It's include all the details about the transgenic technology.all the techniques like micro injection,SCNT,pro nuclear injection method.It include all the Transgenic mice bird and fish.
It's include all the details about the transgenic technology.all the techniques like micro injection,SCNT,pro nuclear injection method.It include all the Transgenic mice bird and fish.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
the following file contains information regarding the research based on transgenic animals. It is a biotechnological approach and an assignment(report) of a student of B.S.C second-year biotechnology.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
it contain some production techniques of transgenic animals with some examples and utility in drug development (available transgenic animals model of drug and their activity).
Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
the following file contains information regarding the research based on transgenic animals. It is a biotechnological approach and an assignment(report) of a student of B.S.C second-year biotechnology.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
1. By : Ravi Arora
M Pharmacy 1st year
Pharmacology
UIPS,PU
2. Transgenic Technology or
Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the technique used to
insert or transfer the foreign gene or an
altered gene into the genome of an
organsim. Thus, it is the process of
introducing an exogenous gene – called a
transgene – into a living organism so that
the organism will exhibit a new property
and transmit that property to its
offspring.
3. Transgenic Organisms
A transgenic organsim is one that carries a
foreign gene or an altered gene that has been
deliberately inserted into its genome.
Transgene
A transgene is a gene or genetic material
that has been transferred naturally or by any
of a number of genetic engineering
techniques from one organism to another.
4. Transgenesis can be facilitated by:
Lipofection
Plasmid vectors
Pronuclear injection or Microinjection
Protoplast fusion
Transfection
Electroporation
Viral transformation
Plant tissue culture
5. Lipofection
Lipofection (liposome transfection)
is a technique used to inject genetic
material into a cell by means of
liposomes, which are vesicles that can
easily merge with the cell membrane
since they are both made of a
phospholipid bilayer.
6. Microinjection
Microinjection refers to the
process of using a glass
micropipette to insert
substances at a microscopic
or borderline macroscopic
level into a single living cell.
It is a simple mechanical
process in which a needle
roughly 0.5 to 5 micrometers
in diameter penetrates the
cell membrane and/or the
nuclear envelope.
7. Embryonic Stem Cell Method
Embryo development→ blastocyst
stage
↓
8 – 16 cell cluster &
forms an early
embryo
↓
DNA introduced into ES cells
via. Transfection or microinjection
↓
ES cells carrying transgene
cultured, inserted into blastocysts,
implanted into pseudopregnant
foster mothers and allowed to
develop
8. Transfection
Transfection is the process of
deliberately introducing nucleic
acids into cells. The term is used
notably for non-viral methods in
eukaryotic cells. Transfection of
animal cells typically involves
opening transient pores or "holes"
in the cell membrane, to allow the
uptake of material. Transfection
can be carried out using calcium
phosphate, by electroporation, or
by mixing a cationic lipid with the
material to produce liposomes,
which fuse with the cell
membrane and deposit their cargo
inside.
9. Viral transformation
Viral transformation most
commonly refers to the virus-
induced malignant transformation
of an animal cell in a body or cell
culture. In molecular biology, the
term may also refer to the
transfection of DNA into a host
cell using a viral vector.
10. Choice of animal
Should breed rapidly
Produce large number of offspring
Should be easy to keep free from viral
infections
Minimum time to reach maturity
Transferred gene should be active in
the transgenic species
11. Examples
Rats: Larger, surgical
manipulation easier
Mice: Best but small in size
Baboons: Slow breeders
Pigs: Same size &
physiology as humans,
can be bred more easily,
useful for organ
transplantation
13. Medicine
Insulin
Human growth hormones
Follistim
Human albumin
Monoclonal antibodies
Antihemophilic factors
Vaccines
Calcitonin
Chronic gonadotrophin
Blood clotting factors
Tissue plasminogen activator
Erythropoietin
Interferon
Interlukins
and many more
14. Research
Loss of function experiments, such as in a
gene knockout experiment.
Gain of function experiments, the logical
counterpart of knockouts.
Tracking experiments, which seek to gain
information about the localization and
interaction of the desired protein.
Expression studies aim to discover where and
when specific proteins are produced.
15. Oncomouse
The OncoMouse or Harvard mouse is a type of
laboratory mouse that has been genetically
modified using modifications designed by Philip
Leder and Timothy of Harvard University to carry a
specific gene called an activated oncogene.
The activated oncogene significantly increases the
mouse’s susceptibility to cancer, and thus makes
the mouse suitable for cancer research.
The rights to the invention are owned by DuPont.
"OncoMouse" is a registered trademark.
16. Knockout mouse
A knockout mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which
one or more genes have been turned off through a targeted
mutation.
Knockout mice are important animal models for studying the
role of genes which have been sequenced but whose functions
have not been determined. By causing a specific gene to be
inactive in the mouse, and observing any differences from
normal behavior or condition, researchers can infer its probable
function.
Examples of research in which knockout mice have been useful
include studying and modeling different kinds of cancer,
obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse,
anxiety, aging and Parkinson's disease.
17. Industrial
By engineering genes into bacterial plasmids it is
possible to create a biological factory that can produce
proteins and enzymes. Some genes do not work well in
bacteria, so yeast, a eukaryote, can also be used.
supplements such as tryptophan
chymosin in cheese making
18. Agriculture
Tomato (Flavr Savr,Fish tomato)
Golden rice
Transgenic maize
Transgenic soybean
Bt brinjal
Blue rose
Knockout moss
19. Strategy
Cloned genes injected into nucleus of a
fertilized cell
Inoculated fertilized egg is implanted in a
receptive female
Few offspring's carry cloned genes in all
their cells
Animals with cloned genes in their germ
cells were bred to establish new genetic lines
21. 1. Brainbow Mouse
Images of brain cells in over 90
different shades.
The colorful cells were individual
neurons and the colors helped
scientists distinguish one cell from
another.
A team of scientists at Harvard
University were able to achieve the
specialized coloring by developing
a transgenic technology that
utilizes four fluorescent proteins
in varying combinations and
saturations.
22. 2. Spider Goat
Transgenic goats that have the
spider silk gene inserted into
their DNA.
These goats as a result of foreign
gene secrete a protein spider silk
in their milk.
The substance: spider silk.
Stronger than steel and very
flexible.
Molecular biologist and University
of Wyoming professor Randy
Lewis in collaboration with Nexia
Biotechnologies is harvesting a
protein that he believes could have
applications as far-reaching as
bulletproof vests, artificial
tendons and even clothing.
23. 3. Cancer-Resistant Mouse
A mouse that was resistant to
spontaneous and artificially
induced tumors.
Its inability to get cancer is due
to the insertion of a gene that
codes for a protein called Par-4.
This protein specifically kills
cancer cells without affecting
normal cells.
Its a tumor suppressor that
would be ideal for therapeutic
intervention strategies.
24. 4. GloFish
World's first commercially available
transgenic animal, Yorktown
Technology's GloFish
These zebrafish have had fluorescent
proteins extracted from jellyfish
inserted into their DNA to make them
glow green, orange, or red.
The technology was pioneered by
Zhiyuan Gong at the National
University of Singapore.
He was studying water pollutants by
inserting genes for proteins that would
fluoresce in the presence of certain
contaminants, but the first step was
creating a fish that fluoresced all the
time.
25. 5. Emerald Sea Slug (Elysiachlorotica)
A slimy gastropod, emerald a sea slug
may be the first known naturally-
occurring transgenic species.
This creature confounded researchers
of University of Maine, who
discovered that it is able to use the
chloroplasts from the algae on which
it feeds to create energy by
photosynthesis.
Rumpho eventually found a gene in
the slug with a sequence identical to
that of an algal photosynthetic gene,
indicating that the gene may have
been naturally integrated into the sea
slug's DNA in the past.
26. 6. Aedes Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are the carriers for many infectious
diseases, including dengue fever, which has no
vaccine or cure.
Company Oxitec, an offshoot of Oxford
University, is collaborating with the Malaysian
government to test a new method in which
males genetically altered to be sterile are
released into the wild.
These infertile mosquitoes mate with females
and produce no offspring, reducing the
mosquito population.
Though this treatment is in the early stages of
testing, but it could become a major component
of an integrated program" to fight mosquito-
mediated diseases.
27. 7. Drug-Producing Chicken
The chicken egg could someday
produce life-saving drugs.
Chickens are simpler and more
efficient factories than synthetic
methods for producing
pharmaceutical proteins (the
proteins are extracted from the
egg white).
Scientists says that their next aim
is to produce an egg that contains
an antibody against a virus of the
gut. "The idea is that children
will eat the egg white and the
antibody will protect them from
developing a diarrhoeal disease."
28. 8. Mighty Mice
The mice in the laboratory of Dr.
Richard Hanson at Case Western
Reserve University.
He can run for 25 times as long as
normal mice at the same speed, and
they eat more and live longer.
Bred as a tool to investigate the
metabolic enzyme PEPCK-C, which
plays a role in the generation of glucose,
the mice are genetically altered to over-
produce this enzyme.
The mice get much of their energy
during exercise from fatty acids and
generate very little lactic acid, possibly
explaining their ability to run so long.
Hanson believes the special abilities of
these animals make them a good model
through which to study various aspects
of aging.
29. 9. Fearless Mouse
Gleb Shymansky at Rutgers University have
implicated a genetic basis for fear with their
transgenic mice that show deficits in their
innate anxiety and learned fear in
behavioral tests.
They achieved these results by removing the
gene for stathmin, an enzyme that is found
in high levels in an area of the brain
implicated in emotional processing and fear.
While these mice developed normally and
their other types of memory were normal,
they showed deficits in long-term
potentiation, a process that is necessary to
fear conditioning and may play a role in
innate fear.
30. 10. Enviropig
As a producer of large amounts of
phosphorus, pig manure can have a
detrimental effect on the environment,
killing marine species and generating
greenhouse gases.
To reduce this impact, Cecil Forsberg of the
University of Guelph reported in the
October 2001 issue of Nature Biotechnology
that his lab had bred a transgenic pig that
produces phytase, an enzyme that aids in
the breakdown of phosphorus, in its saliva.
These pigs produce up to 75 percent less
phosphorus in their waste.
FDA approved, the Enviropig for
consumption in the United States as early
as this year.
31. 11.Designer baby
The colloquial term designer baby refers to a baby
whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected
by genetic engineering combined with in vitro
fertilisation to ensure the presence or absence of
particular genes or characteristics.
The term is derived by comparison with "designer
clothing".
It implies the ultimate commodification of children
and is therefore usually used pejoratively to signal
opposition to such use of reprogenetics.