 edition of the Abstract of Agricultural Statistics. The estimated demand elasticities show that the demand for all vegetables increases with rising per capita income. Most of the vegetables were found to respond substantially to changes in their own prices and in the direction as expected with estimated negative own-price elasticities.
This document provides background information on a proposed study of the banana value chain in Mlali Village, Morogoro, Tanzania. It will examine pricing, margins, and losses at different levels of the chain from producers to consumers. Bananas are an important crop in Tanzania, but small farmers face challenges including low prices paid by intermediaries. The study aims to evaluate the chain to help actors improve incomes and livelihoods. It will determine prices, margins, and losses to provide information to support banana farmers and other players in Tanzania and beyond.
Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers...Premier Publishers
Transforming agricultural output from subsistence to commercial based is being the crucial option for many agriculture dependent developing countries. This study was aimed to assess coffee commercialization trends and factors that affect coffee commercialization level. Primary data was collected from 156 households of three coffee potential districts of Jimma zone through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. The result of the study revealed that the mean coffee consumption level was 21.6 % and the overall mean commercialization level was 68 % which is higher at Manna district (74 %). The results of Tobit model also shows distance to main market and distance to marketing cooperatives, transport cost and land allocated for other crops affects level of coffee commercialization negatively and significantly. However, total land holding of the household head, coffee price and volume of coffee produced affects level of commercialization positively and significantly. It is recommended support towards developing institutional sectors like marketing cooperatives and improving physical access to market places could yield positive results towards coffee commercialization by smallholder coffee producers.
Business Opportunities in the Food Industry - Botswana - Dec 2014Selalelo Mpotokwane
Botswana imports most of its food and struggles with food security. There are opportunities in the food industry to process locally available raw materials into value-added foods. This could help diversify the economy and increase food security. Entrepreneurs should consider product development, ingredient functionality, regulatory requirements, and manufacturing processes when entering the food industry. Locally available crops and plants like sorghum, beans, sweet potato, maize and animals provide raw materials for processing foods.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Analysis of vegetable market chain in dugda woreda, east shoa zone, oromia re...EbisaDiribi
This document summarizes a study analyzing the vegetable market chain in Dugda Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study identified key actors such as input suppliers, producers, brokers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. It found five marketing channels for vegetables, with Channel II dominating at 74.2% of the market. Total gross margins were 30% with producers receiving 70%. Wholesalers earned the highest profits. Challenges included an oligopolistic market structure, lack of storage, high costs, and price fluctuations. Opportunities included suitable agriculture and potential for agro-processing.
This study analyzed the potato value chain in Dedo district of Ethiopia. It identified the key actors as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. It found that small scale processors capture the largest share of margins (65.01%) and profits (63.52%) in the chain. Producers obtain 12.29% of margins and 15.16% of profits. Major constraints included high seed costs, poor infrastructure, and disease/pests. Recommendations were to strengthen links between actors, support small scale processors, provide training on storage/disease control, and improve producers' bargaining power.
This research proposal examines the marketing chain of watermelon in Nkoranza South Municipal, Ghana. The researcher will analyze margins, costs, and efficiency levels of key actors including producers, aggregators, wholesalers, and retailers. Data will be collected through surveys of 60 respondents across the chain. Expected outcomes include identifying the most profitable actor and challenges faced at each stage. The proposal outlines objectives, literature review on agricultural marketing in Africa, methodology, and workplan.
Determinants of Market Facilitators Choice by Smallholder Farmers in Laikipia...iosrjce
Horticultural crop production is one of the major crops grown in arid and semi-arid lands especially
in Laikipia County, Kenya.Market facilitators’ help in linking smallholder farmers to high value market either
in rural or urban markets. The underpinning factors in choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers are
not yet well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to determine those factors influencingchoice of market
facilitators by farmers while marketing their produce. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396
farmers in Laikipia East district. Binary Logit model was used as the major analytical tool; it is applicable
when analyzing binary decision or response. The results showed that, household size, age of household head
and marketing through a group positively influenced choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers. On
the other hand, number of members in the group, access to market information, purpose of farming and amount
of output produced negatively influenced choice of market facilitators. Based on these findings, policy was
drawn to improve access to facilitators by farmers that linked them to high value output market
The vertical farming market is expected to grow securely between 2020 and 2025. The analysis report on vertical farming provides insights into business strategies used by major players and how these strategies could impact future market conditions. It describes the global vertical farming industry, including production volumes, value, demand, and key regions. Major types of vertical farming include hydroponics and aeroponics, while major applications are vegetable cultivation and fruit planting.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
Analysis of market participation by rice farmers in southern nigeria.Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in southern Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers. Results showed that factors like higher crop production levels, larger land sizes, use of improved seeds, access to market information, group participation, and contractual agreements positively influenced farmers' ability to participate in output markets. However, lack of timely market information, transportation issues, and limited access to extension agents posed challenges. The study concluded that improving smallholder farmers' access to resources, market information, and group participation could help them better commercialize and contribute to economic growth in rural areas.
The global fruit and vegetable processing industry is a $158.1 billion industry that has been growing at an annual rate of 2.0% over the past five years. Most growth is in developing countries like China and India, while markets in North America, Europe, and Australia are declining. Currently, profit margins are at 4.8% due to economic downturn but are forecast to slowly increase over the next five years. The top companies, Heinz and Campbell Soup, hold 19.2% of the global market share. Competition is high as companies seek greater scale and efficiency through acquisitions and investment in efficient equipment.
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of profit in tomato marketing in Ghana's Ashanti Region. The study analyzed data from 200 tomato traders, including 100 wholesalers and 100 retailers. It found that wholesalers had higher margins of 99.7% compared to retailers' margins of 75.4%. Key determinants of marketing profit for both groups were labor costs, purchase price, transportation costs, and selling price. The document calls for policies to stabilize currency and eliminate illiteracy among traders, as well as enable retailers to increase their scale of operations.
Agricultural Marketing and Economic DevelopmentFazlul Hoque
This document discusses the importance and history of agricultural marketing. It outlines key benefits including increased farm income, market widening, and employment creation. It also examines factors that influence marketable surplus such as farm size, production levels, and consumption habits. Finally, it provides characteristics of ideal marketing systems, including pricing efficiency based on transportation and storage costs.
MARKETING PROBLEMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ORCHID FARMERS OF KASHMIR (J&K) - Aft...American Research Thoughts
Marketing plays a vital role to determine the need and demand of different commodities
produced by farmers. It develops a link between sellers and buyers of a commodity at a mutually
accepted price. It plays an important role in horticultural process by enabling horticulturalists to sell
their produce and get associated privileges in shape of cash and kind. Every crop production in general
and cash crops and fruits in particular are weighted and valued on the basis of their market value.
Marketing of horticultural product is directly associated with availability of markets besides social and
economic status of the cultivators. Marketing of the produce may be carried forward either by directly
or indirectly. It is affected by various factors ranging from availability of cold stores and local markets
to transportation and commission agent charges besides political environment of that particular
region. The reasons which propagate these problems are illiteracy and unawareness of
horticulturalists, faulty institutional loan systems and lack of industries and factories for processing
of the produce. The present study highlights marketing problems and their impact on orchid farmers
in Kashmir.
Comparative Study of Economic Potentials of Cooperative and Non Cooperative M...ijtsrd
Cassava processing greatly influences the price value of cassava produce but processing and marketing through group approach will increase the value addition. Consequently, farmers' income will definitely increase, there will also be increase in savings habit. The study broad objective was to compare the economic potentials of cooperative and non cooperative members in cassava processing and marketing in agricultural zones of Anambra State. The farmers are poor and cannot access the needed agricultural facilities and technologies to enhance their productivity individually, that is why the rationale to compare their economic potentials through group approach becomes vital. Multistage sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of 287 for cassava farmers that were cooperative members and 294 sample size was equally determined for cassava farmers that were not cooperative members. Data obtained were analyzed with both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Evidence from the study revealed that majority of the both respondents were females. The findings also revealed that the cooperative farmers earned more income from cassava processing and marketing more than those cassava farmers that were not cooperative members. In order to enhance the cooperative approach of cassava processing and marketing among the farmers, the farmers should be encouraged to expand their cassava production capacity. As a matter of necessity, the farmers should be provided with micro production loan and credit. The cooperative society should adopt more innovative processing technologies. Also, the cooperative society should be more informed with current market information and seek for alternative access from other markets to dispose processed cassava. Okafor I. P. | Umebali E. E "Comparative Study of Economic Potentials of Cooperative and Non Cooperative Members in Cassava Processing and Marketing in Agricultural Zones of Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25247.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/25247/comparative-study-of-economic-potentials-of-cooperative-and-non-cooperative-members-in-cassava-processing-and-marketing-in-agricultural-zones-of-anambra-state/okafor-i-p
Determinants of Market outlet Choice for Major Vegetables Crop: Evidence from...Premier Publishers
This study was initiated to investigate factors affecting market outlet choices by smallholder farmers’ in Ambo and Toke-Kutaye districts. A total of 150 sample households were randomly selected for an interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. The Descriptive statistics and multinomial logit regression model were used for data analysis. Hence, 49.33% of sampled respondents choice direct sell to market while the remaining 31.33% and 19.33% of respondents choice wholesaler and retailer channel respectively. On the other hand, the multinomial logit regression analysis result showed that family size and access to market negatively affecting choice of retailer channel. Similarly, dummy model farmer, education level, and access to credit decrease the probability choice of retailer channel while it increases probability choice of wholesaler channel. Livestock in TLU and access to market decreases the probability choice of wholesaler channel. Finally, the study suggested that being model farmer, allocating more land for vegetables production, efficient use of family labor, access to market, and access to credit services would help to enhance smallholders capacity to produce vegetables that aligned to improve vegetables value chain in the study areas.
Agriculture marketing involves the process of transferring agricultural goods from the producer to the consumer. It includes pre-harvest and post-harvest operations, assembly, grading, storage, transportation, and distribution. Agriculture marketing in Pakistan faces several problems, including a long chain of middlemen that reduce farmers' returns, low-quality produce due to poor production practices, costly and inadequate transportation and storage infrastructure, and lack of market knowledge among farmers. Reforms are needed to improve the agricultural marketing system in Pakistan.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Eleventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy. July 18-20, 2013
This document discusses banana production, demand, supply, marketing and export potential in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Pakistan is a major banana producer, with most production occurring in Sindh province. However, production and exports face challenges like poor crop management, lack of cold storage and an inefficient price mechanism.
- There is potential to increase banana exports to nearby markets in the Middle East and Central Asia, as these regions currently import large volumes of bananas. However, Pakistan will need to address post-harvest handling and quality issues to compete internationally.
- Improving infrastructure for transportation, storage, and implementing quality standards could help make the banana industry more efficient and open new export opportunities.
Demand-led market opportunities for farmers in the high value product sector ...Premier Publishers
Market information is indispensable in facilitating marketing of agricultural produce, particularly fresh produce given its high perishability. The purpose of this study was to estimate South African consumers’ demand for vegetables. Demand for six vegetables was analysed via a multi-stage budgeting system, using data from the Household Expenditure Survey and the 2010 edition of the Abstract of Agricultural Statistics. The estimated demand elasticities show that the demand for all vegetables increases with rising per capita income. Most of the vegetables were found to respond substantially to changes in their own prices and in the direction as expected with estimated negative own-price elasticities.
This document provides background information on a proposed study of the banana value chain in Mlali Village, Morogoro, Tanzania. It will examine pricing, margins, and losses at different levels of the chain from producers to consumers. Bananas are an important crop in Tanzania, but small farmers face challenges including low prices paid by intermediaries. The study aims to evaluate the chain to help actors improve incomes and livelihoods. It will determine prices, margins, and losses to provide information to support banana farmers and other players in Tanzania and beyond.
Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers...Premier Publishers
Transforming agricultural output from subsistence to commercial based is being the crucial option for many agriculture dependent developing countries. This study was aimed to assess coffee commercialization trends and factors that affect coffee commercialization level. Primary data was collected from 156 households of three coffee potential districts of Jimma zone through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. The result of the study revealed that the mean coffee consumption level was 21.6 % and the overall mean commercialization level was 68 % which is higher at Manna district (74 %). The results of Tobit model also shows distance to main market and distance to marketing cooperatives, transport cost and land allocated for other crops affects level of coffee commercialization negatively and significantly. However, total land holding of the household head, coffee price and volume of coffee produced affects level of commercialization positively and significantly. It is recommended support towards developing institutional sectors like marketing cooperatives and improving physical access to market places could yield positive results towards coffee commercialization by smallholder coffee producers.
Business Opportunities in the Food Industry - Botswana - Dec 2014Selalelo Mpotokwane
Botswana imports most of its food and struggles with food security. There are opportunities in the food industry to process locally available raw materials into value-added foods. This could help diversify the economy and increase food security. Entrepreneurs should consider product development, ingredient functionality, regulatory requirements, and manufacturing processes when entering the food industry. Locally available crops and plants like sorghum, beans, sweet potato, maize and animals provide raw materials for processing foods.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Analysis of vegetable market chain in dugda woreda, east shoa zone, oromia re...EbisaDiribi
This document summarizes a study analyzing the vegetable market chain in Dugda Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study identified key actors such as input suppliers, producers, brokers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. It found five marketing channels for vegetables, with Channel II dominating at 74.2% of the market. Total gross margins were 30% with producers receiving 70%. Wholesalers earned the highest profits. Challenges included an oligopolistic market structure, lack of storage, high costs, and price fluctuations. Opportunities included suitable agriculture and potential for agro-processing.
This document provides an introduction and outline for a thesis proposal on analyzing the market chain of gesho (Rhamnus prinoides) in Gozamin District, Ethiopia. The study aims to:
1) Identify the major gesho market chain actors, their roles, and marketing channels.
2) Analyze the structure, conduct and performance of the gesho market.
3) Identify factors affecting the volume of gesho supplied to the market.
4) Identify factors influencing gesho producers' choice of market outlets.
The study will employ a multi-stage sampling technique to select gesho producing kebeles and farmers. Data will be collected through interviews, focus group discussions,
Lake Tana basin is one of the most potential vegetable production areas in Ethiopia. However, production in this
region has been carried out at smallholders’ level with poor marketing infrastructure. Hence, this study was aimed to
examine the structure and performance of vegetable marketing in the Lake Tana basin. Multistage random sampling
mixed with non probability sampling techniques were employed to collect data from 385 smallholder vegetable
producing farmers and 107 vegetable traders from three districts and two major town markets. Data were analyzed
using market structure and performance indicators. The result of the analysis showed that market structure in the
study area could be characterized by weak oligopolistic market with little chance of market participants to influence
market price. Storage loss and transport cost were found the two largest cost components of vegetable marketing in
the study area. Net marketing margin and producers’ share of the consumers’ price could be improved by shortening
the distance between the producer and urban consumer or reducing the intermediaries involved. Establishing
farmers’ group marketing with communication access together with least cost storage and transport technologies
should be encouraged to improve vegetable marketing performance.
Smallholder Commercialization, Performance and Household Demographic Cycle: futureagricultures
This study assessed the impact of small-scale irrigation schemes in Ethiopia on the commercialization and performance of smallholder farms. It found that the intervention led to increased commercialization through higher crop diversification and sales. However, outcomes varied - while cash income increased for all, young and land-poor farmers sold a greater proportion of output but operated at smaller scales due to limited access to resources. The intervention helped reduce poverty but its benefits were greater for land-rich households. Institutional support is also needed to optimize commercialization for smallholders.
The role of middlemen in fresh tomato supply chain in Kilolo district, Tanzania Premier Publishers
The paper aimed to analyze the role of middlemen in linking smallholder tomato farmers with Dar-es-salaam markets, Tanzania. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 133 small vegetable farmers and 109 traders. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentage, chi-square and one way analysis of variance. The study revealed that majority (58%) of smallholder tomato farmers sold their produce to middlemen due to being geographical separated from the markets, poor local road network and poor access to market information. This study concluded that the use of middlemen to sell tomato produce cannot be avoided unless smallholder farmers are linked with urban markets. In order to enhance farmer’s access to markets, it is recommended that the government should strive to improve feeder roads. Improvement in feeder roads is likely to bring about large welfare gains in terms of large volumes of tomatoes traded and can make assembling of tomatoes easier and less costly for traders.
This document reviews coffee production and marketing in Ethiopia. It discusses coffee production systems in the country, which include forest coffee, semi-managed forest coffee, garden coffee, and plantation coffee. Coffee is an important crop for Ethiopia, employing many people and being its largest export. However, production has faced constraints like lack of infrastructure, technology, and rainfall variability. The marketing of coffee also faces issues like price volatility, poor market access, and low prices paid to producers. The review recommends improving production through development of improved varieties and marketing through increasing traders and market infrastructure.
Evidence based assessment of scalability of agricultural technologies: The ca...africa-rising
Presented by Girma T. Kassie, Peter Thorne, Kindu Mekonnen, Karen Brooks, Barbara Rischkowsky, Aynalem Haile, Seid A. Kemal, Lulseged Desta, Zenaye Degefa, Mulugeta Yitayih, Fresenbet Zeleke and Azage Tegegne at the Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 8-9 December 2016
This thesis proposal aims to analyze the market chain of gesho (Rhamnus prinoides) in Gozamin District, Ethiopia. Gesho is an underutilized but economically important crop for many communities. The study area has good potential for gesho production but farmers face challenges in marketing. The proposal outlines objectives to identify gesho market channels and actors, analyze the structure and performance of the gesho market, and determine factors affecting gesho supply and farmers' choice of market outlets. The significance is providing information to improve the efficiency of gesho marketing and help farmers access more rewarding markets. The scope is limited to Gozamin District.
53cfc701045db kit case study sesame production and marketing in northwest e...alemu temesgen
Sesame production has significantly increased in Ethiopia over the last two decades, making it one of the largest sesame producers globally. Most sesame in Ethiopia is produced in the Tigray and Amhara regions in the northwest. There are several actors involved in the sesame value chain, with most farmers selling to local traders who bulk and transport the crop to collection points for auction at the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange. Some farmers are members of cooperatives who bulk and market the crop collectively. Inputs are primarily supplied by traders and unions with credit also provided through microfinance institutions and traders. Advisory services are offered but are not well coordinated across different providers.
AN ANALYSIS OF COWPEA MARKETING MARGIN IN NIGERIANatasha Grant
This document analyzes the marketing margins of cowpea in Nigeria. It summarizes a study that examined cowpea marketing routes across 12 major markets in Nigeria. The study involved surveys of 225 cowpea merchants, 175 selling agents, and 175 farmers. The results found that transportation and handling charges make up the largest components of cowpea's marketing margin at 51% and 10% respectively. Analysis of market pairs found the highest trader profit margins were between Gombe and Enugu (20%) and Kano and Lagos (17%). The complete marketing process takes 1-3 weeks. Overall, the study concluded that cowpea marketing in Nigeria is profitable for merchants, allowing incomes of 15-21% of total
This document provides information on India's agricultural sector, with a focus on crops with export potential. It discusses:
- Agriculture's importance to India's economy and employment.
- India's diverse climate and soil types allow for varied crop production.
- Mango is India's most important fruit, with India the world's largest mango producer. However, India lags in agricultural productivity and export competitiveness compared to other countries.
- The study profiles 16 crops including various fruits, vegetables, spices and commercial crops to understand their export potential based on production, demand, and market requirements. It aims to build industry capacity and establish an online database to promote Indian agricultural exports.
Capitalism refers to an economic system where private individuals or organizations, rather than the government, own means of production and goods are allocated through competition in a free market. In a capitalist agricultural system, market forces determine prices and distribution. The document discusses how different groups - producers, consumers, middlemen, and the government - have sometimes conflicting interests in the agricultural marketing system. It also defines agribusiness and corporate farming, and discusses the globalization of agricultural trade and use of trade network analysis.
Implication of financial viability and value chain analysis of agro processin...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the financial viability and value chain analysis of agro-processing industries run by women in Oyo State, Nigeria. It finds that the maximum value added was 103% in fruit and vegetable processing, with cassava mills adding around 34%. Most processing industries had high current ratios but lower quick ratios, indicating unsold inventory. Overall, the financial ratios were favorable for most processors. However, there was undercapacity utilization across industries due to lack of raw materials and issues with marketing. The break-even output was low, causing many industries to operate at a loss with low capacity utilization.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a student thesis analyzing the growth potential of farmers' markets. It reviews literature on farmers' market models, demand and supply factors. On the demand side, population density and social benefits influence attendance. Supply faces risks from weather and lack of crop insurance. The student models a "basket of goods" enterprise using Iowa crop budgets to assess profitability. Capital budgeting shows potential for expansion at a 35% discount rate, suggesting farmers' markets may grow if risks are addressed. Overall, the thesis examines economic and community impacts to determine long-term sustainability of farmers' market expansion.
20170131 enhancing the fav seedling business models in ethiopia final reportNtalemu
This document provides a final report on enhancing fruit and vegetable seedling business models in Ethiopia. It finds that while Ethiopia has great potential for horticulture, the FAV sector remains underdeveloped due to inefficient input markets. Currently, most smallholder farmers raise seedlings from recycled open-pollinated seeds, and quality is poor. Some flower farms have begun vegetable seed and seedling production to supply commercial and smallholder farmers. In 2016, modern propagators produced over 71 million seedlings, less than 2% of estimated national demand. The report evaluates current business models, proposes three new models to improve access and quality, and identifies areas for government and partners to intervene to strengthen the market system, such as supporting satellite
Sharing gains of the potato in Kenya: A case of thin governanceSharing gains ...Premier Publishers
The potato offers a good alternative for diversification from maize, the staple food in Kenya. This article presents the results of a study on the potato marketing system, the factors affecting prices and the predominant governance system impacting on the market. Survey data were collected from 402 farmers in the three potato growing regions and addition information on monthly prices in major markets was provided the Ministry of Agriculture. There were also semi-structured interviews with the major actors in the potato sector.
Potato marketing exhibits the captive governance structure with traders collaboratively acting as the lead firm. An analysis of the split in selling price between the various players indicates that margins were concentrated at the coordination of marketing activities as opposed to the production activities. Coordination activities took about 40% of the consumer price. Besides the market channel used, the production region, the size of the land cultivated and the yields obtained determined the price obtained by the farmers. Given the distribution of the value added in the chain and the current dominance of traders, we argue in favour of upgrading the value chain and giving more power to the farmers and their organizations.
This document analyzes the value chain of sesame in the Bench Maji Zone of Ethiopia. It identifies the major actors in the sesame value chain as producers, wholesalers, rural collectors, cooperatives, brokers, retailers, exporters, and NGOs. It uses survey data and statistical analysis to examine factors that influence farmers' choices of market outlets. The analysis finds that years of experience, cooperative membership, household size, education level, land area under sesame cultivation, quantity supplied, participation in training, and distance to the nearest market significantly impact farmers' decisions on where to sell their sesame. The study recommends strengthening farmers' cooperatives, improving infrastructure and access to transportation, enhancing farmers' knowledge through
Similar to Avocado producers’ market participation in ‘damot gale’ and ‘boloso bombe’ districts of wolaita zone, southern ethiopia (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
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Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
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Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
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(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Avocado producers’ market participation in ‘damot gale’ and ‘boloso bombe’ districts of wolaita zone, southern ethiopia
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.5, No.15 2014
Avocado Producers’ Market Participation in ‘Damot Gale’ and
‘Boloso Bombe’ Districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Derib W/Yohannes*, Leake G/Silassie, Tihitina Abebe
College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, PO box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
*E-mail of the corresponding author: kalderamkafar@gmail.com
Abstract
The focus was analyzing the determinants of market participation, supply volume and demand level for avocado,
with especial emphasis to ‘Damot-Gale’ and ‘Boloso-Bombe’ districts of Wolaita zone in southern Ethiopia.
Primary and secondary data were used and a total of 160 households from 14 potential kebeles from the selected
districts were surveyed. In addition to descriptive statistics, Heckman two-stage econometric model and double
log model were employed to identify factors affecting the market participation and the supply volume and
consumed; using SPSS and STATA software. The study reveals that the major actors of avocado marketing are
producers, rural assemblers, wholesalers and retailers; 7 important market chains have been identified and much
of the marketed surplus channeled through farmer → retailer → consumer. The survey result also showed that
the total purchase of avocado was in the hands of few individuals indicating the existence of oligopoly market
structure of different degrees. Results from Heckman two-stage model shows that among 12 explanatory
variables hypothesized to affect avocado market participation 3 of them: family size, quantity of avocado
produced and price of avocado in the market found to affect significantly producers’ decision to sell. 5 variables:
education level, active labor, farming experience, quantity of avocado produced and market information found to
significantly influence the quantity/volume supplied to the market. From 8 variables hypothesized to affecting
consumption level, income, price and availability found significant. The research recommends improving
production and productivity, organizing producers into cooperatives and improving market information services
as intervention.
Keywords: avocado, market chain, market participation.
1. Introduction
Ethiopia, with a geographical area of 1.13 million km2 and a total human population of over 82 million (CSA,
2009), is agro-ecologically diverse and can support production of temperate, subtropical and tropical fruits.
Despite this potential, the existing income generating capacity of fruits as compared to its immense potentials at
the macro and micro level is not encouraging.
Studies show that the production potential of fruits is not widely and evenly distributed across the various
regions of the country and its cultivation is also seasonal and the supply is scanty and volatile even in areas
where irrigation is possible. The wide knowledge gap on fruit production techniques and processing technologies,
the confinement of consumers’ knowledge about the benefits of fruits and low demand except for few widely
known tropical fruits have adversely affected the growth and expansion of the fruit sub-sector in Ethiopia (Yilma,
2009). In addition, shortage of postharvest and marketing infrastructure like packaging, pre-cooling,
warehousing, cold storage, prepackaging and distribution, chemical treatment, and washing facilities, both on
farm and at port; and hitherto, the government’s focus mainly on improvement of grain crop production due to
the objectives of attaining food security are some of reasons for the limited development of fruit production in
Ethiopia (Gebremariam, 2003).
2. Fruits Production and Marketing
Ethiopia has a variety of fruit crops grown in different agro ecological zones by small farmers, mainly as a
source of income as well as home consumption for food. The production of fruit varies from cultivating a few
plants in the backyards, for home consumption, to large-scale production for the domestic and home markets.
The country has diverse agro ecology and many areas are suitable for growing temperate, subtropical or tropical
fruits. Substantial areas receive sufficient rainfall and many lakes, rivers and streams could also be used to
support fruit production. Despite the potential, the total land area under fruits is below expectation and mainly
smallholder farmers based (CSA, 2009).
In the context of increasing the high value production of agricultural commodities, fruit trees and
perennial crops play an important role. Except table banana, tropical fruit trees like mango and avocado are not
well known and considered as diet by most Ethiopians. However, Yilma in his study indicated that the expansion
of state farms in the past command economy and the prevailing expansion of private investors in different
regions of the country has contributed a lot on the introduction of fruits as business. Otherwise, areas suitable for
growing fruit trees are idle even near riverbanks where there is ample water supply for growth. In general, fruit
production is still backward, the business is under developed and the private sector is not much attracted (Yilma,
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2009).
Compared to most other products, agricultural products are bulkier, more perishable, occupy a lot of
space and expensive to transport and store. These product characteristics have their effect on the facilities
necessary to market farm products (Kohls and Uhl, 1985). On the other hand, the existence of large number of
producers (sellers) and limited number of merchants (buyers) particularly in the perishable product market, the
bargaining position of farmers is usually weak. Besides the market structure, farmers and merchants may not
have equal information from central transactions (Moti, 2007).
The term market structure refers to the number of buyers and sellers, their size distribution, the degree
of product differentiation, and the ease of entry of new firms into an industry (Abbott and Makeham, 1981).
Examples of such dimensions include: degree of buyers and sellers concentration, barriers to potential entrants
and degree of product differentiation. Market concentration is the number and size of sellers and buyers in the
market. Concentration is believed to play a large part in the determination of market behavior within an industry
because it affects the interdependence of action among firms. The relationships between concentration and
market behavior and performance must not be interpreted in isolation. Other factors, such as firms’ objectives,
barrier to entry, economies of scale, and assumptions about rival firms’ behavior, will be relevant in determining
the degree of concentration and relationship between concentration and behavior and performance (Schere,
1980). Market structure can also be defined as characteristics of the organization of a market, which seem to
strategically influence the nature of competition and pricing behavior within the market (Bain, 1968). Structural
characteristics may be used as a basis for classifying markets. Markets may be perfectly competitive;
monopolistic; or oligopolistic (Scott, 1995; Meijer, 1994). The organizational features of a market should be
evaluated in terms of the degree of seller concentration, entry barriers (licensing procedure, lack of capital,
know-how, and policy barriers), degree of transparency and degree of product differentiation that condition or
influence the conduct and strategies of competitors (Wolday, 1994).
3. Marketing Channel and Market Chain Analysis
Market channel is a business structure of interdependent organizations from the point of product origin to the
consumer with the purpose of moving products to their final consumption destination (Kotler and Armstong,
2003). The analysis of marketing channels is intended to provide a systematic knowledge of the flow of goods
and services from their origin (producer) to their final destination (consumer). This knowledge is acquired by
studying the participants in the process, i.e. those who perform physical marketing functions in order to obtain
economic benefits (Getachew, 2002).
A marketing chain is used to describe the numerous links that connect all actors and transactions
involved in the movement of agricultural products from the farm to the consumer (Lunndyet al., 2004). It is the
path one good follow from their source of original production to ultimate destination for final use. According to
Hobbs (2000), the term supply chain refers to the entire vertical chain of activities: from production on the farm,
through processing, distribution, and retailing to the consumer. In other words, it is the entire spectrum, from
gate to plate, regardless of how it is organized or how it functions.
Market chain is the term used to describe the various links that connect all the actors and transactions
involved in the movement of agricultural goods from the producer to the consumer (CIAT, 2004). Commodity
chain is the chain that connects smallholder farmers to technologies that they need on one side of the chain and
to the product markets of the commodity on the other side (Mazula, 2006). Market chain analysis, therefore,
identifies and describes all points in the chain (producers, traders, transporters, processors, consumers), prices in
and out at each point, functions performed at each point/ who does what?, market demand/ rising, constant,
declining, approximate total demand in the channel, market constraints and opportunities for the products.
4. Market Supply and Demand
Marketed supply refers to the amount actually taken to the markets irrespective of the needs for home
consumption and other requirements. Whereas, the marketable surplus is the residual with the producer after
meeting the requirement of seed, payment in kind, and consumption by farmer (Wolday, 1994). Marketed surplus
may be equal to marketable surplus, but may be less if the entire marketable surplus is not sold out and the
farmers retain some stock and if losses are incurred at the farm or during the transit (Thakur et al., 1997). In the
case of crops that are wholly or almost wholly marketed, the output and marketed surplus will be the same
(Reddy et al., 1995). The decision to supply market is one big question but usually is taken after the produce is at
hand or if decided earlier some other decisions have to be considered. Among many, the choice of crop to grow,
land size to allocate, and to which buyer to sell are some. These choices of crop and market outlet choices are
household specific and depend on several attributes like household characteristics, farm resource endowments
and access to market. Consumer demand, on the other hand, is defined as the various quantities of a particular
commodity that an individual consumer is willing and able to buy as the price of that commodity varies, with all
other factors that affect demand held constant (Tomek and Robinson, 1990).
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5. Determinants of Supply of and Level of Demand for Agricultural Products
According to different studies on determinants of supply of agricultural products, multiples of demographic and
socio-economic factors found to affect demand and supply of agricultural products.
A study by Abay showed that among the different variables that were hypothesized as determining
factors for volume of market supply sex of the respondent, active labor power, total size of owned land and
quantity produced were significant (Abay, 2007).
Askarie and Cummings (1974) found out that soil fertility, average size of holdings, cultivator’s
income, literacy, extent of irrigation facilities, and availability of unused cultivated land, risk, and relative
importance of the crop in question as determining factors for market responsiveness.
Harris in her study obtained negative relationship between marketed surplus and variables like family
size, and distance to market and farm size (Harris 1982).
Another study on determinants of marketable surplus of food grains summarizes that the most
important factor, which increases marketed surplus significantly, is the increased production or output followed
by consumption and payments in kind which should be reduced to keep up the quantity of marketed surplus of
food grains (Thakur et al., 1997).
Some literatures revealed some realities on supply determinants specific to Ethiopia. Wolday in his
study used size of output (volume produced), access to market center, household size, and cash income from
other crops to determine grain market surplus (Wolday, 1994).
A similar study on sesame at Metema also pointed out six variables - yield, oxen number, modern
input use, area, and time of selling and unit cost of production - affecting sesame supply (Kindei, 2007).
Similarly, Rehima in her study of pepper marketing chain analysis identified access to market, production level,
extension contact, and access to market information as variables that affect marketable supply (Rehima, 2007).
In relation to determinants of level of demand, on the other hand, various factors are identified by
different researchers. Stigler, for instance, put three characteristics of a rational consumer: consistent tastes,
correct cost calculations, and decision making to maximize utility. According to him, purchase of a commodity
(demand) depends upon factors like money income and taste and preference in addition to price (Stigler, 2005).
Kotler identified factors that influence buying behavior including cultural, social, personal, and psychological
factors. The cultural factors include values, perceptions, preferences, social class; social factors include reference
group, family, roles and statuses; personal factors include age and lifecycle stage, occupation; psychological
factors include motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes (Kotler, 2003).
Tomek and Robinson also indicated major factors influencing level of demand grouped under four
headings as population size and its distribution by age, and geographic area; consumer income and its
distribution; prices and availability of other commodities and services and consumer tastes and preferences
(Tomek and Robinson, 1990).
Still other scholars listed factors like household income, price and availability of specific commodity,
household members’ preference, and the decision making power of women relative to men in the household,
consumed amount, budget shares, household demographic characteristics, education and area of residence to
affect consumption patterns of fruits and vegetables. The factors described above-income, prices, and
availability- affect what consumers are able to purchase or consume. Consumer preference on the other hand,
shapes the decisions that consumers make regarding what they choose to purchase or consume (Ruelet al., 2005).
6. Statement of the Problem
The current levels of contributions of the fruits sub sector in Ethiopia, at either the national or regional level is
below the potential. The level of foreign exchange earnings from the sub-sector is also much lower than would
be expected, given the vast varieties and convenient climatic conditions. The level of contribution of fruits
production for the growers and rural families living in high potential areas of fruits production, which largely
grow fruits for home consumptions and markets, is below the national average. They are not benefited as
expected from the sector despite the fact that it is part of their agricultural production system. As part of rural
Ethiopia, the study area is not an exception with respect to fruits production and assuming as much benefits from
it.
Despite the potential of Wolaita zone for fruits production, its productivity is low due to use of low
level of improved agricultural technologies, risks associated with climatic conditions, diseases and pests.
Moreover, the nature of the product on one hand and lack of organized market system on the other hand
frequently resulted in low producers’ price.
Therefore at this juncture, one may appreciate the paradox - high potential for fruits production against
low productivity and benefits. This is currently pressing and critical to the study area in particular and needs to
be researched and measures have to be taken to help the producers assume a fair income from the sector and help
them improve their living standard. This, therefore, demands an intensive study of the sector in the form of
market opportunities, constraints and chain analysis; and the social, cultural, institutional and other factors that
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determine the supply of and demand for fruits have to be identified and analyzed to devise solutions for the
aforementioned questions.
7. Objective of the Study
The overall objective of the study is to analyze to analyze determinants of market participation, market-supply of
and demand for avocado with special reference to Damot-Gale and Boloso-Bombe districts of Wolaita zone in
southern Ethiopia.
8. Methodology
Type and Sources of Data and Method of Data Collection
For this study both primary and secondary type of data were used. Primary data were collected from selected
fruit producing farmers, traders and consumers through administrating semi-structured questionnaire.
Sampling Procedures
To select respondent farmers, multi-stage sampling technique was used. In the first stage out of the 12
districts two (Damot Gale and Boloso Bombe) were selected purposively based on their fruit production
performance. In the second stage from the selected two districts, 14 fruit producing peasant associations (8 from
Damot Gale and 6 from Boloso Bombe) were selected purposively. Finally 160 farmers (90 from Damot Gale
and 70 from Boloso Bombe) were selected randomly based on proportion to size.
To select sample traders it is first important to select the sites where fruits of the selected study area are
marketed. Accordingly, Areka and Boditi towns were identified as the main destinies where fruits from the two
study districts marketed; and selected. Then 40 sample traders - rural assemblers, wholesalers and retailers - (20
from each town) were selected for interview.
To select sample consumers first three fruit receiving towns (Boditi, Areka and Sodo) were identified
and selected, then from the selected towns a total of 90 consumers (30 from each) were selected randomly as
respondent consumers.
Methods of Data Analysis
To analyze the collected data both descriptive and econometric method of data analysis are used. Descriptive
analysis includes mean, ratio, percentage, frequency; whereas the econometric model includes analysis of
determinant of fruit supply and demand. All types of data were analyzed by using SPSS-16 and STATA - 10.
In this study Heckman two-stage model is used. Heckman two stages model of estimation is found appropriate
with its relevant procedure: estimating first the probability of farmer’s participation in a market for obtaining
Inverse Mills Ratio which is incorporated in the second stage OLS estimation of market supply level.
In the second stage of estimation, OLS estimation procedure was used to identify determinants of market supply
level (quantity of supply) by taking those farmers who participated in the market. The estimation model is given
as follows.
j j j j j j j nj nj nj nj nj j j Q = b + b X + b X + b X + b X + r l (X b ) +e 1 1 2 2 3 3 …………………… (1)
In this study Double-logarithm model is used for its linearity in the logarithms and results of constant elasticity
that are equal to coefficients. In equations of log-log functional form the coefficients are elasticity if the
dependent variable is quantity purchased or consumed (Ferris, 2005). The equation of double logarithm model to
analyze factors that affect demand level is given as:
i i lnY = + Σln Xi +U 2 a b ……………………………………………………………………………………
………….…… (2)
9. Results and Discussion
Market Participants
The main actors involved in the avocado marketing system are producers, rural assemblers, wholesalers, retailers,
brokers and consumers. Large number of supplying farmers characterized markets at the farm level. The
wholesale buyers were estimated to be 32, each of which handled almost equivalent amount of product. Almost
all the rural assemblers had equal capacity of volume bought. Calculation of the concentration indices by
considering an average load a wholesaler took per day in peak production season basing the four firm criteria
indicated strong oligopolistic market power with a concentration index of 54.63%.
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Table: 1 Market participation and share of wholesalers
Number
of Traders
cumulative
of traders
% of
cumulative
of traders
Districts Total
Quantity purchased (ql) % share purchase % cumulative
1 1 11.11 3600 15.46 15.46
1 2 22.22 3360 14.43 29.89
1 3 33.33 3120 13.40 43.29
1 4 44.44 2640 11.34 54.63
1 5 55.55 2400 10.31 64.94
1 6 66.67 2280 9.79 74.93
1 7 77.78 2160 9.28 84.01
1 8 88.89 2040 8.76 92.77
1 9 100.00 1680 7.23 100
23280 100.00
Source: Own computation 2013
Market channels - 7 lines of market channel were identified. As can be understood from figure 1 the main
receivers from farmers were retailers, rural assemblers, wholesalers and consumers with an estimated percentage
share of 36.3, 15.5, 34.3% and 13.9%, in that order. Besides, the volume that passed through each channel was
compared and based on the result the channel that stretched from farmer-retailer-consumer hosted the largest
followed by channels that went farmer-wholesaler-consumer shouldering a volume of 14,600 and 8007qt,
respectively.
Table: 2 Avocado market chains
Chanel Participants Amount in qt.
Channel-1 Farmer ---Consumer 3586qt
Channel-2 Farmer – Retailer –Consumers 14600qt
Channel-3 Farmer – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer 5791qt
Channel-4 Farmer – Wholesaler – Consumers 8007qt
Channel-5 Farmer –Rural assembler- Wholesaler – Consumers 1315qt
Channel-6 Farmer – Rural assembler—Retailer—Consumer 2389qt
Channel-7 Farmer—Rural assembler—consumer 2512qt
Figure 1 Avocado market channel
Retailers
(14,600)
Note: Figures in parenthesis are volume (quantity in quintals) of avocado sold to other market actors
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Determinants of Market Supply Volume
Table 3 Market participation
Variables Coefficients t-value
Constant -16.68 -1.64
Age 2.64 1.61
Sex 2.19 1.10
Education -1.51 -1.51
Family size -1.22 -1.81***
Distance from market 0.64 1.35
Land size 1.28 1.17
Quantity of avocado 1.41 2.15**
Labor -0.17 -0.53
Extension frequency 2.14 0.91
Price of avocado 0.91 1.70**
Market information
Experience in fruit farming
129
-0.71
0.12
-0.31
0.23
N 160
X2 176.66
Prob> X2 0.0000
Log likelihood -18.17
**, *** Significant at 5 and 10 percent
Source: own computation, 2013
As can be seen from the econometric result, 3 variables (family size, quantity and price of avocado) were found
significant for avocado market participation.
Family size – As hypothesized it is found to influence market participation decision negatively. It implies that
there is a direct relation between number of persons in the household and level of consumption implying less
remain for the market.
Quantity of avocado produced: The influence of quantity of production is positive as predicted. In other words,
the higher the production the more the family will be tended to decide participating in the marketing of surplus.
Selling price - As expected it is found to influence market participation decision positively. As farmer sees better
price probability of entering a market and volume of supply would increase.
In the second stage of the Heckman Model estimation, determinants of avocado market supply was hypothesized
to be age and sex of the respondent, family size, education level, labor, distance from market, total land owned,
quantity produced, extension frequency, price offered, farming experience and market information. Accordingly,
education level, active labor, farming experience, quantity of avocado produced and market information were
found significant. The following table discloses all the econometric analysis result of Heckman second stages for
market supply; the implication is discussed as next:-
Table 4 OLS estimation of market supply determinants
Variables Coefficient t-value
Constant -2.45 -0.31
Age 0.77 0.42
Sex 0.58 0.17
Education
-1.58
-1.69***
Family size
-0.25
-1.36
Labor 1.55 3.67*
Farming experience 0.24 2.30**
Distance to the nearest market 0.10 0.31
Land size 0.67 0.63
Quantity avocado 0.93 8.38*
Extension frequency 2.40 1.20
Price avocado 0.01 0.05
Market info 3.21 1.94***
Lambda 2.33 0.68
N 160
R2 91.01
Adj. R2 95.11
Log likelihood function -232.43
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Educational level of household head: - Contrary to the expectation, level of education was found to
exert a negative impact on the level of supply of avocado to the market by the household. The implication is that,
the more the family is headed by an educated person the more the family will be aware of the nutritional value of
avocado and the tendency to supply to the market likely to decrease.
Labor –The positive relation implies that the more the farming household is likely to get access to
labor force from any source, the higher is the probability that the family’s interest to farm more size of land and
produce surplus thereby quantity of supply to the market would increase.
Experience –The implication of the analysis result is that as farmers get more experience in farming on
a particular commodity resulting in boost in output (production). In such a case, the family will have surplus and
hence supply to the market obviously would be higher.
Quantity produced - the higher the production the higher the market supply will be. The more they
Variables Coefficients t-value
Constant -0.67 (-1.07)
Ln FAMLY 0.16 (1.46)
Ln INCOM 0.21 (2.82)***
Ln PRICE -0.34 (-2.26)**
Ln DIST -0.02 (-0.55)
Ln AVLAB 0.24 (3.05)***
Ln SUBST 0.13 (2.01)
Ln SEX 0.31 (1.21)
Ln EDU 0.11 (2.51)
N
160
R2
56.96
Adj R2
62.27
130
produced the more they would supply to market.
Market information –The positive relation implies that the better information farmers have about the
products marketing the higher would be their participation level and supply level.
Econometric Model Result for Demand Analysis
Level of income –The positive relation implies that the higher the annual average income of the
household the higher would be the level of consumption of avocado in the family.
Availability of fruits in the market: - the result of the study reveals that availability of avocado in the
market at required time and quality impacts the consumption level of the family positively. The implication is
hence, if fruit is available in the market on time consumer can buy easily and consume more.
Table 5 Demand estimation model result
Source: own computation, 2013
Price of avocado in the market: - The result of the analysis shows inverse relation between price and
consumption of avocado and relates to the law.
10. Recommendations
Improving production and productivity: policies that would improve avocado production capacity by identifying
new technologies and transferring them towards the farmer should be strengthened. Agricultural extension
services are the major institutions operating for helping farmers improve their production and productivity in the
rural areas. To obtain this advantage there is a need to improve extension system, and technical supervision and
follow up must be strengthened. Strengthening of market extension (linking farmers with markets, building
marketing capacity of farmers, etc.) is necessary.
Organizing producers into cooperatives: Fruit producers and fruit marketing cooperatives shall be
established in the study Woredas with the objective to share labor force; and of increasing farmers bargaining
power and to benefit them from economies of scale. Thus to increase the level of farmers’ participation and
supply of avocado to the market the concerned governmental bodies /NGOs shall initiate producers to be
organized in to (local) cooperatives and have to create and develop market linkages between the producers and
cooperatives.
Improving market information services: Competitive market and market information services have to be
established or strengthened to provide farmers and traders accurate and timely information on current supply,
demand and prices of the commodity at national and regional levels.
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