A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Introduction
Terminologies
Types of tissue culture
Applications
Culturing
Sub-culturing
Cryopreservation
Detection of contaminants
In vitro transformation of cells
Cell viability
Rules for working in the Lab
Advantages
Limitations
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
Introduction
History
Landmarks Events in Transgenic Livestock Research
Techniques/ Method for Gene Transfer
Examples of transgenesis
Importance
Application
Limitation
Issue related to Transgenic Technology
Ethical concerns and how to Overcome
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Introduction
Terminologies
Types of tissue culture
Applications
Culturing
Sub-culturing
Cryopreservation
Detection of contaminants
In vitro transformation of cells
Cell viability
Rules for working in the Lab
Advantages
Limitations
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptxNikitaBankoti2
A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
Transgenic animals are animals that are genetically altered to have traits that mimic symptoms of specific human pathologies.
They provide genetic model of various human disease which are important in understanding disease and development of new target.
Role Of Transgenic Animal In Target Validation-1.pptxNikitaBankoti5
A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
The foreign gene are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
description of transgenic animals and production with desired traits using different methods and their applications and their advantages and disadvantages
Refers to an animal in which there has been a deliberate modification of the genome - the material responsible for inherited characteristics - in contrast to spontaneous mutation.
Foreign DNA is introduced into the animal, using recombinant DNA technology,
This presentation aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the science behind creating transgenic animals, explore their potential applications, and delve into the ethical considerations surrounding this emerging field of research.
Definition and Background:
We begin by defining transgenic animals as organisms that have had their genetic material intentionally altered through the introduction of foreign genes. This groundbreaking field of genetic engineering has its roots in the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, which enabled the transfer of genes across different species.
Genetic Engineering Techniques:
This section delves into the techniques employed to create transgenic animals, emphasizing the following key methodologies:
a. DNA Microinjection: The introduction of foreign DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized embryo, allowing the foreign gene to be incorporated into the animal's genome and expressed in its cells.
b. Gene Targeting: The precise modification of an organism's genome by replacing or disrupting specific genes using technologies such as homologous recombination or CRISPR-Cas9.
c. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT): The cloning technique involving the transfer of a nucleus from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg, resulting in the creation of an embryo with the same genetic makeup as the somatic cell donor.
Applications of Transgenic Animals:
This section explores the wide-ranging applications of transgenic animals across various fields, including:
a. Biomedical Research: Transgenic animals serve as invaluable models for studying human diseases and testing potential therapies, enabling significant advancements in medical research.
b. Agriculture: Transgenic animals can be engineered to possess desirable traits, such as increased resistance to diseases or improved meat quality, offering the potential to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
c. Pharmaceutical Production: Transgenic animals can be designed to produce therapeutic proteins or antibodies in their milk or blood, providing a cost-effective means of manufacturing valuable pharmaceutical products.
d. Organ Transplantation: Research on transgenic animals has explored the possibility of generating organs that are genetically compatible with humans, addressing the shortage of donor organs for transplantation.
Similar to Transgenic Animal (KNOCKOUT MOUSE) production and Application (20)
QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE - KERNEL COLOR IN WHEATNethravathi Siri
Nilsson-Ehle (1909) and East (1910, 1916) documented first significant evidence of
quantitative inheritance by their individual works in wheat.
Their analysis started from one-locus control which continued to two locus control
and concluded at three-locus control.
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
RNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (COPIA) IN Drosophila
within host genomes.
As TEs comprise more than 40% of the human genome and are linked to
numerous diseases, understanding their mechanisms of mobilization and
regulation is important.
Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model organism for the study of eukaryotic
TEs as its genome contains a diverse array of active TEs.
Also referred to as “jumping genes,” TEs move, or transpose, to different locations
throughout the genomes in which they reside.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
One of the first plausible models to account for the preceding observations was
formulated by Robin Holliday.
The key features of the Holliday model are the formation of heteroduplex DNA; the
creation of a cross bridge; its migration along the two heteroduplex strands,
termed branch migration; the occurrence of mismatch repair; and the
subsequent resolution, or splicing, of the intermediate structure to yield different
typesof recombinant molecules.
A Vitamin is an organic compound by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited
amounts.
• We need vitamins in our diet, because our bodies can’t synthesize them quickly
enough to meet our daily needs.
• The term vitamin was derived from ‘vitamine’ meaning vital and amine.
• It was coined by K FUNK (1912).
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Supernumerary chromosomes are the additional or extra chromosomal set present in a
cell, which are dissimilar to normal A-Chromosomal set in the species.
They are also called as Accessory Chromosomes and lack homologous chromosome part.
In wild populations, around 100 animal species, 600 plant species especially fungi
contain supernumerary / B-chromosomes
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Paired chromosome in meiosis in immature amphibian eggs, in which the chromatin
forms large stiff loops extending out from the linear axis of the chromosome
The lampbrush chromosomes derive their name from the lateral loops that extrude from
the chromomeres at certain point.
They are very transcriptionally active DNA, where loops of DNA emerging from an
apparently continuous chromosomal axis are coated with RNA polymerase.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Since, these chromosomes were discovered in the salivary gland cells, they are called
as "Salivary Gland Chromosomes".
The present name polytene chromosome was suggested by kollar due to the
occurrence of many chromonemata (DNA) in them.
Bridges (~1936) 1st constructed a salivary chromosome map of D melanogaster and
found 5000 special bands in polytene chromosomes.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
In some organisms, there are special tissues in which chromosomes undergo structural
specializations.
Such specialized chromosomes are generally termed as SPECIAL TYPES OF
CHROMOSOMES
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Crossing over is exchange of strictly homologous segments of a genome between their
respective non-sister chromatids during cell division, which results in chromosomal
recombinations of linked genes in daughter cells.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Nucleosome model of chromosome is proposed by ROGER KORNBERG (son of Arthur
Kornberg) in 1974.
It was confirmed and crystalised by P. Oudet et al., (1975).
Nucleosome is the lowest level of Chromosome organization in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleosome model is a scientific model which explains the organization of DNA and
associated proteins in the chromosomes.
Nucleosome model also explains the exact mechanism of the folding of DNA in
thenucleus.
It is the most accepted model of chromatin organization.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Epistasis is a Greek word that means standing over.
BATESON used term epistasis to describe the masking effect in 1909
The term epistasis describes a certain relationship between genes, where an allele of
one gene hides or masks the visible output or phenotype of another gene.
When two different genes which are not alleles, both affect the same character in such
a way that the expression of one masks (inhibits or suppresses) the expression of the
other gene, the phenomenon is said to be epistasis.
The gene that suppresses other gene expression is known as Epistatic gene.
The gene that is suppressed or remain obscure is called Hypostatic gene
The classical phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 F2 ratio becomes modified by epistasis.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
In supplementary gene action, the dominant allele of one gene is essential for the
development of the concerned phenotype, while the other gene modifies the expression of the first gene.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Complementation between two non-allelic genes (C and P) are essential for production
of a particular or special phenotype i.e., complementary factor.
Two genes involved in a specific pathway and their functional products are required
for gene expression, then one recessive allelic pair at either allelic pair would result in
the mutant phenotype.
When Dominant alleles are present together, they complement each other to yield
complementary factor resulting in a special phenotype.
They are called complementary genes.
When either of gene loci have homozygous recessive alleles (i.e., genotypes of ccPP,
ccPp, CCpp, Ccpp and ccpp), they produce identical phenotypes and change F2 ratio
to 9:7.
Basics for undergraduate/university students
The phenomenon of two or more genes affecting the expression of each other in various
ways in the development of a single character of an organism is known as GENE
INTERACTION.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. TRANSGENIC ANIMAL
• Transgenic technique permits the introduction of
foreign genes or altered forms of an endogenous
gene into an organism.
• Transgenic technique does not result in replacement
of the endogenous gene, but rather the integration
of additional copies of it.
• The introduced gene is called TRANSGENE
• An organism carrying it is referred to as
TRANSGENIC ORGANISM.
• A Transgenic animal/plant is an organism that
carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately
inserted into its genome.
• TRANSGENESIS is the process by which yields
stable introduction of a gene into another organism.
• The procedure for introducing exogenous donor DNA
into a recipient cell is called TRANSFECTION.
• Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the
animal, so it can be transmitted to the progeny.
4. KNOCKOUT MOUSE
• A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific
gene has been inactivated or “knocked out” by
replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of
DNA.
• The loss of gene activity often causes changes in
a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable
information on the function of the gene.
• The first knockout mouse was created by Mario R.
Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver
Smithies in 1989.
5. PROCEDURE
1. The gene to be knocked out is isolated from a
mouse gene library
2. Then a new DNA sequence is engineered which is
very similar to the original gene and its immediate
neighbor/flanking sequence, except that it is
changed sufficiently to make it inoperable.
3. From a mouse morula stem cells are isolated;
these can be grown in vitro. (consider, we will take a
stem cell from a white mouse).
4. Gene targeting to embryonic stem cells. The stem
cells from step 3 are combined with the new
sequence from step 2.
• Electroporation
• Selected using antibiotic
5. The stem cells from step 4 are inserted into mouse
blastocyst cells.
6.
7. PROCEDURE…
6. Blastocysts are then implanted into the uterus of
female mice, to complete the pregnancy.
7. The blastocysts contain two types of stem cells:
• The original ones
• The newly engineered ones
8. The newborn mice will therefore be chimeras: parts
of their bodies result from the original stem cells,
other parts result from the engineered stem cells.
9. Newborn mice are useful only, if the newly
engineered sequence was incorporated into the
germ cells (egg or sperm cells).
10. Cross these new mice with others and watch for
offspring that are all white. These are then further
inbred to produce mice that carry no functional
copy of the original gene.
8.
9.
10. MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
Disease model
Bioreactors for
pharmaceuticals
Xenotransplantation
AGRICULTURAL
IMPORTANCE
Disease resistant animals
For improving quality and
quantity of milk, meat, eggs
and wool production.
INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
Toxicity sensitive
transgenic animals to test
chemicals.
Spider silk in milk of goat