This presentation provides an overview of What is a transposon,different types of transposons, their mechanism of action, examples for each type of transposons, changes caused due to insertion of transposon into the target gene and applications of Transposons. They are controlling factors in gene expression. Jumping genes is a special area of interest in Genetic research.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is about the process of transcription in eukaryotes. The presentation describes the structure of various eukaryotic RNA polymerase promoters. The later part of the presentation gives a detailed insight into the mechanism of transcription of RNA Pol II genes and summarizes the post-transcriptional modification of mRNA.
This presentation provides an overview of What is a transposon,different types of transposons, their mechanism of action, examples for each type of transposons, changes caused due to insertion of transposon into the target gene and applications of Transposons. They are controlling factors in gene expression. Jumping genes is a special area of interest in Genetic research.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is about the process of transcription in eukaryotes. The presentation describes the structure of various eukaryotic RNA polymerase promoters. The later part of the presentation gives a detailed insight into the mechanism of transcription of RNA Pol II genes and summarizes the post-transcriptional modification of mRNA.
This Presentation will be helpful to undergraduate and postgraduate students of biology and biotechnology in understanding the significance of COT curves in determination of gene and genome complexity amoug various organisms
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This Presentation will be helpful to undergraduate and postgraduate students of biology and biotechnology in understanding the significance of COT curves in determination of gene and genome complexity amoug various organisms
Gene rehulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotesSuresh Antre
Gene regulation drives the processes of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, leading to the creation of different cell types in multicellular organisms where the different types of cells may possess different gene expression profile.
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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2. In 1940s Barbara McClintock did a series
of genetic experiments with corn that led
her to hypothesize the existence of what
she called the “controlling genes” which
modify or suppress gene activity and are
mobile in the genome (1950).
A Brief History:
Barbara Mc Clintock 1902 -1992 ( noble in 1984)
She spent the three decades for this genetic elements.
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3. We now know that only 1.1% to 1.4% of our DNA actually encodes proteins.
More than 50% of our genome
consists of short, repeated
sequences, the vast majority of
which—about 45% of our
genome in all—come from
transposons.
High proportion of species genome:
10% of several fish species
12 % of the Caenorhabditis. elegans
genome
37% of the mouse genome
45% human genome
up to >80% - some plants like maize
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4. 1. Transposon: a DNA sequence with the ability to
move and be inserted at a new location of the
genome.
2. Retrotransposon :a mobile DNA sequence that
can insert itself at a different position by using
reverse transcriptase.
Normal ubiquitous components of the genomes
Jumping genes
Selfish DNAs
Molecular parasites
Controlling elements
They can cause genome rearrangement (mutation,
deletion and insertion).
They have wide
range of
application
potentials They are the major forces driving evolution
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5. More details:
More abundant in eukaryotic genomes than prokaryotes
Transposons are a major source of genetic variation.
This lends the genome flexibility to adapt to
changing environmental conditions during the
course of evolution. Although the precision of the
genetic information depends on stability, complete
stability would also mean static persistence. This
would be detrimental to the development of new
forms of life. Genomes are subject to alterations, as
life requires a balance between the old and the new.
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6. Classification of Transposable Elements
Transposons can be divided into the following three
families on the basis of their overall organization and
mechanism of transposition.
1) DNA transposons: Encodes proteins that moves the DNA element directly to a new position or
replicate the DNA to produce a new element that integrates elsewhere in the genome (both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes).
2)Virus-like retrotransposons: These elements are also called long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons.
Encodes a reverse transcriptase for making DNA copies of their RNA transcripts which subsequently integrates
at new sites in the genome (only prokaryotes)
3) Poly-A retrotransposons: These elements are also called non-viral retrotransposons. The element terminates
in the 5’ and 3’ untranslated region (UTR) sequences and encodes two enzymes: an RNA-binding enzyme
(ORF1) and an enzyme having both reverse transcriptase and endonuclease activities (ORF2).
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8. Plant genomes are rich in transposons:
Maize color varigation due to chromosome
breakage by transposition
Snapdragons: size of white patches related
to frequency of transposition
9. The cut-and-paste mechanism of
transposition. Movement of a
transposon from a target site in the
host DNA to a new site in the DNA.
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11. o Retrotransposon
Because retrotransposon insertions are irreversible, they are
considered particularly useful in phylogenetic studies. In addition,
their widespread occurrence throughout the genome can be exploited
in gene mapping studies, and they are frequently observed in regions
adjacent to known plant genes.
o Inter-Retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP):
o Sequence-specific amplification polymorphism (S-SAP):
o Retrotransposon-microsatellites amplification polymorphism (REMAP):
o Retrotransposon-based amplification polymorphism (RBIP):
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12. o Sequence-specific amplification polymorphism (S-SAP):
Sequence-Specific Amplified Polymorphism (S-SAP) is a
dominant, multiplex marker system for the detection of
variation in DNA flanking the retrotransposon insertion site.
Retrotransposon containing fragments are amplified by PCR,
using one primer designed from the conserved terminus of
the LTR and one based on the presence of a nearby
restriction endonuclease site.
Experimental procedures resemble those used for AFLP
analysis and they are usually dominant markers. Compared
to AFLP, S-SAP generally yields fewer fragments but higher
levels of polymorphism.
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14. Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) are dominant, multiplex marker
systems that examine variation in retrotransposon insertion sites.
o Inter-Retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP):
With IRAP, fragments between two retrotransposons are isolated by PCR, using outward-
facing primers annealing to LTR target sequences.
IRAP as well as REMAP fragments can be
separated by high-resolution agarose gel
electrophoresis.
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15. o Retrotransposon-microsatellites amplification polymorphism (REMAP):
Retrotransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism (REMAP) are
dominant, multiplex marker systems that examine variation in
retrotransposon insertion sites.
In the case of REMAP, fragments between retrotransposons and
microsatellites are amplified by PCR, using one primer based on a LTR
target sequence and one based on a simple sequence repeat motif.
IRAP and REMAP fragments can be separated by high-resolution
agarose gel electrophoresis.
1/28/2018 15
17. Retrotransposon-Based Insertional Polymorphism (RBIP) is a
codominant marker system that uses PCR primers designed
from the retrotransposon and its flanking DNA to examine
insertional polymorphisms for individual retrotransposons.
o Retrotransposon-based amplification polymorphism (RBIP):
Presence or absence of insertion is investigated by two PCRs,
the first using one primer from the retrotransposon and one
from the flanking DNA, the second using primers designed
from both flanking regions.
Polymorphisms are detected by simple agarose gel
electrophoresis or by dot hybridization assays. A drawback of
the method is that sequence data of the flanking regions is
required for primer design.
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