A transformer transfers power between two circuits through electromagnetic induction without a physical connection. It consists of two windings - a primary and secondary circuit. There are different types of transformers including step-up/step-down transformers which increase/decrease voltage, core and shell type transformers based on winding construction, and single, two or three winding transformers. Transformers are essential devices that allow efficient transmission and distribution of electric power.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
Why do Transformers Fail?
�The electrical windings and the magnetic core in a transformer are subject to a number of different forces during operation, for example:
�Expansion and contraction due to thermal cycling
�Vibration
�Local heating due to magnetic flux
�Impact forces due to through-fault current
�Excessive heating due to overloading or inadequate cooling
Grounding or earthing offers two principal advantages. First, it provides protection to the power system. Secondly, earthing of electrical equipment ensures the safety of the persons handling the equipment.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
Why do Transformers Fail?
�The electrical windings and the magnetic core in a transformer are subject to a number of different forces during operation, for example:
�Expansion and contraction due to thermal cycling
�Vibration
�Local heating due to magnetic flux
�Impact forces due to through-fault current
�Excessive heating due to overloading or inadequate cooling
Grounding or earthing offers two principal advantages. First, it provides protection to the power system. Secondly, earthing of electrical equipment ensures the safety of the persons handling the equipment.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
Transformer types core, shell, toroidal. steps to design a EI core type transformer by calculating tongue width, stack height etc and two examples are given
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
2. “Transformer” is one of oldest
innovations in Electrical
Engineering. A Transformer is an
electrical device that can be used
to transfer the power from one
circuit and another circuit without
physical contact and without
changing its characteristics like
frequency, phase. It is an
essential device in every
electrical network circuitry. It
consists majorly two circuits,
namely primary circuit and
secondary circuit.
3.
4. Step-Up Transformer
As the name states that, the
secondary voltage is stepped up with
a ratio compared to primary voltage.
This can be achieved by increasing
the number of windings in the
secondary than the primary windings.
Step-Down Transformer
It used to step down the voltage level
from lower to higher level at
secondary side as shown below so
that it is called as a step-down
transformer. The winding turns more
on the primary side than the
secondary side.
5. Core Type Transformer
In this type of transformer, the windings
are given to the considerable part of the
circuit in the core type of the transformer.
The coils used are of form-wound and
cylindrical type on the core type. In core
type transformer, the coils are wounded in
helical layers with different layers
insulated from each other.
Shell Type Transformer
Shell type transformers are the most
popular and efficient type of transformers.
The shell type transformer has a double
magnetic circuit. The core has three limbs
and both the winding are placed on the
central limbs. The core encircles most
parts of the winding. Generally multi-layer
disc and sandwich coils are used in shell
type.
6. Single winding (auto
transformer)
An Auto Transformer is a
transformer with only one winding
wound on a laminated core. An
auto transformer is similar to a two
winding transformer but differ in
the way the primary and
secondary winding are
interrelated. A part of the winding
is common to both primary and
secondary sides. On load
condition, a part of the load
current is obtained directly from
the supply and the remaining part
is obtained by transformer action.
An Auto transformer works as
a voltage regulator.
Three winding (power
transformer)
Three Winding Transformer may be
built with a third winding, called the
tertiary, in addition to the primary
and secondary. This third winding is
knows as stabilizer winding. The
voltage ratings of all the three
windings of the transformer are
usually unequal. The primary
winding has the highest voltage
rating; the tertiary has the lowest
voltage rating, and the secondary
has the intermediate voltage rating.
Two winding
(ordinary transformer)
An Ordinary Transformer consists
of two windings called primary
winding and secondary winding.
These two windings are
magnetically coupled and
electrically isolated. But the
transformer in which apart of
windings is common to both
primary and secondary is called
Autotransformer. The
autotransformer is both the most
simple and the most fascinating of
the connections involving
two windings. It is used quite
extensively in bulk power
transmission systems because of
its ability to multiply the effective
KVA capacity of a transformer.
Autotransformers are also used on
radial distribution feeder circuits as
voltage regulators.
7. o It is used as a starter to give up to
50 to 60% of full voltage to the
stator of a squirrel cage induction
motor during starting.
o It is used to give a small boost to a
distribution cable, to correct the
voltage drop.
o It is also used as a voltage
regulator
o Used in power transmission and
distribution system and also in the
audio system and railways.
(Based on third winding)
o To supply the substation auxiliaries at
a voltage different from those of the
primary and secondary windings.
o Static capacitors or synchronous
condensers may be connected to the
tertiary winding for reactive power
injection into the system for voltage
control.
o A delta-connected tertiary reduces
the impedance offered to the zero
sequence currents thereby allowing a
larger earth-fault current to flow for
proper operation of protective
equipment. Further, it limits voltage
imbalance when the load is
unbalanced. It also permits the third
harmonic current to flow thereby
reducing third-harmonic voltages.
o Three windings may be used for
interconnecting three transmission
lines at different voltages.
o Tertiary can serve the purpose of
measuring voltage of an HV testing
transformer.
o Two-winding transformers are typically
used to step up or down voltage from
the transmission grid to the distribution
grid. When the high and low voltage is
greater than 2, it is more cost-effective
to use a two-winding transformer. Auto
transformers are preferred when the
ratio is less than 2.
8. Cylindrical type
Cylindrical winding is use in core type transformer
because these are low voltage windings used up to 6.6
kV for kVA up to 600-750, and current rating between 10
to 600 A. We often use cylindrical windings in its multi-
layer forms. We use rectangular conductors in two-
layered type because it is easy to secure the lead-out
ends. Oil ducts separate the layers of the windings this
arrangement facilitates the cooling through oil circulation
in the winding. In multi-layered cylindrical windings, we
use circular conductors, wound on vertical strips to
improve cooling conditions. The arrangement creates oil
ducts to facilitate better cooling. We use this types of
winding for high voltage ratings up to 33 kV, 800 kVA
and current ratings up to 80 A. The maximum diameter
we use for a bare conductor is 4 mm.
Disc type
Disc type windings are also use in core type
transformers called Disc-Helical Windings, the parallel
connected strips are placed side by side in a radial
direction to occupy total radial depth of winding.
Primarily used for a high capacity transformer. The
winding consist of a number of flat coils or discs in
series or parallel. The coils are formed with rectangular
strips wound spirally from the center outwards in the
radial direction. The conductors can be a single strip or
multiple strips in a parallel wound on the flat side. This
makes robust construction for this type of windings.
Discs are separated from each other with press-board
sectors attached to vertical strips. The vertical and
horizontal spacers provide radial and axial ducts for free
circulation of oil which comes in contact with every turn.
The area of the conductor varies from 4 to 50 mm
square and limits for current are 12 – 600 A. The
minimum width of oil duct is 6 mm for 35 kV. The
advantage of the disc and continuous windings is their
greater mechanical axial strength and cheapness.
9. Power transformer
Power transformers are generally
used in transmission network for
stepping up or down the voltage
level. It operates mainly during high
or peak loads and has maximum
efficiency at or near full load.
Distribution Transformers steps
down the voltage for distribution
purpose to domestic or commercial
users. It has good voltage
regulation and operates 24 hrs. a
day with maximum efficiency at
50% of full load. Power Transformer
is generally rated at Higher
MVA(>200MVA)and it is used in
step-up and step down application
in Transmission
Instrument transformer
Instrument Transformers are used
in AC system for measurement of
electrical quantities i.e. voltage,
current, power, energy, power
factor, frequency. Instrument
transformers are also used with
protective relays for protection of
power system. Basic function of
Instrument transformers is to step
down the AC System voltage and
current. The voltage and current
level of power system is very high.
It is very difficult and costly to
design the measuring instruments
for measurement of such high level
voltage and current. Generally
measuring instruments are
designed for 5 A and 110 V. The
measurement of such very large
electrical quantities, can be made
possible by using the Instrument
transformers with these small rating
measuring instruments. Therefore
these instrument transformers are
very popular in modern power
system.
Distribution transformer
A distribution transformer is the type
of transformer that performs the
last voltage transformation in
a distribution grid. It converts the
voltage used in the transmission lines
to one suitable for household and
commercial use, typically down to
240 volts. These transformers
are pole-mounted if the transmission
lines run above ground and they
are pad-mounted, if the transmission
lines lie underground, as is the case in
many suburban areas. The pad-
mounted transformer is usually green
and visible on the front lawns of many
homes.
10.
11. Air Natural (AN)
This method of transformer
cooling is generally used in
small transformers (up to 3
MVA). In this method the
transformer is allowed to cool
by natural air flow surrounding
it.
Air Blast
For transformers rated more
than 3 MVA, cooling by natural
air method is inadequate. In
this method, air is forced on
the core and windings with the
help of fans or blowers. The
air supply must be filtered to
prevent the accumulation of
dust particles in ventilation
ducts. This method can be
used for transformers upto 15
MVA.
12. Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
This method is used for oil immersed transformers. In
this method, the heat generated in the core and winding
is transferred to the oil. According to the principle of
convection, the heated oil flows in the upward direction
and then in the radiator. The vacant place is filled up by
cooled oil from the radiator. The heat from the oil will
dissipate in the atmosphere due to the natural air flow
around the transformer. In this way, the oil in
transformer keeps circulating due to natural convection
and dissipating heat in atmosphere due to natural
conduction. This method can be used for transformers
up to about 30 MVA.
Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
The heat dissipation can be improved further by
applying forced air on the dissipating surface. Forced air
provides faster heat dissipation than natural air flow. In
this method, fans are mounted near the radiator and
may be provided with an automatic starting
arrangement, which turns on when temperature
increases beyond certain value. This transformer
cooling method is generally used for large transformers
up to about 60 MVA.
13. Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
In this method, oil is circulated with the help of a pump.
The oil circulation is forced through the heat
exchangers. Then compressed air is forced to flow on
the heat exchanger with the help of fans. The heat
exchangers may be mounted separately from the
transformer tank and connected through pipes at top
and bottom as shown in the figure. This type of cooling
is provided for higher rating transformers at substations
or power stations.
Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
This method is similar to OFAF method, but here forced
water flow is used to dissipate hear from the heat
exchangers. The oil is forced to flow through the heat
exchanger with the help of a pump, where the heat is
dissipated in the water which is also forced to flow. The
heated water is taken away to cool in separate coolers.
This type of cooling is used in very large transformers
having rating of several hundreds MVA.
14.
15. Percentage reactance of a transformer (or in
general, a circuit) is the percentage of phase
voltage drop when full load current flows through it,
i.e.
%X=(IX/V)*100.
Now Short Circuit Current is V/X
So short Circuit current is I*(100/%X).
Percentage reactance of a transformer (or in
general, a circuit) is the percentage of phase
voltage drop when full load current flows through it,
i.e. %X=(IX/V)*100. Now Short Circuit Current is
V/X So short Circuit current is I*(100/%X).
16.
17. The ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC
circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and
voltage. The difference between the two is caused by
reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no
useful work. In AC circuits, the power factor is the ratio of
the real power that is used to do work and the apparent
power that is supplied to the circuit.
The power factor can get values in the range from 0 to 1.
When all the power is reactive power with no real power
(usually inductive load) - the power factor is 0.
When all the power is real power with no reactive power
(resistive load) - the power factor is 1.
18.
19. Active Power
The power which is
actually consumed
or utilized in an AC
Circuit is called True
power or Active
Power or real power.
It is measured in kilo
watt (kW) or MW. It
is the actual
outcomes of the
electrical system
which runs the
electric circuits or
load.
Reactive Power
The power which
flows back and froth
that mean it moves in
both the direction in
the circuit or react
upon itself, is called
Reactive Power. The
reactive power is
measured in kilo volt
ampere reactive
(kVAR) or MVAR.
Apparent Power
The product of root
mean square (RMS)
value of voltage and
current is known as
Apparent Power.
This power is
measured in kVA or
MVA.