Transgenic Talk
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The document discusses the generation and husbandry of transgenic mice. It describes how transgenic mice are produced by injecting DNA into fertilized mouse eggs, which can integrate randomly and potentially disrupt endogenous genes. It also describes targeted "knockout" techniques using embryonic stem cells. The document provides details on planning and maintaining transgenic mouse colonies, including breeding strategies, housing, health monitoring and common pathogens.
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Transgenic animal
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Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
Transgenic animals
This document discusses methods for creating transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as those with recombinant DNA introduced through human intervention. The major methods described are DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer, retrovirus mediated gene transfer, use of transposons, sperm mediated gene transfer, and nuclear transfer. Applications mentioned include using transgenic animals as models for studying oncogenesis, diseases, and producing therapeutic proteins.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are genetically engineered to contain genes from another species. The first transgenic animal was produced by microinjecting DNA into fertilized mouse eggs. This allows the new genes to integrate into the genome and be passed to offspring. Knockout mice have a specific endogenous gene altered so it is no longer expressed normally. They are used to study gene function and model human diseases. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, showing that nuclear transfer can generate a live offspring genetically identical to the donor animal.
KnockOut mouse technology By Bikash karki
The document summarizes the process of creating a knockout mouse through genetic engineering techniques. Key points:
- Knockout mice are created by "knocking out" or inactivating specific genes in embryonic stem cells taken from early mouse embryos.
- There are two main methods - homologous recombination, which precisely replaces a gene with an inactive version, and gene trapping, which randomly inserts DNA to disrupt gene function.
- Genetically modified stem cells are injected into mouse blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, and breeding is used to produce mice that are homozygous for the knocked out gene. Studying these mice helps reveal the function of the targeted gene.
Transgenic Animals
This document discusses transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as those with foreign genes deliberately inserted into their genomes. It describes the three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, DNA microinjection, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Examples are given of transgenic animals created for medical, agricultural, and industrial purposes, such as disease-resistant livestock, bioreactors that produce useful proteins, and fish engineered for rapid growth. Both the promises and ethical concerns of transgenic technology are acknowledged.
Transgenic animals
A transgenic animal is one whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are produced by artificially introducing genetic material from another species into the animal's genome. There are several methods used to create transgenic animals, including DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include mice, cows, pigs, monkeys, rabbits, and fish. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, such as producing human proteins for pharmaceuticals, creating disease models, and improving crop yields. However, there are also disadvantages like unintended effects on the animal's genes and low survival rates.
Transgenic mice
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Recommended
Transgenic animal
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
Transgenic animals
This document discusses methods for creating transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as those with recombinant DNA introduced through human intervention. The major methods described are DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer, retrovirus mediated gene transfer, use of transposons, sperm mediated gene transfer, and nuclear transfer. Applications mentioned include using transgenic animals as models for studying oncogenesis, diseases, and producing therapeutic proteins.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are genetically engineered to contain genes from another species. The first transgenic animal was produced by microinjecting DNA into fertilized mouse eggs. This allows the new genes to integrate into the genome and be passed to offspring. Knockout mice have a specific endogenous gene altered so it is no longer expressed normally. They are used to study gene function and model human diseases. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, showing that nuclear transfer can generate a live offspring genetically identical to the donor animal.
KnockOut mouse technology By Bikash karki
The document summarizes the process of creating a knockout mouse through genetic engineering techniques. Key points:
- Knockout mice are created by "knocking out" or inactivating specific genes in embryonic stem cells taken from early mouse embryos.
- There are two main methods - homologous recombination, which precisely replaces a gene with an inactive version, and gene trapping, which randomly inserts DNA to disrupt gene function.
- Genetically modified stem cells are injected into mouse blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, and breeding is used to produce mice that are homozygous for the knocked out gene. Studying these mice helps reveal the function of the targeted gene.
Transgenic Animals
This document discusses transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as those with foreign genes deliberately inserted into their genomes. It describes the three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, DNA microinjection, and embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer. Examples are given of transgenic animals created for medical, agricultural, and industrial purposes, such as disease-resistant livestock, bioreactors that produce useful proteins, and fish engineered for rapid growth. Both the promises and ethical concerns of transgenic technology are acknowledged.
Transgenic animals
A transgenic animal is one whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are produced by artificially introducing genetic material from another species into the animal's genome. There are several methods used to create transgenic animals, including DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and embryonic stem cell transfer. Examples of transgenic animals include mice, cows, pigs, monkeys, rabbits, and fish. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, such as producing human proteins for pharmaceuticals, creating disease models, and improving crop yields. However, there are also disadvantages like unintended effects on the animal's genes and low survival rates.
Transgenic mice
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Transgenic animals (1) panjab university
This document discusses transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as animals whose genomes have been altered by transferring genes from another species or breed. It then discusses the process of transgenesis and some reasons for using transgenic technology, such as generating disease models and producing therapeutic proteins. The document provides a brief history of transgenic animals and explains why mice are commonly used. It outlines methods for generating transgenic animals like microinjection and viral infection. It also discusses applications of transgenic animals like studying gene function and developing disease models. In conclusion, the document notes some ethical issues around transgenic animals.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are organisms that have been genetically engineered to carry foreign DNA in their genome. This document discusses transgenic animals, including their definition, goals, benefits and risks, types, methods of production, and applications. Some key points covered are: transgenic animals are useful for studying gene function and producing human proteins; common types include mice, fish, cows, and pigs; methods to create them include pronuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells or retroviruses; they have applications in research, agriculture, and biotechnology.
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The document discusses transgenic mice and fish. It defines transgenic animals as those permanently engineered through gene insertion. Methods to create transgenic mice include retroviral vectors, DNA microinjection into pronuclei, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Transgenic mice have aided research in many areas. Transgenic fish are also discussed, including important salmon and tilapia examples. Gene flow and food safety are concerns for transgenic animals.
presentation on transgenic animals
Refers to an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of the genome - the material responsible for inherited characteristics - in contrast to spontaneous mutation.
Foreign DNA is introduced into the animal, using recombinant DNA technology,
Methods for producing_transgenic_animals
Transgenic animals are produced by microinjecting foreign DNA into fertilized eggs. The DNA integrates randomly into the animal's chromosomes and is carried by every cell, allowing expression of the transgene. Microinjection is currently the preferred method, involving injection of a few hundred DNA copies into the pronucleus of early mouse embryos. The injected embryos are then transferred to a foster mother to develop, and offspring are later screened for the presence of the integrated transgene. Transgenic animals are useful for studying gene expression and modeling human diseases.
Transgenic animals - A brief review
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been altered by the addition of foreign DNA. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retroviral vector method, DNA microinjection, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Many transgenic animals have been created successfully for various purposes, including glowing zebrafish, faster growing salmon, Alzheimer's disease mouse models, and the first transgenic monkey. Transgenic technology holds promise for applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns and biosafety issues.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals, History of transgenic Animals,Production of Transgenic Animals, Micro injection, Nuclear Transfer, Importance and example.
Transgenic animlas
There are two main methods for creating transgenic animals: nuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells. Nuclear microinjection involves injecting a transgene into a fertilized egg before the pronuclei fuse, allowing for around a 5-40% success rate. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the blastocyst and can be engineered with a transgene before being inserted into an early embryo, resulting in a genetic chimera with some transgenic tissues. Retroviruses can also be used to infect embryonic stem cells and integrate a transgene into the genome.
Transgenic animals ppt
Transgenic animals are produced by inserting foreign genes into their genomes using recombinant DNA methodology. This allows for increased growth, improved disease resistance, and other benefits. However, it can also lead to unintended effects if the inserted gene has multiple functions or causes mutations. Common methods to create transgenic animals include embryonic stem cell methods, pronuclear injection, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples include transgenic mice, cows, fish, sheep, and monkeys.
Transgenic pig
Transgenic pigs have been developed through inserting foreign DNA into pig genomes using various techniques. Pigs are useful biomedical models because their physiology is similar to humans. Transgenic pigs have been created for various purposes, such as producing human proteins in their milk or blood, modeling human diseases, producing organs for xenotransplantation, and reducing phosphorus pollution through modified digestion of phytates. Genetic engineering of pigs continues to be studied for applications in biomedicine and agriculture.
Bioethics of transgenic animals
This document discusses ethical issues relating to transgenic animals. It begins by defining transgenesis as the addition of DNA from one organism to another, resulting in creatures that blur species lines. It then discusses various methods for producing transgenic animals, both natural and artificial. It explores applications of transgenic animals like protein production but also problems with low efficiency and health issues in the animals. The document raises ethical concerns about modifying animal genetics without knowing effects, treating animals as commodities, and creating diseased animals. It examines both religious views for and against genetic engineering of animals. Finally, it outlines principles from the 1995 Banner Report regarding the justification and minimization of animal harm in research.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are animals whose genes have been altered by the transfer of genes from another species.
The document discusses the history and methodology of creating transgenic animals, including early experiments in the 1970s injecting foreign genes into mice embryos. It notes both problems and advantages of transgenic animals, such as improving disease resistance but also animals struggling with the added genes.
Examples of transgenic animals discussed include glowing fish created with jellyfish genes, faster growing salmon, pigs and monkeys modified for medical research, and mice engineered for studies of diseases like Huntington's. Recent experiments include goats made to produce human breast milk proteins and bioluminescent mice for cancer research.
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Lecture notes on transgenic animals (Based on 'Biotechnology' by David P. Clark, Nanette J. Pazdernik, second edition)
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Transgenic organisms have had their genomes artificially modified through the introduction of foreign DNA, while cloned organisms are genetically identical to the parent organism. There are several methods for creating transgenic and cloned organisms, including microinjection of DNA, use of embryonic stem cells or retroviruses, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. While transgenic organisms can be used to improve crops and livestock, the creation of cloned organisms and their health and traits can be unpredictable due to challenges with genetic reprogramming. Both techniques remain areas of ongoing research.
Transgenesis in animals
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Transgenic animals
This document discusses the creation of transgenic animals and cloning. It provides details on the four main routes to create transgenic mammals: microinjection of DNA, integration of viral vectors, incorporation of stem cells, and nuclear transfer. For each method, it describes the key steps and challenges. The document also covers various applications of transgenic animals like producing human therapeutic proteins in the milk of livestock. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive overview of generating transgenic animals and the techniques involved.
Transgenic animals
1. A transgenic animal is one that has had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982 by inserting a human growth hormone gene.
2. There are three main steps to creating a transgenic animal: construction of the transgene, introduction of the gene into the animal, and screening progeny for integration of the gene. Methods like pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell manipulation are used.
3. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. They are used as disease models, to produce pharmaceuticals, for improved food production, and to test chemicals.
Production of transgenic organism
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
Transgenic animals
The document discusses transgenic and knockout animals. Transgenic animals have foreign genes inserted into their genome while knockout animals have specific genes disrupted. These animals are used for research purposes like studying gene functions and developing disease models. They are bred to establish strains. The process of creating transgenic animals involves identifying genes of interest, inserting DNA into fertilized eggs, and confirming gene expression in offspring. Transgenic animals have various applications including modeling diseases like HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's, and cancer. They are also used to produce therapeutic proteins. Proper housing and breeding of these animals is important to control gene spread and animal health.
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This document discusses several concepts related to genetics:
1. It describes incomplete dominance and codominance, using the example of flower color in petunias.
2. It explains lethal alleles and how they can cause death in homozygous or heterozygous individuals. Examples given include coat color in mice and genes in cattle and humans.
3. Multiple alleles are discussed, which have varying levels of dominance and control traits like eye color in fruit flies and coat color in rabbits.
Alleles
The document discusses rabbit coat color inheritance which is determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus. It provides examples of 4 alleles (C, cch, ch, c) that determine the rabbit's coat color. It then gives an example cross between a full brown rabbit (Cc h) and a chinchilla patterned rabbit (cch c) and asks what phenotypes would result.
Lesson 1 genetics of cat coat colour
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts related to cat coat colors, including:
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- Co-dominance seen in cremello, albino, and piebald spotting alleles.
- Epistasis between orange and black alleles.
- Sex-linked inheritance of orange allele.
- Pleiotropic effects of genes like white spotting on coat color and hearing.
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This document discusses transgenic animals. It defines transgenic animals as animals whose genomes have been altered by transferring genes from another species or breed. It then discusses the process of transgenesis and some reasons for using transgenic technology, such as generating disease models and producing therapeutic proteins. The document provides a brief history of transgenic animals and explains why mice are commonly used. It outlines methods for generating transgenic animals like microinjection and viral infection. It also discusses applications of transgenic animals like studying gene function and developing disease models. In conclusion, the document notes some ethical issues around transgenic animals.
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presentation on transgenic animals
Refers to an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of the genome - the material responsible for inherited characteristics - in contrast to spontaneous mutation.
Foreign DNA is introduced into the animal, using recombinant DNA technology,
Methods for producing_transgenic_animals
Transgenic animals are produced by microinjecting foreign DNA into fertilized eggs. The DNA integrates randomly into the animal's chromosomes and is carried by every cell, allowing expression of the transgene. Microinjection is currently the preferred method, involving injection of a few hundred DNA copies into the pronucleus of early mouse embryos. The injected embryos are then transferred to a foster mother to develop, and offspring are later screened for the presence of the integrated transgene. Transgenic animals are useful for studying gene expression and modeling human diseases.
Transgenic animals - A brief review
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been altered by the addition of foreign DNA. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retroviral vector method, DNA microinjection, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Many transgenic animals have been created successfully for various purposes, including glowing zebrafish, faster growing salmon, Alzheimer's disease mouse models, and the first transgenic monkey. Transgenic technology holds promise for applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns and biosafety issues.
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Transgenic animlas
There are two main methods for creating transgenic animals: nuclear microinjection and using embryonic stem cells. Nuclear microinjection involves injecting a transgene into a fertilized egg before the pronuclei fuse, allowing for around a 5-40% success rate. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the blastocyst and can be engineered with a transgene before being inserted into an early embryo, resulting in a genetic chimera with some transgenic tissues. Retroviruses can also be used to infect embryonic stem cells and integrate a transgene into the genome.
Transgenic animals ppt
Transgenic animals are produced by inserting foreign genes into their genomes using recombinant DNA methodology. This allows for increased growth, improved disease resistance, and other benefits. However, it can also lead to unintended effects if the inserted gene has multiple functions or causes mutations. Common methods to create transgenic animals include embryonic stem cell methods, pronuclear injection, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples include transgenic mice, cows, fish, sheep, and monkeys.
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Transgenic pigs have been developed through inserting foreign DNA into pig genomes using various techniques. Pigs are useful biomedical models because their physiology is similar to humans. Transgenic pigs have been created for various purposes, such as producing human proteins in their milk or blood, modeling human diseases, producing organs for xenotransplantation, and reducing phosphorus pollution through modified digestion of phytates. Genetic engineering of pigs continues to be studied for applications in biomedicine and agriculture.
Bioethics of transgenic animals
This document discusses ethical issues relating to transgenic animals. It begins by defining transgenesis as the addition of DNA from one organism to another, resulting in creatures that blur species lines. It then discusses various methods for producing transgenic animals, both natural and artificial. It explores applications of transgenic animals like protein production but also problems with low efficiency and health issues in the animals. The document raises ethical concerns about modifying animal genetics without knowing effects, treating animals as commodities, and creating diseased animals. It examines both religious views for and against genetic engineering of animals. Finally, it outlines principles from the 1995 Banner Report regarding the justification and minimization of animal harm in research.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are animals whose genes have been altered by the transfer of genes from another species.
The document discusses the history and methodology of creating transgenic animals, including early experiments in the 1970s injecting foreign genes into mice embryos. It notes both problems and advantages of transgenic animals, such as improving disease resistance but also animals struggling with the added genes.
Examples of transgenic animals discussed include glowing fish created with jellyfish genes, faster growing salmon, pigs and monkeys modified for medical research, and mice engineered for studies of diseases like Huntington's. Recent experiments include goats made to produce human breast milk proteins and bioluminescent mice for cancer research.
Transgenic animals
Lecture notes on transgenic animals (Based on 'Biotechnology' by David P. Clark, Nanette J. Pazdernik, second edition)
Transgenic and cloned organisms
Transgenic organisms have had their genomes artificially modified through the introduction of foreign DNA, while cloned organisms are genetically identical to the parent organism. There are several methods for creating transgenic and cloned organisms, including microinjection of DNA, use of embryonic stem cells or retroviruses, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. While transgenic organisms can be used to improve crops and livestock, the creation of cloned organisms and their health and traits can be unpredictable due to challenges with genetic reprogramming. Both techniques remain areas of ongoing research.
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Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
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This document discusses the creation of transgenic animals and cloning. It provides details on the four main routes to create transgenic mammals: microinjection of DNA, integration of viral vectors, incorporation of stem cells, and nuclear transfer. For each method, it describes the key steps and challenges. The document also covers various applications of transgenic animals like producing human therapeutic proteins in the milk of livestock. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive overview of generating transgenic animals and the techniques involved.
Transgenic animals
1. A transgenic animal is one that has had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome. The first transgenic animal was a "Supermouse" created in 1982 by inserting a human growth hormone gene.
2. There are three main steps to creating a transgenic animal: construction of the transgene, introduction of the gene into the animal, and screening progeny for integration of the gene. Methods like pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell manipulation are used.
3. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. They are used as disease models, to produce pharmaceuticals, for improved food production, and to test chemicals.
Production of transgenic organism
The document discusses the production of transgenic organisms. It defines key terms like transgenic, transgene, and transgenesis. It explains that a transgene is a foreign gene deliberately inserted into an organism's genome, making it transgenic. The common methods to produce transgenic animals are pronuclear microinjection and embryonic stem cell methods. The document provides examples of important transgenic animals and their applications in medicine, agriculture, and research.
Transgenic animals
The document discusses transgenic and knockout animals. Transgenic animals have foreign genes inserted into their genome while knockout animals have specific genes disrupted. These animals are used for research purposes like studying gene functions and developing disease models. They are bred to establish strains. The process of creating transgenic animals involves identifying genes of interest, inserting DNA into fertilized eggs, and confirming gene expression in offspring. Transgenic animals have various applications including modeling diseases like HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's, and cancer. They are also used to produce therapeutic proteins. Proper housing and breeding of these animals is important to control gene spread and animal health.
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This document discusses several concepts related to genetics:
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2. It explains lethal alleles and how they can cause death in homozygous or heterozygous individuals. Examples given include coat color in mice and genes in cattle and humans.
3. Multiple alleles are discussed, which have varying levels of dominance and control traits like eye color in fruit flies and coat color in rabbits.
Alleles
The document discusses rabbit coat color inheritance which is determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus. It provides examples of 4 alleles (C, cch, ch, c) that determine the rabbit's coat color. It then gives an example cross between a full brown rabbit (Cc h) and a chinchilla patterned rabbit (cch c) and asks what phenotypes would result.
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This document provides an overview of genetics concepts related to cat coat colors, including:
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- Co-dominance seen in cremello, albino, and piebald spotting alleles.
- Epistasis between orange and black alleles.
- Sex-linked inheritance of orange allele.
- Pleiotropic effects of genes like white spotting on coat color and hearing.
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This document discusses several examples of traits that are controlled by multiple alleles rather than just two alleles. It describes human blood types which are controlled by the A, B, and O alleles. Coat color in rabbits is another example, with agouti, chinchilla, himalayan, and albino colors each denoting specific alleles. Sex-linked traits like hemophilia and color blindness are discussed along with examples of inheritance patterns and genetic crosses. Baldness is presented as a sex-influenced trait where the bald allele behaves dominantly in males due to higher testosterone levels.
Multiple allelism
This document discusses multiple allelism, which refers to more than two alternative allelic forms of a gene occupying the same locus. It provides examples of multiple allelism in eye color in Drosophila, with 14 alleles producing different shades from white to red, and in human blood groups with the A, B, and O alleles. The characteristics of multiple alleles are described, including that only two alleles are present per individual. Multiple allelism in inheritance of blood groups and determining blood group combinations in offspring are also covered.
Rh Blood Group System
The document discusses the Rhesus blood group system, which was discovered in 1940 after testing human blood with rabbit antiserum against rhesus monkey red blood cells. It is one of the most polymorphic blood group systems, with over 45 antigens. The Rh system involves two closely linked genes, RHD and RHCE, which determine the presence of various antigens like D, C, c, E, and e. An Rh incompatibility during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn if a mother is Rh negative and carries an Rh positive baby.
Blood group
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. The ABO system includes groups A, B, AB and O based on antigens on red blood cells. The Rh system also exists. Not all blood groups are compatible as mixing can cause clumping of red blood cells. Landsteiner's work enabled blood typing and compatible transfusions.
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Transgenic.pptx
Mid-1970s, Dr. Jaenisch and Dr. Mulligan infected mouse embryos with retroviruses, integrating proviral DNA into the genome and passing it to subsequent generations, laying the groundwork for transgenic mouse techniques. Gene targeting and conditional genetic manipulations now enable precise gene modifications, such as cell-type specific knockout using Cre-lox recombination between loxP sites introduced via gene targeting. These transgenic and gene targeting methods in mice are powerful tools for modeling human diseases and developing therapies.
Cytoplasmic inheritance and intragenomic conflict
Genomic conflict-It arises when genes inside a genome are not transmitted by the same rules
Genes that cause such genomic conflict are called selfish genetic elements (also selfish DNA, ultra-selfish genes, genetic parasites) and can be harmful to the individual.
So selfish gene can be defined as stretches of DNA (genes, fragments of genes, noncoding DNA, portions of chromosomes, whole chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes) that act narrowly to advance their own interests—in other words, replication at the expense of the larger organism.
Here it also presented about what is genomic conflict, types of it, cytoplasmic inheritance, its relation with genomic conflict, ABC model, Molecular mechanism of CMS, Pollen hypothesis, ATP hypothesis, etc.
A2 Cloning animals
1. There are two main methods of cloning animals - embryo splitting and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Embryo splitting involves splitting a fertilized egg into multiple embryos and implanting them, while nuclear transfer involves transferring the nucleus of a donor cell into an egg cell.
2. Cloning can be used to create genetically identical animals with desirable traits and to replicate endangered species. It is also used to create transgenic animals that produce pharmaceuticals in their milk, like Tracey the sheep which produced human alpha-1-anti-trypsin in her milk.
3. While cloning has advantages like replicating desirable traits, it also has disadvantages like low success rates, health problems in clones, and lack of genetic diversity making clones
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Stem cells can be obtained from embryos or adults. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and limited to certain lineages. Stem cell research offers promise for therapies but also ethical concerns. Alternatives to embryonic stem cells are being explored, such as stem cells from unfertilized eggs, dead embryos, or engineered structures. While progress is being made, many challenges remain before stem cell therapies can be directly translated from the laboratory.
Therapeutic cloning
Cloning involves making genetically identical copies of organisms through somatic cell nuclear transfer. John Gurdon first cloned frogs in the 1960s by transferring nuclei from intestinal cells into enucleated eggs. His work established the basis for cloning techniques still used today. Therapeutic cloning uses somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate patient-matched stem cells for research and potential medical treatments without creating human clones. However, technical challenges remain such as immune rejection and ethical issues around embryo use and destruction.
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Transgenic pigs are genetically engineered to have desired traits. There are several methods used to create transgenic pigs, including microinjection of DNA into pig zygotes, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic pigs are studied as models for human diseases and could potentially be a source of organs for xenotransplantation. Key applications include using transgenic pigs to study cardiovascular diseases, wound healing, and as potential donors for heart transplants.
GMO - Genetically Modified Organisms
The document discusses the need for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to address challenges in food production. Climate change is expected to make feeding the world population increasingly difficult through impacts like more extreme weather, droughts and storms. This will reduce crop yields further. GMOs could help by developing crops that are resistant to these conditions and produce higher yields. The global population is projected to reach over 9 billion by 2050, requiring more food production. GMOs may offer varieties adapted to different climates and resilient to climate impacts, helping ensure adequate global food supply.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are created through genetic engineering by introducing foreign genes into the animal's genome. This allows the animal to produce proteins it would not normally make. Methods for creating transgenic animals include microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs or embryonic stem cells. Transgenic animals have various applications including serving as disease models, producing pharmaceuticals in their milk (transpharmers), providing organs or tissues for transplantation (xenotransplantation), and enhancing food production. However, transgenic animal research also raises ethical issues regarding animal welfare and the environmental impacts of genetic modification.
Transgenic Animals.pdf
Transgenic animals are animals whose genome has been altered by the addition of foreign DNA from other species. This can be done to improve genetic traits like increased milk or wool production. Common methods to create transgenic animals include microinjecting DNA into fertilized eggs, using viruses to insert DNA, or manipulating embryonic stem cells. Transgenic mice and sheep are useful for research, as disease models, and to produce pharmaceuticals or other proteins.
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Transgenesis is the future of healthcare where the world is focusing on it so why not us? Let's delve into the exclusive depth of this transgenesis in the slide.
L24
This document discusses stem cells and differentiation. It describes how stem cells can be found in plants in meristems and animals in tissues like bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent early in development. Therapeutic uses of stem cells are being researched for conditions like Parkinson's disease. Two types of cloning are discussed - reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning, which has been attempted but not yet achieved in humans.
Transgenic animal prof.a.k.saha
Transgenic animals are genetically engineered to contain extra genes. This seminar discusses methods for creating transgenic animals like microinjection, embryonic stem cell transfer, and nuclear transfer. Microinjection involves injecting foreign genes into fertilized eggs. Embryonic stem cell transfer modifies stem cells in culture before implanting in blastocysts. Nuclear transfer fuses donor cell nuclei with egg cells. Examples given include producing human proteins in cow's milk and human hemoglobin in pigs. While transgenic animals could benefit humans, the process is inefficient and risky for animal health.
Application of genomics in animals
Genomics is being widely applied in animal agriculture. It allows identification of genes associated with traits like disease resistance and production to select superior breeding animals. Techniques include cloning, genetic engineering of transgenic animals, and gene therapy. Genomic selection is revolutionizing livestock breeding by enabling early selection of breeding stock and improving genetic gains.
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Transgenic Talk
- 1. Transgenic mice: generation and husbandry
- 7. Brinster's growth hormone mouse
- 8. Trangenic mouse embryo in which the promoter for a gene expressed in neuronal progenitors (neurogenin 1) drives expression of a beta-galactosidase reporter gene. Neural structures expressing the reporter transgene are dark blue-green. (Dr. Anne Calof)
- 9. GFP transgenic mouse (Nagy) Tail tip 9.5 day embryos - GFP and wt
- 10. GFP transgenic mouse (Nagy)
- 17. Implanting 1(or 2) cell embryos 1 2
- 18. Implanting 1(or 2) cell embryos (cont.) 3
- 27. Typical KO vector *tk:thymidine kinase
- 29. ES cells growing in culture
- 32. Successfully transformed ES cells are injected into blastocysts
- 34. Implanting blastocysts 1 2
- 35. Implanting blastocysts (cont.) 3 4
- 36. Littermates Black mouse - no apparent ES cell contribution Chimeric founder - strong ES cell contribution Chimeric founder - weaker ES cell contribution
- 37. Chimeric mouse
- 60. The End and Good bye!