Irish potato is one of the most important economic crops in Tanzania contributing to household food requirements and income. In order to ascertain the contributions of Irish potatoes to stakeholders involved, this study aimed at determining the factors influencing Irish potato farmers’ decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation in Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect cross section data from 497 Irish potato farmers. Cragg’s two step model was used to analyze data. In the first step Probit model was used to determine the factors that influence decision to participate in the market, while in the second step Truncated regression model was used to determine factors that influence the proportion of output sold. The results showed that socio-economic factors significant in the first stage are not necessarily significant in the second stage. Factors such as farming experience, farm size, price, education, extension service, credit and gender significantly influence the decision to participate in the marketing and the extent of participation. Policies need to enhance capacity of farmers through adult literacy programmes and help farmers to adopt the modern farming techniques that will lead to increased Irish potatoes output and market participation.
Development of Coffee Agribusiness toward Community Income in Siborongborong ...AI Publications
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the priority commodities to be developed, because farming provides high profits, so it can be used as a source of income for farmers. This research was conducted in Siborongborong District, North Tapanuli Regency. The number of villages in Siborongborong District are 20 villages and 1 City. The number of farmer groups in Siborongborong District are 319 Farmer Groups. Based on the results of the research in Siborongborong, the following conclusions can be derived : Potential variables of land, harvest and post-harvest, overall marketing has a significant effect on the income of farmers, while planting and maintenance do not significantly affect the income of farmers in Siborongborong. Sumatera Specialty Coffees Company does not affect the income farmers in Siborong Borong because farmers sell their coffee more to the broker.
Analysis of Yam Marketing in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo S...Ochuko Siemuri
The study analysed the marketing of yam in Akoko North East Local Government Area of Ondo State. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of yam marketers and determined the marketing margin, marketing cost, markup, operational efficiency and the constraints faced by yam marketers in the area. Data used for the study were generated through the administration of structured questionnaire. A total of 90 respondents comprising of 30 yam wholesalers and 60 retailers, were randomly sampled from three purposively selected major yam markets. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Concentration Ratio, Gini Coefficient and Operational Efficiency Model. The results showed variation in marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing profit, and markup for both wholesale and retail yam markets. Gini Coefficients of 0.307 and 0.307 were obtained for wholesaler and retailer respectively. This indicated high level of competition in the industry. Retailers were more operationally efficient than wholesalers, but wholesalers’ marketing profit and markup were higher than that of retailers. Wholesalers complained of insecurity, price uncertainty, high cost of yam and, transportation cost. Also, high capital requirement is considered as a serious constraint, while retailers complained of high cost of yam, price uncertainty, capital intensity and insecurity as very serious constraints. Alleviating some of the challenges, would therefore lead to more efficiency in yam business, while improving on the welfare of yam marketers.
Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers...Premier Publishers
Transforming agricultural output from subsistence to commercial based is being the crucial option for many agriculture dependent developing countries. This study was aimed to assess coffee commercialization trends and factors that affect coffee commercialization level. Primary data was collected from 156 households of three coffee potential districts of Jimma zone through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. The result of the study revealed that the mean coffee consumption level was 21.6 % and the overall mean commercialization level was 68 % which is higher at Manna district (74 %). The results of Tobit model also shows distance to main market and distance to marketing cooperatives, transport cost and land allocated for other crops affects level of coffee commercialization negatively and significantly. However, total land holding of the household head, coffee price and volume of coffee produced affects level of commercialization positively and significantly. It is recommended support towards developing institutional sectors like marketing cooperatives and improving physical access to market places could yield positive results towards coffee commercialization by smallholder coffee producers.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Analysis of market participation by rice farmers in southern nigeria.Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in southern Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers. Results showed that factors like higher crop production levels, larger land sizes, use of improved seeds, access to market information, group participation, and contractual agreements positively influenced farmers' ability to participate in output markets. However, lack of timely market information, transportation issues, and limited access to extension agents posed challenges. The study concluded that improving smallholder farmers' access to resources, market information, and group participation could help them better commercialize and contribute to economic growth in rural areas.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
This study examines the price behavior of jasmine flowers in Erode District, Tamil Nadu. It finds that the main factor determining jasmine prices is supply. The months between March and June are considered peak periods with high yields, while October to February are lean periods with low yields. During peak periods, prices are very low at Rs. 10-15 per kg due to high supply, compared to Rs. 200-250 per kg during lean and wedding seasons when supply is lower. The study uses statistical analysis to examine price movements of jasmine in the Coimbatore and Mysore markets from 2005 to 2009.
Development of Coffee Agribusiness toward Community Income in Siborongborong ...AI Publications
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the priority commodities to be developed, because farming provides high profits, so it can be used as a source of income for farmers. This research was conducted in Siborongborong District, North Tapanuli Regency. The number of villages in Siborongborong District are 20 villages and 1 City. The number of farmer groups in Siborongborong District are 319 Farmer Groups. Based on the results of the research in Siborongborong, the following conclusions can be derived : Potential variables of land, harvest and post-harvest, overall marketing has a significant effect on the income of farmers, while planting and maintenance do not significantly affect the income of farmers in Siborongborong. Sumatera Specialty Coffees Company does not affect the income farmers in Siborong Borong because farmers sell their coffee more to the broker.
Analysis of Yam Marketing in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo S...Ochuko Siemuri
The study analysed the marketing of yam in Akoko North East Local Government Area of Ondo State. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of yam marketers and determined the marketing margin, marketing cost, markup, operational efficiency and the constraints faced by yam marketers in the area. Data used for the study were generated through the administration of structured questionnaire. A total of 90 respondents comprising of 30 yam wholesalers and 60 retailers, were randomly sampled from three purposively selected major yam markets. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Concentration Ratio, Gini Coefficient and Operational Efficiency Model. The results showed variation in marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing profit, and markup for both wholesale and retail yam markets. Gini Coefficients of 0.307 and 0.307 were obtained for wholesaler and retailer respectively. This indicated high level of competition in the industry. Retailers were more operationally efficient than wholesalers, but wholesalers’ marketing profit and markup were higher than that of retailers. Wholesalers complained of insecurity, price uncertainty, high cost of yam and, transportation cost. Also, high capital requirement is considered as a serious constraint, while retailers complained of high cost of yam, price uncertainty, capital intensity and insecurity as very serious constraints. Alleviating some of the challenges, would therefore lead to more efficiency in yam business, while improving on the welfare of yam marketers.
Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers...Premier Publishers
Transforming agricultural output from subsistence to commercial based is being the crucial option for many agriculture dependent developing countries. This study was aimed to assess coffee commercialization trends and factors that affect coffee commercialization level. Primary data was collected from 156 households of three coffee potential districts of Jimma zone through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. The result of the study revealed that the mean coffee consumption level was 21.6 % and the overall mean commercialization level was 68 % which is higher at Manna district (74 %). The results of Tobit model also shows distance to main market and distance to marketing cooperatives, transport cost and land allocated for other crops affects level of coffee commercialization negatively and significantly. However, total land holding of the household head, coffee price and volume of coffee produced affects level of commercialization positively and significantly. It is recommended support towards developing institutional sectors like marketing cooperatives and improving physical access to market places could yield positive results towards coffee commercialization by smallholder coffee producers.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Analysis of market participation by rice farmers in southern nigeria.Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in southern Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers. Results showed that factors like higher crop production levels, larger land sizes, use of improved seeds, access to market information, group participation, and contractual agreements positively influenced farmers' ability to participate in output markets. However, lack of timely market information, transportation issues, and limited access to extension agents posed challenges. The study concluded that improving smallholder farmers' access to resources, market information, and group participation could help them better commercialize and contribute to economic growth in rural areas.
Value Chain Analysis of Banana in Mizan Aman Town of Benchi Maji Zone, Southw...AI Publications
This study was aimed at analyzing value chain of banana in Mizan-Aman town, Bench Maji zone with specific objectives of describing important marketing channels and actors involved on banana value chain, dealing the determinant of supply of banana and identify constraints in value chain of the banana. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The data were analyzed by using both descriptive and Econometric models. Accordingly, the value chain activities in the survey period were production, marketing and consumption. To identify factors affecting farm level marketable supply of banana, OLS regression analysis was employed. About 10 variables were hypothesized to affect farm level of marketable supply of banana in the study area. Age of respondent, experience, family size, education level of the household head, market information and distance to the market affects farm level marketable supply of banana positively and negatively. The study result exhibited also that banana producers are faced lack market, lack of cooperatives and low price of banana. The result revealed that banana passes through several intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers are forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. The highest marketing cost is incurred by wholesalers and the highest market profit is shared by retailers. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the area are producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study showed that Input Suppliers, Improved infrastructure and strengthening the linkage/interaction among value chain actors is necessary for good marketing of banana.
This study examines the price behavior of jasmine flowers in Erode District, Tamil Nadu. It finds that the main factor determining jasmine prices is supply. The months between March and June are considered peak periods with high yields, while October to February are lean periods with low yields. During peak periods, prices are very low at Rs. 10-15 per kg due to high supply, compared to Rs. 200-250 per kg during lean and wedding seasons when supply is lower. The study uses statistical analysis to examine price movements of jasmine in the Coimbatore and Mysore markets from 2005 to 2009.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
This research article analyzes the marketing of major vegetables like tomato and brinjal in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India. Three marketing channels were identified: producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer (Channel I), producer to wholesaler to consumer (Channel II), and producer to consumer (Channel III). Channel III was found to be the most efficient with producers receiving over 90% of the consumer rupee for their produce. Marketing costs were highest for wholesalers, primarily consisting of transportation costs. Producers' share of the consumer rupee and marketing efficiency was highest in Channel III where producers sold directly to consumers. The study concludes Channel III provides producers with the greatest returns and is the most efficient marketing
Determinants of Tomato Smallholder Farmers Market Outlet Choices in West Shew...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the determinants of market outlet choices for tomato smallholder farmers in West Shewa, Ethiopia. A survey was conducted with 300 farmers across 12 villages and 3 districts selected based on tomato production. Descriptive statistics found retailers were the most common outlet. A multivariate probit model was used to analyze the effects of variables on choices for wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The model found 5 variables significantly affected wholesaler choices, 4 variables affected retailer choices, and 3 variables affected consumer choices. The model showed good fit and explanatory power. Distance to market, access to credit, family size, education, and tomato production volume were among the factors found to significantly influence farmers' outlet choices.
This document summarizes a study on the profitability and production efficiency of small-scale maize production in Niger State, Nigeria. The study found that maize production was profitable, with an average net farm income of 48,109 Naira per hectare. Production costs were 77.9% of total costs, with labor as the largest cost. The production efficiency index of 2.50 indicated that returns exceeded costs by 150%, showing profitability. While profitable, the study recommended increasing farm size and production to enhance profits further. Improving access to farmland, education, credit, and extension services were also suggested to improve profitability of small-scale maize production in the area.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
The document analyzes the adoption of farming technologies by vegetable farmers in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. It finds that most farmers are middle-aged with primary or secondary education. The majority have small landholdings, low annual incomes, and little access to credit or training. Regression analysis shows that education level, farm size, and innovativeness positively influence farmers' adoption of new technologies, while problems faced negatively affect adoption. The study aims to help extension workers promote appropriate technologies to overcome constraints faced by vegetable farmers.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
This document summarizes a study comparing the production and economics of Bt cotton versus conventional cotton in Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan. The study aimed to examine factors influencing cotton yields, assess the financial gains of Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton, determine the impact of early Bt cotton sowing, and suggest policy measures. Primary data was collected through surveys of 60 cotton farmers. A Cobb-Douglas production function was used to analyze yields and a logit model was used to determine the probability of choosing Bt cotton. Results found higher total costs but also higher average yields and profits for Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton. Early sowing of Bt cotton also impacted yields. The study concluded with recommendations
This study analyzed the potato value chain in Dedo district of Ethiopia. It identified the key actors as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. It found that small scale processors capture the largest share of margins (65.01%) and profits (63.52%) in the chain. Producers obtain 12.29% of margins and 15.16% of profits. Major constraints included high seed costs, poor infrastructure, and disease/pests. Recommendations were to strengthen links between actors, support small scale processors, provide training on storage/disease control, and improve producers' bargaining power.
Determinants of Food Security Status among Irrigated Vegetable Farmers in Nor...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study examined factors influencing food security status of irrigated vegetable farmers and price trend of vegetables in Northern Agricultural Zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted where 360 framers were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as binary logistic model. The result reveals that average quantity produced per hectare of tomato, sweat pepper, and onion was about 227 baskets (6810 kg), 185 bags (7400 kg), and 168 bags (18480 kg), respectively. The net income was N187,245.00 ($520.00), N145,114.00 ($403.00), and N330,761.00 ($919.00) per hectare, for the respective vegetable crops. The result on binary logistic model indicates that the quantity of vegetable produced was found to be positively related with farmers food security status and statistically significant at P = 0.001. Monthly income had a positive odds ratio (2.214) and statistically significant at P = 0.000. The result also reveals that age was significant (P = 0.014) and positively related with a food security status of the farmers with the odds ratio of 0.943. The pseudo R2 was found to be 0.481, implying that about 48% of variation in the dependent variable is explained by independent factors included in the model. The result on price trend analysis indicates that seasonal variations occur in vegetable prices, for several reasons such as demand and supply factors. Thus, the study recommends that farmers should be provided with adequate information concerning prices, supply, and demand, especially at the local level. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt improved technologies and new farming practices to boost output. In addition, farmers should be encouraged to diversify the source of income to have more funds to purchase other foodstuffs that they could not producing.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Agricultural Marketing and Performance of Agricultural Firms in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This research studied the relationship between agricultural marketing and performance of agricultural firms in Anambra State. Specifically, the study addressed the relationship between transactional marketing and performance of agricultural firms, the relationship between database marketing and performance of agricultural firms, the relationship between interaction marketing and performance of agricultural firms and finally the relationship between network marketing and performance of agricultural firms. The study adopted a survey research design in collecting data questionnaire and personal interviews were used in collecting primary data while documentary sources were used for secondary data. The population of the study was made up of 411 agricultural firms in Anambra state, whereas 30 firms were selected as the sample size with the aid of solvin formular. The data generated for this study were presented with frequencies and percentages, while the stated hypotheses were statistically tested with Pearson motion correlation, which was computed with the aid of the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences SPSS Version 20. Findings from the study showed thattransactional, database, interaction and network marketing that were used as proxies for agricultural marketing all have a significant relationship with sales volume which was used as proxy for performance of agricultural firms. Chibike Onyije Nwuba "Agricultural Marketing and Performance of Agricultural Firms in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38502.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38502/agricultural-marketing-and-performance-of-agricultural-firms-in-anambra-state/chibike-onyije-nwuba
Postharvest orange losses and small scale farmers’ perceptions on the loss ca...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on postharvest orange losses and the perceptions of small-scale farmers in Rusitu Valley, Zimbabwe on the causes of losses. On average, small-scale farmers in the valley own 1 acre of land with 55 orange trees, harvesting 1,200 kg per tree (66,000 kg total). However, farmers reported losing an average of 480 kg per tree (26,400 kg or 40% of total harvest). The total estimated loss across all valley farmers was 89.5 million kg, valued at $8.95 million. Farmers perceived fruit flies (54%) and red weaver ants (36%) as the main causes of losses. Trapping identified the invasive fruit fly Bactrocer
Special Report 1073
Originally published as Oregon Small Farms Technical Report No. 25
December 2006
When Things Don’t Work: Some Insights into Why Farmers’ Markets Close
Estimating NTBs costs of Maize Production and Marketing for Smallholder Farme...Premier Publishers
This paper estimated Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) costs of maize production and marketing of smallholder famers in Mbozi and Momba districts of Mbeya region in Tanzania. A cross sectional design survey was used in collecting data from farmers in the two districts using structured questionnaires. Stratified and simple random sampling procedures were used in selecting a total of 120 smallholder farmers. Descriptive measures were used in summarizing the NTBs costs incurred by farmers. Results indicated that, estimated NTBs costs of farmers in Mbozi district were higher when compared to those in Momba district. It also observed that, farmers in Mbozi district paid a total of TZS. 73/Kg as NTBs costs to reach the Tunduma maize market while farmers in Momba district paid TZS.48/Kg to reach the same maize market. The difference was explained by spatiality being that Momba district is closer to Tunduma market. Based on these results, it can be concluded that, effects of NTBs costs were higher for farmers of Mbozi district than those of Momba district. It recommended that, protective food policy such as weighing bridges and road blocks should be reduced in order to maintain reasonable high prices in rural and low prices in urban deficit areas.
Problem Identification on Major Cereal Crops Production (A Case of Rupandehi,...BRNSS Publication Hub
A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
Social economic factors affecting consumption of sweet potato productsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the social economic factors affecting consumption of sweet potato products in Tanzania. The study used a multiple regression model to analyze how consumption of sweet potato value-added products is related to various explanatory variables. Key findings include:
1) Land size owned by households and education level were found to be statistically significant factors affecting consumption, with land size being highly significant.
2) Other factors like household income, prices, and household characteristics were found to not be statistically significant in explaining variations in consumption.
3) The regression model explained about 73% of the variations in consumption of sweet potato products, indicating good fit. Land size had a positive correlation with consumption levels.
Contribution of round potato production to household income in mbeya and make...Alexander Decker
Round potatoes are an important crop for smallholder farmers in Mbeya and Makete Districts of Tanzania, contributing significantly to household income and food security. A study was conducted interviewing 233 potato farming households to analyze round potato production, assess household income from potatoes and other sources, and determine the impact of potato production on household income. The results showed that income from round potato production had a highly positive and significant impact on total household income. It was concluded that potatoes are more profitable than other major crops grown in the area, and with proper support could greatly increase household income for smallholder farmers.
This document provides background information on a proposed study of the banana value chain in Mlali Village, Morogoro, Tanzania. It will examine pricing, margins, and losses at different levels of the chain from producers to consumers. Bananas are an important crop in Tanzania, but small farmers face challenges including low prices paid by intermediaries. The study aims to evaluate the chain to help actors improve incomes and livelihoods. It will determine prices, margins, and losses to provide information to support banana farmers and other players in Tanzania and beyond.
Factors influencing the intensity of market participation among smallholder w...AI Publications
Participation in commercial agriculture holds considerable potential for unlocking suitable opportunity sets necessary for providing better incomes and sustainable livelihoods for small scalefarmers. In developing countries like Ethiopia, most smallholder farmers are characterized by poor market participation because they lack market information on marketing of agricultural products. This study examined factors that influence the intensity of market participation among smallholder farmers in JabiTehnan districtusing survey data collected from randomly selected 120 farmers. The aim of this study was to analyze market participation of smallholder wheat farmers in JabiTehnan district. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary data sources using cross sectional data.Probit model regression result showed that, perception of wheat market price, quantity of wheat produced, size of land allocated for wheat and frequency of extension contact had significant and positively effect on market participation decision, while distance to nearest market, family size had significant negative effect. Based on the study policy interventions like family planning, awareness to farmers to supply wheat to the market when price is fair for them, strength extension service and infrastructure like market access, improve land management practice by use of a right input at a right timeas a means to enhance wheat market participation.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
This research article analyzes the marketing of major vegetables like tomato and brinjal in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India. Three marketing channels were identified: producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer (Channel I), producer to wholesaler to consumer (Channel II), and producer to consumer (Channel III). Channel III was found to be the most efficient with producers receiving over 90% of the consumer rupee for their produce. Marketing costs were highest for wholesalers, primarily consisting of transportation costs. Producers' share of the consumer rupee and marketing efficiency was highest in Channel III where producers sold directly to consumers. The study concludes Channel III provides producers with the greatest returns and is the most efficient marketing
Determinants of Tomato Smallholder Farmers Market Outlet Choices in West Shew...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes the determinants of market outlet choices for tomato smallholder farmers in West Shewa, Ethiopia. A survey was conducted with 300 farmers across 12 villages and 3 districts selected based on tomato production. Descriptive statistics found retailers were the most common outlet. A multivariate probit model was used to analyze the effects of variables on choices for wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. The model found 5 variables significantly affected wholesaler choices, 4 variables affected retailer choices, and 3 variables affected consumer choices. The model showed good fit and explanatory power. Distance to market, access to credit, family size, education, and tomato production volume were among the factors found to significantly influence farmers' outlet choices.
This document summarizes a study on the profitability and production efficiency of small-scale maize production in Niger State, Nigeria. The study found that maize production was profitable, with an average net farm income of 48,109 Naira per hectare. Production costs were 77.9% of total costs, with labor as the largest cost. The production efficiency index of 2.50 indicated that returns exceeded costs by 150%, showing profitability. While profitable, the study recommended increasing farm size and production to enhance profits further. Improving access to farmland, education, credit, and extension services were also suggested to improve profitability of small-scale maize production in the area.
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
The document analyzes the adoption of farming technologies by vegetable farmers in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. It finds that most farmers are middle-aged with primary or secondary education. The majority have small landholdings, low annual incomes, and little access to credit or training. Regression analysis shows that education level, farm size, and innovativeness positively influence farmers' adoption of new technologies, while problems faced negatively affect adoption. The study aims to help extension workers promote appropriate technologies to overcome constraints faced by vegetable farmers.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
This document summarizes a study comparing the production and economics of Bt cotton versus conventional cotton in Khairpur District, Sindh, Pakistan. The study aimed to examine factors influencing cotton yields, assess the financial gains of Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton, determine the impact of early Bt cotton sowing, and suggest policy measures. Primary data was collected through surveys of 60 cotton farmers. A Cobb-Douglas production function was used to analyze yields and a logit model was used to determine the probability of choosing Bt cotton. Results found higher total costs but also higher average yields and profits for Bt cotton compared to conventional cotton. Early sowing of Bt cotton also impacted yields. The study concluded with recommendations
This study analyzed the potato value chain in Dedo district of Ethiopia. It identified the key actors as input suppliers, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, small scale processors and consumers. It found that small scale processors capture the largest share of margins (65.01%) and profits (63.52%) in the chain. Producers obtain 12.29% of margins and 15.16% of profits. Major constraints included high seed costs, poor infrastructure, and disease/pests. Recommendations were to strengthen links between actors, support small scale processors, provide training on storage/disease control, and improve producers' bargaining power.
Determinants of Food Security Status among Irrigated Vegetable Farmers in Nor...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study examined factors influencing food security status of irrigated vegetable farmers and price trend of vegetables in Northern Agricultural Zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted where 360 framers were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as binary logistic model. The result reveals that average quantity produced per hectare of tomato, sweat pepper, and onion was about 227 baskets (6810 kg), 185 bags (7400 kg), and 168 bags (18480 kg), respectively. The net income was N187,245.00 ($520.00), N145,114.00 ($403.00), and N330,761.00 ($919.00) per hectare, for the respective vegetable crops. The result on binary logistic model indicates that the quantity of vegetable produced was found to be positively related with farmers food security status and statistically significant at P = 0.001. Monthly income had a positive odds ratio (2.214) and statistically significant at P = 0.000. The result also reveals that age was significant (P = 0.014) and positively related with a food security status of the farmers with the odds ratio of 0.943. The pseudo R2 was found to be 0.481, implying that about 48% of variation in the dependent variable is explained by independent factors included in the model. The result on price trend analysis indicates that seasonal variations occur in vegetable prices, for several reasons such as demand and supply factors. Thus, the study recommends that farmers should be provided with adequate information concerning prices, supply, and demand, especially at the local level. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt improved technologies and new farming practices to boost output. In addition, farmers should be encouraged to diversify the source of income to have more funds to purchase other foodstuffs that they could not producing.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Agricultural Marketing and Performance of Agricultural Firms in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This research studied the relationship between agricultural marketing and performance of agricultural firms in Anambra State. Specifically, the study addressed the relationship between transactional marketing and performance of agricultural firms, the relationship between database marketing and performance of agricultural firms, the relationship between interaction marketing and performance of agricultural firms and finally the relationship between network marketing and performance of agricultural firms. The study adopted a survey research design in collecting data questionnaire and personal interviews were used in collecting primary data while documentary sources were used for secondary data. The population of the study was made up of 411 agricultural firms in Anambra state, whereas 30 firms were selected as the sample size with the aid of solvin formular. The data generated for this study were presented with frequencies and percentages, while the stated hypotheses were statistically tested with Pearson motion correlation, which was computed with the aid of the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences SPSS Version 20. Findings from the study showed thattransactional, database, interaction and network marketing that were used as proxies for agricultural marketing all have a significant relationship with sales volume which was used as proxy for performance of agricultural firms. Chibike Onyije Nwuba "Agricultural Marketing and Performance of Agricultural Firms in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38502.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38502/agricultural-marketing-and-performance-of-agricultural-firms-in-anambra-state/chibike-onyije-nwuba
Postharvest orange losses and small scale farmers’ perceptions on the loss ca...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on postharvest orange losses and the perceptions of small-scale farmers in Rusitu Valley, Zimbabwe on the causes of losses. On average, small-scale farmers in the valley own 1 acre of land with 55 orange trees, harvesting 1,200 kg per tree (66,000 kg total). However, farmers reported losing an average of 480 kg per tree (26,400 kg or 40% of total harvest). The total estimated loss across all valley farmers was 89.5 million kg, valued at $8.95 million. Farmers perceived fruit flies (54%) and red weaver ants (36%) as the main causes of losses. Trapping identified the invasive fruit fly Bactrocer
Special Report 1073
Originally published as Oregon Small Farms Technical Report No. 25
December 2006
When Things Don’t Work: Some Insights into Why Farmers’ Markets Close
Estimating NTBs costs of Maize Production and Marketing for Smallholder Farme...Premier Publishers
This paper estimated Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) costs of maize production and marketing of smallholder famers in Mbozi and Momba districts of Mbeya region in Tanzania. A cross sectional design survey was used in collecting data from farmers in the two districts using structured questionnaires. Stratified and simple random sampling procedures were used in selecting a total of 120 smallholder farmers. Descriptive measures were used in summarizing the NTBs costs incurred by farmers. Results indicated that, estimated NTBs costs of farmers in Mbozi district were higher when compared to those in Momba district. It also observed that, farmers in Mbozi district paid a total of TZS. 73/Kg as NTBs costs to reach the Tunduma maize market while farmers in Momba district paid TZS.48/Kg to reach the same maize market. The difference was explained by spatiality being that Momba district is closer to Tunduma market. Based on these results, it can be concluded that, effects of NTBs costs were higher for farmers of Mbozi district than those of Momba district. It recommended that, protective food policy such as weighing bridges and road blocks should be reduced in order to maintain reasonable high prices in rural and low prices in urban deficit areas.
Problem Identification on Major Cereal Crops Production (A Case of Rupandehi,...BRNSS Publication Hub
A survey was conducted to identify problems on major cereal crop production in Rupandehi district. Three
Village Development Committees (VDCs) were selected purposively from the district. Sample size of 60
as 20 from each VDCs was taken, and the survey was conducted with the face-to-face interview of the
respondents. The collected data were analyzed through statistical package system. In descriptive statistics,
frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The index value was used to identify
the major problem of the major cereal crops. The major problems before the cultivation of cereal crops
were found to be unavailability of hybrid seeds, weeds and grass problems, irrigation problems, labors and
mechanization problems, and fertilizers and manures problems, etc. Different problems during cultivation
of cereal crops were found to be irrigation problems, labor problems weeds, fertilizers, insects, pests, and
disease. Similarly, the problems of storage house, storage insects, climate change, and weather condition
and threshing problems, etc., were found to be the post-harvest problems in cereal crops cultivation.
Social economic factors affecting consumption of sweet potato productsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the social economic factors affecting consumption of sweet potato products in Tanzania. The study used a multiple regression model to analyze how consumption of sweet potato value-added products is related to various explanatory variables. Key findings include:
1) Land size owned by households and education level were found to be statistically significant factors affecting consumption, with land size being highly significant.
2) Other factors like household income, prices, and household characteristics were found to not be statistically significant in explaining variations in consumption.
3) The regression model explained about 73% of the variations in consumption of sweet potato products, indicating good fit. Land size had a positive correlation with consumption levels.
Contribution of round potato production to household income in mbeya and make...Alexander Decker
Round potatoes are an important crop for smallholder farmers in Mbeya and Makete Districts of Tanzania, contributing significantly to household income and food security. A study was conducted interviewing 233 potato farming households to analyze round potato production, assess household income from potatoes and other sources, and determine the impact of potato production on household income. The results showed that income from round potato production had a highly positive and significant impact on total household income. It was concluded that potatoes are more profitable than other major crops grown in the area, and with proper support could greatly increase household income for smallholder farmers.
This document provides background information on a proposed study of the banana value chain in Mlali Village, Morogoro, Tanzania. It will examine pricing, margins, and losses at different levels of the chain from producers to consumers. Bananas are an important crop in Tanzania, but small farmers face challenges including low prices paid by intermediaries. The study aims to evaluate the chain to help actors improve incomes and livelihoods. It will determine prices, margins, and losses to provide information to support banana farmers and other players in Tanzania and beyond.
Factors influencing the intensity of market participation among smallholder w...AI Publications
Participation in commercial agriculture holds considerable potential for unlocking suitable opportunity sets necessary for providing better incomes and sustainable livelihoods for small scalefarmers. In developing countries like Ethiopia, most smallholder farmers are characterized by poor market participation because they lack market information on marketing of agricultural products. This study examined factors that influence the intensity of market participation among smallholder farmers in JabiTehnan districtusing survey data collected from randomly selected 120 farmers. The aim of this study was to analyze market participation of smallholder wheat farmers in JabiTehnan district. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary data sources using cross sectional data.Probit model regression result showed that, perception of wheat market price, quantity of wheat produced, size of land allocated for wheat and frequency of extension contact had significant and positively effect on market participation decision, while distance to nearest market, family size had significant negative effect. Based on the study policy interventions like family planning, awareness to farmers to supply wheat to the market when price is fair for them, strength extension service and infrastructure like market access, improve land management practice by use of a right input at a right timeas a means to enhance wheat market participation.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
The role of middlemen in fresh tomato supply chain in Kilolo district, Tanzania Premier Publishers
The paper aimed to analyze the role of middlemen in linking smallholder tomato farmers with Dar-es-salaam markets, Tanzania. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 133 small vegetable farmers and 109 traders. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentage, chi-square and one way analysis of variance. The study revealed that majority (58%) of smallholder tomato farmers sold their produce to middlemen due to being geographical separated from the markets, poor local road network and poor access to market information. This study concluded that the use of middlemen to sell tomato produce cannot be avoided unless smallholder farmers are linked with urban markets. In order to enhance farmer’s access to markets, it is recommended that the government should strive to improve feeder roads. Improvement in feeder roads is likely to bring about large welfare gains in terms of large volumes of tomatoes traded and can make assembling of tomatoes easier and less costly for traders.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Assessment of passion fruit orchard management and farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed passion fruit orchard management and farmer technical efficiency in central-eastern and north-rift highlands of Kenya. The study found:
1) Technical efficiency varied across counties, with Meru having the highest mean at 65% followed by Uasin Gishu at 57% and Embu the lowest at 47%.
2) Orchard management practices like training vines, pruning, weeding and watering also varied significantly across counties and influenced technical efficiency.
3) Improving management practices could help farmers increase technical efficiency and reduce input costs by 35-53%, improving profits. The study recommends increased farmer training to boost awareness of good management.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Analyzing the economic benefit of fresh tomato production at the tono irrigat...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the economic benefit of fresh tomato production at the Tono Irrigation Scheme in Ghana from 2006 to 2010. It finds that while the market value of tomatoes increased over this period, the profitability declined significantly. The average return on investment decreased from 4.22 in 2006 to 2.34 in 2010. A time series analysis was conducted to forecast profits for the next 5 years, which confirmed the declining trend. Interventions are needed from the government and policymakers to address the challenges facing the industry and help alleviate poverty in the region.
An analysis of economic efficiency in bean production evidence from eastern u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed economic efficiency among bean farmers in Eastern Uganda. The study used a stochastic frontier cost function and Tobit regression model based on a survey of 580 households. The key findings were:
1) The mean economic efficiency level among bean farmers was 59.94%, indicating room for improvement.
2) Economic efficiency was positively influenced by factors such as value of assets, off-farm income, access to credit, and farming as the primary occupation.
3) To increase efficiency and productivity, the study recommends training farmers in business skills, and improving access to affordable credit through group lending models.
Studying the Livelihood Diversification of Landowner Farmer in Tondong Tallas...inventionjournals
This study aim is to identify the trigger factors of farmer landowner to become labor to plant rice and to know the differences of expected income and factual income to identify the role of opportunity cost. This study was conducted by a survey method at 4 (four) village in Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict, Pangkajene and Kepulauan District. Data is collected by observation, questionnaires, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques are descriptive and inferential statistic. The results of this study are follows. First, the trigger factors of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice of Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict are economic and cultural factors. From fourteen factors to affect of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice, the biggest three factors are culture of friends/relatives invitation, like to work to other people, like to work in groups, and income certainty. Second, the variance test result shows that the factual income is lower than expected income.
The document summarizes a study on vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar, Tanzania. It finds that about 59% of farmers commercially produce vegetables, though only 30-35% of yields are sold. Of the 16 dominant vegetable types in markets, only 9 were profitably produced by local farmers. Constraints included lack of land expansion for production, insufficient access to inputs, pests/diseases, and limited access to markets. Wholesalers purchased 85% of farmers' yields, dictating prices in most sales. Imports filled domestic demand gaps due to seasonal local supply and quality issues. Support was recommended to improve farmers' production and market access.
Effects of Value Addition on the Profitability of Irish Potato Production in ...Premier Publishers
In Bomet County farmers produce Irish potatoes for household consumption and income generation. The farmers have been urged to adopt value addition practices to increase their profits and household income. But since value addition comes with a cost, it raises a question of whether value addition increases farm profitability or not. The study used single cross-sectional data from 200 randomly selected farmers to determine the effect of value addition on the profitability of Irish potato production. The data were collected using a structured and unstructured questionnaire. Gross Margin Analysis was used in determining the profitability of various forms of value addition. Statistical packages for social scientists was used in data analysis. The study found that the most common form of value addition practiced by the farmers was sorting while grading, chipping and frying were practiced by few farmers. The study found that value adders earned more profits than non-value adders. The study further established that sorting was more profitable to farmers while frying, grading and chipping led to losses. Therefore, there is a need to identify cost-cutting technologies for grading, chipping and frying as these forms of value addition are not profitable to the farmers.
Marketing Analysis of onion in Bade and Geidam Local Government Areas of Yobe...IOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes the marketing of onions in Bade and Geidam Local Government Areas of Yobe State, Nigeria. It investigates the socioeconomic characteristics of onion traders, determines the profitability of onion marketing, and assesses the marketing efficiency of onion traders.
2) The majority of onion traders were between 25-54 years old, with most having 5-14 years of experience trading onions. Most traders were male and married.
3) Analysis found onion marketing to be profitable for both wholesale and retail traders during peak and off-peak periods. Marketing during off-peak periods was more efficient, with a total efficiency of 1,610.83% compared to 1,577.20%
Nigerseed Value Chain Analysis in Toke-Kutaye District, West Showa Zone, Orom...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to analyze factors that affect marketable supply of Nigerseed, and Nigerseed market chain; and to estimate value addition and marketing margin distribution of actors in Toke-Kutaye district, Oromia National Regional State. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 148 producer and 37 other market chain actors. Descriptive statistics for analysis of data and Multiple Linear Regression Model was used to determine determinants of Nigerseed supply in the study area. The study showed that averagely 2.67 and 2.55 quintals of Nigerseed were produced and marketed per household, respectively. Nigerseed produce had four market outlets and seven channels with poor values addition before reaching to the final consumers. Out of the total produce 92.4% of Nigerseed were marketed by producers. Nigerseed supply in the district is positively affected by education of household, land size, number of oxen owned, access to input and market information. Producers and traders got a profit share of 63.79 and 36.21 %, respectively. In all channels, producers’ gross market margin and net market margin were higher, while in multipurpose farmers primary cooperatives was with the least values. The crop has potential to serve as sources of livelihood, and farmers were the major contributor in the value addition process with better profit share margin followed by processers. Therefore, policy aiming to strengthening cooperatives, facilitating inter-linkage of stakeholders, and supporting the local processors are recommended to speed up the Nigerseed market chain in the district.
Merauke as a food barn has been carried out since the days of the Dutch
administration, namely by making Merauke an Asia Pacific food warehouse. To
realize this target, the Dutch government conducted a program to move the
population known as colonization, namely by bringing residents from Java to be
moved to Merauke. After the independence period the Indonesian colonization
program was still held by the name of transmigration. These transmigrant farmers
then live side by side with local residents and transmit the ability to cultivate rice to
local residents in Merauke Regency who previously lived from gathering, shifting
fields, sago farming, fishing, hunting and farming with the method of lagging, finally
getting interested in learning to grow crops rice. The purpose of this study is to
analyze (1) the factors that influence rice farming production on transmigrant
AN ASSESSMENT OF PROFITABILITY OF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION USING GROSS MARGIN, TH...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. With the constraints on land due to increased population and emergence of other enterprises such as sugarcane farming, groundnut remains a dominant crop in the area and continues to play a critical role as a source of income to the rural farmers. The study focused on profitability of groundnut production in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on production characteristics of farmers, groundnut yield levels, total input costs (variable) and revenues earned were obtained from 323 farmers and analyzed. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. The operational cost and returns of groundnuts production were determined through Gross Margin (GM) and return on investment analysis. Secondary and primary data collected was collated, cleaned and coded for electronic entry and analysis. Groundnut was mainly grown in small scale with the average area under groundnut being 0.32 ha under. The average gross income from groundnut production was KES 34,268 per hectare from a mean output of 659 kilograms. Groundnut was found to be profitable in the area since it had a positive gross margin.
Similar to Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’ombe District, in Tanzania: Value Determinants (20)
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2. Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’ombe District, in Tanzania: Value Determinants
Daniel et al. 336
According to FAOSTAT (2014) data, local demand in
Tanzania grew from about 508000 Tons to 887000 Tons
in a period of 1995 to 2009. However, supply falls short of
the demand, where by 508000 Tons and 861000 Tons
were locally produced in 1995 and 2009 respectively in
Tanzania. This left a gap of 62 tons and 26000 tones which
were filled via imports in the same period of time
(FAOSTAT, 2014). This steady growth in demand has
been accompanied by growth in prices especially in end
markets in major urban centers. Small scale farmers are
likely to be the main beneficiaries of this increase in
demand and prices of Irish potatoes through positive
response by increasing participation in the Irish potato
marketing.
Despite this potential on increasing Irish potatoes demand,
production of Irish potatoes is characterized by low market
participation (Marenge and Kisetu, 2016). A farmer’s
decision to produce either strictly for sale, or to participate
in a marketing by selling off what remains after
consumption depend on many other factors than the price
of output. It is very important to explore other factors to
determine their effect on the Irish potatoes market
participation decision. Literature suggests that small-scale
farmers often have high production costs, which reduce
incentives for participation in marketing. The high
production cost partly result from farmer’s tendency to
purchase inputs in small quantities involving small and
repetitive transactions (Barrett, 2008).
Jari (2009) cited that farmer’s readiness to participate in
the marketing is very vital for sustaining economic growth,
food security and poverty alleviation. Increasing market
participation and rural incomes will require smallholder
farmers to understand the factors that influence
smallholder market participation and the level of
participation. Few studies have empirically investigated
the factors that influence smallholder farmers’ market
participation in food markets in developing countries
(Goetz, 1992 and Omiti et al., 2009). It was therefore the
purpose of this research to contribute to the growing body
of literature by exploring out on issues that motivate
farmers to participate in Irish potatoes marketing.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the factors
that influence market participation among the small-scale
Irish potatoes farmers in Njombe urban and
Wangin’gombe districts, Tanzania. Specifically, the study
intended to assess the factors influencing participation and
extent of participation in marketing of Irish potatoes in
Njombe urban and Wangin’gombe districts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study was carried out in Njombe region (Njombe urban
and Wangin’gombe districts) in the Southern highlands of
Tanzania. The region covers an area of 21347 km2
approximately (land mass), and lies between longitude
35°
00′0.00"𝐸 and latitude −9°
15′0.00"𝑆. According to 2012
National census the total population of Njombe region is
702097, while Njombe urban district has a total population
of 130223 and Wanging’ombe district has the total
population of 161816 people (URT, 2013). The region
bounded by Mbeya, Iringa, Morogoro, and Ruvuma
regions. Most of the population is engaged in agricultural
activities with farming as their major occupation. The main
crops grown in region are maize, irish potatoes, pyrethrum,
beans, green peas, wheat as well as variety of fruits. The
location of the study area is presented in Figure 1.
Sampling Techniques Procedure
The study used the Multistage sampling technique to
select respondent. In the first stage 2 districts (Njombe
urban and Wanging’ombe) were purposefully selected
based on the intensity of Irish potatoes production in the
Southern highlands of Tanzania (URT, 2013), since the
target was Irish potatoes farmers. The second stage
involved random selection of two villages from each district
where Irish potatoes are grown in large quantity (Table 1).
Table 1: Sampled districts, ward and villages
District Ward Village No of
farmers
Sample
selected
Wanging’ombe Ulembwe Igagala 365 180
Ulembwe 268 140
Iwungilo 217 100
Njombe urban Iwungilo Ngalanga 213 100
Following Kothari (2004), systematic sampling technique
was employed to select the respondents from the list of
Irish potato farmers obtained from Village executive
officers (VEO). The target population was 490 smallholder
Irish potatoes farmers, the study proposed 520
respondents to cater for non-response and incomplete
questionnaires.
Data Sources
The data for this study were obtained from both primary
and secondary sources. The study employed a cross-
sectional research design. Both qualitative and
quantitative data were obtained using structured
questionnaire which was administered to respondents in
the form of open and closed ended and Focus Group
Discussion. Primary data were collected from Irish
potatoes households in the month of June, 2014.
Secondary data were obtained from existing published
literature, internet and Ministry of Agriculture Food
Security and Cooperatives.
Theoretical Framework
The study is based on the random utility model, which is
founded on the assumption that a decision maker, faced
3. Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’ombe District, in Tanzania: Value Determinants
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 337
Figure 1: Sketched map of Njombe region indicating the location of the study area
Source: Modified from URT, 2013.
with a set of alternatives. In economics, utility is a measure
of relative satisfaction. The principle underlying the
farmer’s choice is that he/she chooses the outcome that
maximizes the utility (Greene, 2007). Suppose the farmer
i is faced with two levels of utilities, U1 or U0, from making
choices between participation and nonparticipation
respectively. However, the observed state only reveals
which choice provides a higher utility but not the
unobservable utility. That is, the observed (latent) indicator
equals 1 if U1>U0 and 0 if U1<U0.
𝑈1 = 𝑤′
𝛽1 + 𝑧1
′
𝛾1 + 𝜀1 (1)
𝑈0 = 𝑤𝛽0 = 𝑧0
′
𝛾0 + 𝜀0 (2)
Where, w represents the observable characteristics of the
individual, such as age, sex, and other demographics. The
vector z denotes two choices (participating in the market
and not participating). The random terms, 𝜀1and 𝜀0, denote
individual specific stochastic elements not be known to the
researcher. If the individual’s choice of alternative 1 is
denoted by Y=1, then U1>U0, which follows:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏[𝑌 = 1|𝑊, 𝑍1, 𝑍0] = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏[𝑢1 > 𝑢0]
(3)
= 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏[𝑥′
𝛽 + 𝜀 > 0│𝑋]
(4)
Where 𝑥′
𝛽 are the observable elements of the difference
of the two utility functions and ε represents the difference
between the two random elements.
A farmer’s choice as to whether or not to participate in Irish
potato markets as a seller depends on the utility derived
from participation. Thus, we represent choice by the
indicator variable Y=1 if the household participates in the
market, and zero otherwise.
Model Specification
Market participation refers to any market related activity
which promotes the sale of produce (Key et al., 2000).
Many studies have been used either two-step cragg’s,
Heckman two-stage models or Tobit model to examine
market participation (Komarek, 2010; Bellemare and
Barrett, 2006), but few of them have used both two-step
cragg’s and Tobit model in one study (Katchova and
Miranda 2004 and Shiimi et al., 2010). We follow much of
the recent market-participation literature in modeling Irish
potatoes market participation as a two-step procedure.
Two-step cragg’s model which was proposed by Cragg
(1971) is the type of corner solution outcome in which all
data is observed and non-participation implies that some
economic agents have made the optimal choice of a corner
solution.
In this study, we adopt a two-step procedure proposed by
Katchova and Miranda (2004). In the first step a probit
model was used to determine household characteristics
that influence the decision of whether or not to participate
in the market and in the second stage a truncated
4. Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’ombe District, in Tanzania: Value Determinants
Daniel et al. 338
regression model was used to capture the factors that
influence the quantity sold. This is based on the
assumption that households make two separate decisions;
one involves the decision to participate in the market or not
and secondly the level of participation. Tobit model was
also used in the study for comparison with the two step
Cragg’s model as follows;
Tobit Model
Originally, market participations were estimated using the
Tobit model that accounts for the clustering of zeros due
to non-participation (Wooldridge, 2002). In Tobit model
market participation decision and the extent of
participation are determined by the same parameters.
Given that 𝐸(𝒴│ ×); If the farmer does not participate in
the market (𝒴= 0), whereas if a farmer participates in the
market (𝒴= 1). Tobit model is described as:
𝒴𝑖 = {
0
𝒴𝑖
1
𝑖𝑓 𝒴𝑖 ≤ 0
𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝒴𝑖 < 1
𝑖𝑓 𝒴𝑖 ≥ 1
(5)
According to Katchova and Miranda (2004), the Tobit
model assumes that a latent variable is generated by:
𝒴∗
= 𝑥𝛽 + 𝜀 (6)
whereby 𝒴∗
is the latent variable that takes the value of 1
if a household participates and 0 otherwise, x is a vector
of household characteristics and β is the change in the
mean of the latent dependent variable that is 𝛽 =
𝜕𝐸(𝒴𝑖
∗
)/𝜕𝑥𝑖 and ε is the error term which is assumed to be
independently and normally distributed with mean zero
and variance𝛿2
Two Step Procedure
The study used the Cragg's model which in the first stage
probit model was used to determine household probability
whether or not to participate in the market and truncated
regression model in the second stage;
P(𝑦 > 0) = Փ(𝑥′
𝛽) (7)
Given that Φ represent the standard normal distribution. In
this case it is assumed that non-participation is a purely
economic decision by households not to participate in the
market.
The truncated regression model for the decision to
participate in the market is expressed in equation 8 below;
E(y│y> 0) =𝑥′
𝛽 + 𝛿𝜆(
𝑥′ 𝛽
𝛿
) (8)
The respondents who did not participate in the market
(with zero values) have been dropped in the second stage
of the model therefore the term
𝑥′ 𝛽
𝛿
is an adjustment factor.
The two-step cragg’s model implies that farmers make two
decisions with regard to their decision to participate in the
market. The first decisions is whether they will participate
in Irish Potatoes marketing and the second one is the
proportional of Irish potatoes sold, this approach relaxes
the Tobit assumption and makes the better model to use
than the one step Tobit model. Tobit was also tested
against the Cragg’s model as found in Katchova and
Miranda (2004):
𝜆 = 2(ln 𝐿 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑡 + ln 𝐿 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − ln 𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑡) (9)
Where λ is distributed as chi-square with R degrees of
freedom. The Tobit model would be rejected in favor of
Cragg’s 2-step model if λ is greater than chi-square critical
value.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Characteristics of Farmers’ Households
Descriptive statistics of Irish potatoes farmers show that
the average distance from home to the nearest market was
3 km (Table 2). Distance to market proxy the travel time
and costs that influence market participation, we thus
expect a negative relationship between distance to the
market and likelihood to participate in marketing. This
implies that the higher the distance to the nearest selling
points, the lower the likelihood of a household to
participate in the markets. The study done by Olwande and
Mathenge (2010) has found that distance to the nearest
market had a negative effect on market participation.
However, Fafchamps and Hill (2005) observed that
wealthy farmers can sell their produce to distant markets
as they can afford the high transport costs compared to the
poor farmers.
In terms of age the results show that the average age of
the market participant was 42 years old, while the
youngest was 18 years old and the oldest was 76 years
old (Table 2). On the other hand, the average age of non-
market participant was 46 years old, an indication that
most of them are still economically active with strength and
ability to carry out agricultural activities. Studies show that
older farmers may take their decision more easily than the
young farmers, because the older farmers might have
accumulated capital and land, sometimes they view
farming as a way of life and have a strong emotional with
farming (Randela et al., 2008).
The average number of years spent in school by Irish
potatoes market participant was 5.6 while that for non-
market participant was about 4.2, thus the majority had
gone through primary school (7 years). Education is
expected to influence a household’s decision to participate
in the market, but higher education is important as it will
reduce search, screening information costs and
5. Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’ombe District, in Tanzania: Value Determinants
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 339
transaction cost (Matungul et al., 2001) and it will add skills
on how to market your product.
In terms of farming experience households that
participated in the Irish potatoes marketing on average had
19 years of farming experience with a minimum of 1 year
and a maximum of 43 years compared to their
counterparts with average of 2.62 years of farming
experience with a minimum of 1 year and a maximum of
23 years. Farming experience is an important factor
determining both production level and the decision to
participate in the market as it may lead to a better
managerial skill being acquired over time and marketing
network.
Table 2: General Characteristics of Agricultural Households
YES NO
Variables Mean Std. Dv Min Max Mean Std. Dv Min Max
Distance to the nearest market (km) 2.99 2.79 0.02 15 2.87 2.84 0.04 15
Irish potato farm size (acre) 1.59 1.01 0.25 6.5 2.65 1.64 0.25 6.5
Farming experience 19.03 8.82 1 43 2.62 2.62 1 23
Price sold (Tsh) 185.17 53.66 0 376 2.36 26.62 0 300
Household size 5.34 1.82 1 10 5.62 1.96 1 10
Education (number of years spent in school) 5.66 3.14 0 11 4.28 3.65 0 11
Age of the household head (years) 42.31 12.48 18 76 46.17 15.26 20 76
Group membership 0.30 0.46 0 1 0.19 0.39 0 1
Gender 0.70 0.45 0 1 0.31 0.47 0 1
Extension service 0.59 0.49 0 1 0.22 0.42 0 1
Credit 0.18 0.39 0 1 0.06 0.24 0 1
Percent of households in farmers group 30.27 18.90
Percent of male farmers 60.81 41.50
Percent of farmers with access to extension service 22.05 59.73
Percent of farmers with access to credit 18.65 6.30
Source: Computation from authors’ household survey data (2014)
The results showed that amongst the market participating
households, male headed households were dominant
making 60.81% while 58.50% of the non-market
participating households were female headed. Patriarchy
and male dominance in decision making in many African
societies have resulted into most households being led by
men (Duze and Mohammed 2006). In terms of access to
extension services, the result shows that only 22% of
market participants had an access to extension service
while the majority (78%) did not have an access to
extension service. This implies that the majority of the
market participants had not an access to extension
service. Access of extension service through extension
officers plays an imperative role of empowering the
farmers with marketing information and ability. According
to Alene et al. (2008), access to agricultural extension
services enhances market participation and marketable
surplus as agents provide technical assistance and
information on improved varieties and technologies.
Among market participant and non-market participant the
result indicated that the mean of the household size was
5, the smallest household size was 1 member while the
highest was found to be 10 members. The Household size
accounts for supply of family labour for production
activities and household consumption level (Alene et al.,
2008 and Mathenge et al., 2010). Household size is
expected to have either positive or negative impact on
market participation. It is expected to have positive impact
if the household provide labour efficiently and negative
impact on consumption level. Larger household are likely
to have a lower level of commercialization as confirmed by
Lapar et al. (2003) that market participate declines with
number of household members.
Empirical Results
The Probit results on the decision to participate in Irish
potatoes marketing and truncated regression analysis
results on the extent of market participation are presented
in Table 3 and 5. The three models are estimated with
same variables and the log-likelihood of the Tobit model is
compared to the sum of those in the probit and the
truncated regression model. The log-likelihood test rejects
the Tobit model specification in favor of the more general
Cragg model specification. This implies that the same
parameters do not influence both the decision of whether
or not to sell to the markets and the decision-making of the
proportion of Irish potato sold. The marginal effects
indicate that the amount of the sales resulting from a unit
change in the explanatory variables.
6. Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’ombe District, in Tanzania: Value Determinants
Daniel et al. 340
Contrary to expectations, Irish potato farm size negatively
influenced the probability of participating in the market
(sell), although it was not significant for quantity of
potatoes sold. The reason for this might be most of farmers
who own large farms were intercropping Irish potatoes with
other crop such as maize and timber. The Probit model
results show that farming experience is significantly
associated with the higher probability of market
participation. This shows that experienced farmers were
more likely to participate in the market relative to un-
experienced ones, because they might have a long term
relationship with their clients and marketing network. A
study done by Adenegan et al. (2012) also found that
farming experience was linked with higher probability of
market participation.
Gender of the household head negatively and significantly
influenced the extent of market participation; being a
female headed household increased the quantity of Irish
potatoes sold. This implies that women were more inclined
to selling more Irish potato than men. These results were
in contrast with the expected outcomes. Possibly because
the data were collected immediately after the harvest
season and female farmers participated in the market
immediately after harvest to cover their basic needs due to
poor resource endowment. This is unlike men farmers,
who would prefer and are able to store Irish potatoes until
the price is high. The results agree with the findings of
Muthini et al. (2017) which found that female farmers
engaged more in marketing activities than male famers.
Table 3: Probit Model for Factors Influencing
Probability of Market Participation
Variables Coefficient/
Standard error
Distance to the nearest market (km) 0.039(0.082)
Farm size (acre) -0.578**(0.281)
Farming experience 0.190***(0.059)
Price sold (Tsh) 0.022***(0.004)
Family size -0.041(-0.126)
Education (number of years spent in school) 0.188**(0.965)
Group membership -0.375(-0.562)
Gender 0.433(0.602)
Extension service 0.605(0.544)
Credit 0.896(0.787)
Cons -3.341***(1.112)
No of observation 497
Log likelihood -16.27
LR chi2
532.38
Prob>chi2
0.000
Source: Computation from authors’ household survey
data (2014).
errors are reported in parentheses. Asterisks denote
statistical significance at 10% level of confidence (*), 5 %
level (**), and 1% level (***).
The output price of the Irish potatoes is positively and
significantly related to the higher probability of selling Irish
potato. This implies that as the price of product increase
the probability of famers to sell will increase. This is as
expected because economic theory suggests that higher
prices are an incentive to product selling as they determine
profitability of the business. Studies done by Mailu et al.
(2012) and Komarek (2010), argues that the output price
is an important driver of market entry. The results agree
with Onoja et al. (2012) in their study on determinants of
market participation in Nigerian small-scale fishery sector.
Table 4: Tobit and Truncated Regression Models for
the Proportion of output sold
Variables Tobit Truncated
Regression
Distance to the nearest
market (km)
-0.007 (0.008) -0.003 (0.006)
Farm size (acre) -0.117***(0.021) -0.012 (0.018)
Farming experience 0.022***(0.003) 0.002 (0.002)
Price sold (Tsh) 0.005***(0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Family size 0.005 (0.013) 0.015 (0.009)
Education (number of years
spent in school)
0.026***(0.008) 0.017***(0.006)
Group membership 0.068 (0.052) 0.053 (0.039)
Gender -0.195***(0.054) -0.275***(0.041)
Extension service -0.001 (0.048) -0.101***(0.036)
Credit -0.099 (0.064) -0.078 *(0.046)
Cons -0.088(0.102) 1.309 ***(0.094)
No of observation 497 370
Log likelihood -315.485 -116.997
LR chi2
/Wald chi2
542.13 64.48
Prob>chi2
0.000 0.000
Log likelihood test for tobit vs
truncated regression test
364.431
Source: Computation from authors’ household survey
data (2014).
Standard errors are reported in parentheses. Asterisks
denote statistical significance at 10% level of confidence
(*), 5 % level (**), and 1% level (***).
The result also showed that access to credit is negatively
associated with the quantity of produce sold. The negative
effect means that increasingly smaller quantities are sold
as farmer receives the credit, the reason for this might be
the data were collected immediately after harvest season
and farmers who did not receive credit were selling their
produce immediately after harvest to meet immediate cash
needs. Farmers who had access to credit were able to
delay selling as they had alternative sources of income and
hence did not need to sell Irish potatoes to acquire income
to meet basic household needs.
Contrary to expectations, access to extension services
negatively affected the quantity of Irish potatoes sold.
7. Farmer’s Participation in Irish Potato Marketing in Njombe Urban and Wanging’ombe District, in Tanzania: Value Determinants
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 341
However, although not significant, extension increased the
likelihood of participating in the market. This therefore
implies that among the famers who participated in the
market, those who had benefited from extension sold less
produce. Similarly, this result may have been occasioned
by the timing of data collection. Farmers who have regular
access to extension services are expected to engage in
improved farm practices such as improved post-harvest
handling and better marketing practices, such as storage
during glut to anticipate better prices. Thus, although
access to extension would increase likelihood of
participating in the market as expected, those with access
to extension would sell less, possibly store to sell at a later
date. There is however need for more studies on these
aspects to determine how credit and extension services
influence market participation decisions during different
seasons and market supply dynamics such as glut and
reduced supply and price movement.
Table 5: Marginal Effects for the Truncated Regression
Model
Variables Coefficient/
Standard error
Distance to the nearest market (km) -0.003 (0.006)
Farm size (acre) -0.012 (0.018)
Farming experience 0.002 (0.002)
Price sold (Tsh) 0.000 (0.000)
Family size 0.015 (0.009)
Education (number of years spent in
school)
0.017*** (0.006)
Group membership 0.053 (0.039)
Gender -0.275***
(0.041)
Extension service -0.101***
(0.036)
Credit -0.077* (0.046)
Source: Computation from authors’ household survey
data (2014).
Standard errors are reported in parentheses. Asterisks
denote statistical significance at 10% level of confidence
(*), 5 % level (**), and 1% level (***).
The number of years spent in school is positive and
significantly associated with the higher probability to sell
Irish potatoes and the proportion of produce sold. This can
be explained by the fact that as individual access more
education he/she is empowered with the marketing skill
and knowledge that will spur individual to participate in the
market and increase the amount of Irish potato sold.
Formal education enhances managerial competence and
successful implementation of improved production and
marketing practices; hence it affects farmer’s market
participation level (Marenya and Barret, 2009). The results
appear to agree with Adenegan et al. (2012) in their study
of Determinants of Market Participation of Maize Farmers
in Rural Osun State of Nigeria, this suggests that higher
level of education provides a greater opportunity for the
farmers to participate in the Irish potatoes marketing.
However, it is not clear in this study why more educated
farmers were likely to sell their produce immediately after
harvesting. There is need to for further research to
determine how formal education influences market
participation decisions during different seasons.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper analyzed the determinants of market
participation among Irish potatoes farmers in Njombe
region, Tanzania. The study used both Tobit model and
two steps cragg’s model but from the test of Tobit verses
cragg’s model the log-likelihood test rejects the Tobit
model in favor of the two stage Cragg model. This implies
that the same parameters do not influence market
participation decision and the extent of participation. In the
first stage probit model was used while truncated
regression model was applied in the second stage. Factors
such as faming experience, output price and education
were found to be positively and significantly influence the
probability of market participation, while access to
extension services, gender of household head, education
level of household head and credit access significantly
influenced the quantity sold in the market.
The study concludes that the effect of various factors on
market participation decisions may well depend on the
season. For instance, contrary to common assumption that
access to extension services and credit facilities increases
market participation, this study finds that the assumption is
not true during harvesting season. Farmers with increased
access to extension may delay selling their produce until
market conditions are favorable, while those with limited
access to credit will most likely sell immediately after
harvest to meet cash flow requirements. However, farmers
will sell if prices are favorable, as denoted by the positive
and significant effect of price on market participation.
There is need for more research to determine the effect of
these factors on market participation during different
seasons, such as harvesting relative to periods of reduced
supply.
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