Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Protection of transmission lines (distance)Rohini Haridas
This gives idea about necessity of protection of transmission line and protection based on time grading as well as on current grading. Also includes three step distance protection of transmission line
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible, thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
It is based on current transformer description
It's working and applications are present in it ,it also includes videos of it's windings and it's inrush ability of transformer, and also about instrument transformer and it's working with applications.Current transformers are used-in measuring high currents and connected with it in parallel to it
Generation of High D.C. Voltage (HVDC generation)RP6997
Generation of high dc voltage using different methods like half wave and full wave rectifier, voltage doubler circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, cockcroft-walton circuits and van de graaff generators.
Protection of transmission lines (distance)Rohini Haridas
This gives idea about necessity of protection of transmission line and protection based on time grading as well as on current grading. Also includes three step distance protection of transmission line
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible, thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
It is based on current transformer description
It's working and applications are present in it ,it also includes videos of it's windings and it's inrush ability of transformer, and also about instrument transformer and it's working with applications.Current transformers are used-in measuring high currents and connected with it in parallel to it
Generation of High D.C. Voltage (HVDC generation)RP6997
Generation of high dc voltage using different methods like half wave and full wave rectifier, voltage doubler circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, cockcroft-walton circuits and van de graaff generators.
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
Types of Relay - Which One Should You UseWagoIndia
Looking for a reliable and easy-to-use relay module? Click here to explore range of WAGO relay and optocoupler modules for your application. Visit us at https://www.wago.com/in/interface-electronic/discover-relays-optocouplers
Looking for a reliable and easy-to-use relay module? Click here to explore range of WAGO relay and optocoupler modules for your application. Visit us at https://www.wago.com/in/interface-electronic/discover-relays-optocouplers
TEACHING AND LEARNING BASED OPTIMISATIONUday Wankar
Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) seems to be a rising star from amongst a number of metaheuristics with relatively competitive performances. It is reported that it outperforms some of the well-known metaheuristics regarding constrained benchmark functions, constrained mechanical design, and continuous non-linear numerical optimization problems. Such a breakthrough has steered us towards investigating the secrets of TLBO’s dominance. This report’s findings on TLBO qualitatively and quantitatively through code-reviews and experiments, respectively.
It is a selection of best element (with regard to some criteria) from some set of available alternatives. In the simplest case, an optimization problem consist of maximizing or minimizing a real function by choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of function. The classical optimization techniques are useful in finding the optimum solution or unconstrained maxima or minima of continuous and differentiable functions. These are analytical methods and make use of differential calculus in locating the optimum solution. The classical methods have limited scope in practical applications as some of them involve objective functions which are not continuous and un-differentiable. Yet, the study of these classical techniques of optimization form a basis for developing most of the numerical techniques that have evolved into advanced techniques more suitable to today’s practical problems.
The difficulties associated with using mathematical optimization on large-scale engineering problems have contributed to the development of alternative solutions. Linear programming and dynamic programming techniques, for example, often fail (or reach local optimum) in solving NP-hard problems with large number of variables and non-linear objective functions. To overcome these problems, researchers have proposed evolutionary-based algorithms for searching near-optimum solutions to problems.
Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are stochastic search methods that mimic the metaphor of natural biological evolution and/or the social behaviour of species. Examples include how ants find the shortest route to a source of food and how birds find their destination during migration. The behaviour of such species is guided by learning, adaptation, and evolution. To mimic the efficient behaviour of these species, various researchers have developed computational systems that seek fast and robust solutions to complex optimization problems. The first evolutionary-based technique introduced in the literature was the genetic algorithms (Gas). GAs were developed based on the Darwinian principle of the ‘survival of the fittest’ and the natural process of evolution through reproduction. Based on its demonstrated ability to reach near-optimum solutions to large problems, the GAs technique has been used in many applicationsin science and engineering. Despite their benefits, GAs may require long processing time for a near optimum solution to evolve. Also, not all problems lend themselves well to a solution with GAs.
For three decades, many mathematical programming methods have been developed to solve optimization problems. However, until now, there has not been a single totally efficient and robust method to coverall optimization problems that arise in the different engineering fields.Most engineering application design problems involve the choice of design variable values that better describe the behaviour of a system.At the same time, those results should cover the requirements and specifications imposed by the norms for that system. This last condition leads to predicting what the entrance parameter values should be whose design results comply with the norms and also present good performance, which describes the inverse problem.Generally, in design problems the variables are discreet from the mathematical point of view. However, most mathematical optimization applications are focused and developed for continuous variables. Presently, there are many research articles about optimization methods; the typical ones are based on calculus,numerical methods, and random methods.
The calculus-based methods have been intensely studied and are subdivided in two main classes: 1) the direct search methods find a local maximum moving a function over the relative local gradient directions and 2) the indirect methods usually find the local ends solving a set of non-linear equations, resultant of equating the gradient from the object function to zero, i.e., by means of multidimensional generalization of the notion of the function’s extreme points from elementary calculus given smooth function without restrictions to find a possible maximum which is to be restricted to those points whose slope is zero in all directions. The real world has many discontinuities and noisy spaces, which is why it is not surprising that the methods depending upon the restrictive requirements of continuity and existence of a derivative, are unsuitable for all, but a very limited problem domain. A number of schemes have been applied in many forms and sizes. The idea is quite direct inside a finite search space or a discrete infinite search space, where the algorithms can locate the object function values in each space point one at a time. The simplicity of this kind of algorithm is very attractive when the numbers of possibilities are very small. Nevertheless, these outlines are often inefficient, since they do not complete the requirements of robustness in big or highly-dimensional spaces, making it quite a hard task to find the optimal values. Given the shortcomings of the calculus-based techniques and the numerical ones the random methods have increased their popularity.
Finding an alternative with the most cost effective or highest achievable performance under the given constraints, by maximizing desired factors and minimizing undesired ones. It also mean that it make best use of a situation or resource. In comparison, maximization means trying to attain the highest or maximum result or outcome without regard to cost or expense. Practice of optimization is restricted by the lack of full information, and the lack of time to evaluate what information is available (see bounded reality for details). In computer simulation (modeling) of business problems, optimization is achieved usually by using linear programming techniques of operations research.
The first ant colony optimization (ACO) called ant system was inspired through studying of the behaviour of ants in 1991 by Macro Dorigo and co-workers. An ant colony is highly organized, in which one interacting with others through pheromone in perfect harmony. Optimization problems can be solved through simulating ant’s behaviours. Since the first ant system algorithm was proposed, there is a lot of development in ACO. In ant colony system algorithm, local pheromone is used for ants to search optimum result. However, high magnitude of computing is its deficiency and sometimes it is inefficient. Thomas Stützle etal. Introduced MAX-MIN Ant System (MMAS) in 2000. It is one of the best algorithms of ACO. It limits total pheromone in every trip or sub-union to avoid local convergence. However, the limitation of pheromone slows down convergence rate in MMAS.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the aeroplane.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane.
This ppt show the steps to rewind the Brushless motor(BLDC)
If you fly brushless you've probably cooked a motor or two. You also probably know there are many different types of motors. Similar motors when wound differently performs very differently. Whether you've burned the motor up, or just want to alter performance, rewinding is a cheap solution for a patient modeller.
For this tutorial, I will be using Dynam E-Razor 450 Brushless Motor 60P-DYM-0011 (2750Kv). It is a Delta wound 8T (It means 8 turns ) quad wind.
The winding pattern described in this tutorial (called an ABC wind - ABCABCABC as you go around the stator) works for any brushless motor with 9 stator teeth and 6 magnets.
This ppt show the steps to rewind the Brushless motor(BLDC)
If you fly brushless you've probably cooked a motor or two. You also probably know there are many different types of motors. Similar motors when wound differently performs very differently. Whether you've burned the motor up, or just want to alter performance, rewinding is a cheap solution for a patient modeller.
For this tutorial, I will be using Dynam E-Razor 450 Brushless Motor 60P-DYM-0011 (2750Kv). It is a Delta wound 8T (It means 8 turns ) quad wind.
The winding pattern described in this tutorial (called an ABC wind - ABCABCABC as you go around the stator) works for any brushless motor with 9 stator teeth and 6 magnets.
Our project is a persistence of vision display (POV) that spins 360 degrees horizontally. The purpose of our POV display project is to create a small apparatus that will create a visual using only a small number of LEDs as it spins in a circle. When the LEDs rotate several times around a point in less than a second, the human eye reaches its limit of motion perception and creates an illusion of a continuous image. Therefore, our POV display demonstrates this phenomenon by creating a visual as the LEDs spin rapidly in a circle and the person watching will see one continuous image.
Arm cortex (lpc 2148) based motor speedUday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an
ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then
speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of
the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulses applied to it, popularly known as
PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are
used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output
by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor
will change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed
of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148
processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed
control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such
as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
Arm Processor Based Speed Control Of BLDC MotorUday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC motor using an ARM series processor. The speed of DC motor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulse applied to it (popularly known as PWM control). The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are used to control the speed of motor. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is generated at the output by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C. The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor will change depending on the duty cycle (ON and OFF time of the pulses), so the speed of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the STM32 board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed control of a small DC motor. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
Arm cortex ( lpc 2148 ) based motor speed control Uday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulses applied to it, popularly known as PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor will change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148 processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
MSEB was set up in 1960 to generate, transmit and distribute power to all consumers in
Maharashtra excluding Mumbai. MSEB was the largest SEB in the country. The generation
capacity of MSEB has grown from 760 MW in 1960-61 to 9771 MW in 2001-02. The customer
base has grown from 1,07,833 in 1960-61 to 1,40,09,089 in 2001-02.
C.S.T.P.S in contribution much in field of production of electricity. It is not only number
one thermal power station in Asia but also has occupied specific position on the international
map.
The first set was commission on August 1983 & was dedicated to nation by then PM
(late) Mrs. Indira Gandhi & second set commission on July 1984. The third & fourth units of
CSTPS under stage 2 were commissioned on the 3rd May 1985 & 8th March 1986 respectively.
The units 5 & 6 were commissioned on the 22nd March 1991 & 11th March 1992 respectively one
more units of 500MW was added to the CSTPS on making its generation to 2340 MW &
making “C.S.T.P.S.” as the giant in Power Generation of CSTPS.
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
This paper presents Grid Solver Bot which is a self-driven vehicle capable of localizing itself in a grid and planning a path between two nodes. It can avoid particular nodes and plan path between two allowed nodes. Breadth-first search & Dijkstra's Algorithm have been used for finding the path between two allowed nodes. The searching of a block over grid is easier when the rows and columns i.e. m* n of a grid is fixed. But when the grid is dynamic or changes over time than in such situation we require a generalized algorithm for traversing over a grid. In these paper we develop an approach for searching an object and also able to avoid an obstacle which was placed in a junction (meeting point of row and column). Here, we use different algorithms like Dijkistra’s, Best first search and A star algorithms. We develop an approach to find the block with minimum shortest path with the help of priority based algorithm. The vehicle is also capable of transferring blocks from one node to another. In fact, this vehicle is a prototype of a self-driven vehicle capable of transporting passengers and it can also be used in industries to transfer different items from one place to another.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) have been
evolving to a mature technology with high power rating.
This technology has wide spread application, became a top
rate, most reliable one, based on power electronics. The
main purpose of these systems is to supply the network as
quickly as possible with inductive or capacitive reactive
power that is adapted to its particular requirements, while
also improving transmission quality and the efficiency of
the power transmission system.
With the progression and development in power
electronics application not only improved the performance
of AC systems but also make it feasible for long distance.
3. Introduction
What is relay ?
Fundamental of relay
Operating principle
Single line diagram
Types of relay
Importance
Why a system needs protection ?
Advantages and disadvantages
Conclusion
4. Protective relay is a device designed
to trip a circuit breaker when fault is
detected
Protective relay were electromagnetic
device
It is operating on moving parts to
provide detection of abnormal
condition
5. Electromechanical protective relay
use at hydroelectrical plant.
The relay are in round glass cases.
The need to act quickly to protect
circuit to protect equipment and
trip a breaker with in a few
thousands of seconds.
6. What is relay?
A relay is a
automatic device
which senses an
abnormal
condition of
electric circuit
and closes its
contacts
7. PROTECTIVE
RELAY
Current
Voltage
Insulation
Temperature
Pick up levels
Time
Visual
indication
Warning alarm
Remove power
output
input
setting
A protection relay is a smart device that receive inputs,
compares them to set points, and provide outputs .
Inputs can be current ,voltage ,resistance or temperature.
Outputs can include visual feedback in the form of
indicator lights.
A diagram is shown below.
Relay
8. INPUT:- A relay needs information from the system to
make decision.
SETTING:- The user programs setting that allow relay to
make decision.
PROCESS:- Once input are connected and setting are
program, the relay compares there and make decision.
OUTPUT:- The relay will operate a switch to indicate that
the input has surpassed a setting. Or the relay can provide
notification through visual feedback such as a meter or LED.
9. Reliability:- It must operate when it is required. Inherent reliability is a
matter of design based on experience.
This can be achieved partly by
1. Simplicity and robustness in construction
2. High contact pressure
3. Dust free enclosures
4. Good contact material
5. Good workmanship
6. Careful maintenance
Selectivity:- it should be possible to select which part of the system is
faulty and which is not and should isolate the faulty part of the system.It
is achieved by two ways:
1. Unit system of protection
2. Non unit system of protection
10. Speed:- A protective relay must operate at required speed.It should neither
be too slow nor too fast may result in undesired operation during transient
fault.
Sensitivity:- A relay should be sufficiently sensitive so that it operates
reliably when require under the actual condition in the system which produce
the least tendency for operation.
11. Pick up level of actuating signal:-The value of actuating quantity
(voltage or current) which on threshold above which the relay initiates to
be operated.
Reset level:- The value of electric current or voltage below which a relay
open its contacts and comes in original position.
Operating time of relay:-The time which elapses between the instant
when actuating quantity exceeds the pick up value to the instant when the
relay contacts close.
Reset time:-The time which elapses between the instant when the
actuating quantity becomes less than the reset value to the instant when
relay contacts return to its normal position.
Primary relay:-The relay which are connected directly in the circuit to
be protected.
12. Secondary relays:- The relay which are connected in the circuit
to be protected through current and potential transformer.
Auxiliary Relays:- The relay which operate in response to
opening or closing of its operating circuit to assist another relay in
the performance of its function.
Reach:- A distance relay operates whenever the impedance seen
by the relay is less than a pre specified value.
Under reached value:- The tendency of relay to restrain at the
set value of impedance or impedance lower than the set value is
known as under reached.
Over reached:- The tendency of the relay to operate at
impedances larger than its setting.
13. There are really only two fundamentally different
operating principles,
1. Electromagnetic attraction
2. Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic attraction relays operate by virtue of a
plunger being drawn into a solenoid.
Electromagnetic induction relays use the principle of
the induction motor whereby torque is developed by
induction in a rotor.
14. •The two fundamental relay operations are to isolate faulted
sections of the power system while maintaining the power
delivery capability in the rest of the power system.
•Relays can have numerous inputs on which to determine
if a trip signal is required.
• DC power is needed to supply relay power as well as to
provide trip coil power for the power circuit breaker.
•Other inputs can modify relay behavior
to speed up or inhibit operations.
• Relay communications also allows remote control and
event retrieval.
15.
16.
17. Stage 1:
When conductors with good insulation are exposed to
fault initiators such as moisture, dust, chemicals,
persistent overloading, vibration or just normal
deterioration, the insulation will start to slowly
deteriorate. Such small changes will not be immediately
obvious until the damage is severe enough to cause an
electrical fault. Protective relays can detect that a problem
is developing by identifying slight deviations in current,
voltage, resistance, or temperature. Due to the small
magnitude in change, only a sophisticated device such as a
sensitive protection relay or a monitor can detect these
conditions and indicate that a problem may be developing,
before any further damage has occurred.
18. Stage 2:
As the problem becomes more severe, further changes take
place such as insulation breakdown, overheating, or
overvoltage. Since the change from normal to abnormal is
great, traditional devices can be used to interrupt power. A
protection relay can also be used to provide additional
protection by detecting the fault contributors (overheating,
overvoltage, etc.) not possible with fuses and circuit breakers.
Stage 3: At this point, the problem has occurred and caused
damage. Different types of protective relays and monitors can
reduce or eliminate damage because they detect problems in
advance of traditional devices.
20. Isolate controlling circuit from controlled
circuit.
Control high voltage system with low voltage.
Control high current system with low current.
Logic Functions
21. TYPES OF RELAY
Types of protection relays are mainly based on their
characteristics ,logic, on actuating parameter &
operation mechanism.
Based on operation of mechanism
1. Electromagnetic relay
2. Static relay
3. Mechanical relay
Based on actuating parameter
1. Current relay
2. voltage relay
3. Frequency relay
4. Power relay
22. Based on characteristics
1. Definite time relay
2. Inverse time relay with definite minimum
3. Instantaneous relays
4. IDMT with Instrument
5. Stepped characteristics
6. Programmed switches
7. Voltage restraint over electric current relay
Based on application
1. Primary relay
2. Back up relay
23. Based on logic
1. Differential
2. Unbalance
3. Neutral displacement
4. Direction
5. Restricted earth fault
6. Over fluxing
7. Distance scheme
8. Bus bar protection
9. Reserve power relay
10. Loss of excitation
11. Negative phase sequence relay
24. .Inadequate protection can lead to a major fault
that would have been avoided.
•By adequate protection the damage can be
eliminated or minimized.
•If the faulty part is disconnected quickly the
damage caused by fault is minimum.
•The protective relaying helps in improving
service continuity and its importance to self
evident.
25. There is no ‘fault free’ system.
It is neither practical nor economical to build
a ‘fault free’ system.
Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree
of faults.
Usually faults are caused by breakdown of
insulation due to various reasons: system aging,
lighting, etc.
26. A protective relay may respond to the magnitude of a
quantity such as voltage or current. Induction types of relay can
respond to the product of two quantities in two fields
Several operating coils can be used to provide "bias" to the
relay, allowing the sensitivity of response in one circuit to be
controlled by another.
By use of a permanent magnet in the magnetic circuit, a relay
can be made to respond to current in one direction differently
from in another.
. For AC circuits, the principle is extended with a polarizing
winding connected to a reference voltage source.
27. In our simple relay above, we have two sets of
electrically conductive contacts. Relays may be
“Normally Open”, or “Normally Closed”. One pair of
contacts are classed as Normally Open, An example
of this arrangement is given below.
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY
28. Relays may be “Normally Open”, or “Normally Closed”.
One pair of contacts are classed as Normally Open,
(NO) or make contacts and another set which are classed
as Normally Closed, (NC) or break contacts .
In the normally open position, the contacts are closed
only when the field current is “ON” and the switch
contacts are pulled towards the inductive coil.
In the normally closed position, the contacts are
permanently closed when the field current is “OFF” as the
switch contacts return to their normal position.
These terms Normally Open, Normally Closed or Make
and Break Contacts refer to the state of the electrical
contacts when the relay coil is “de-energized”, i.e, no
supply voltage connected to the inductive coil.
30. An induction relay works only with the alternating
current.
It consist of an electromagnetic system which operates on
moving conductors generally in the form of disc or cup
function through the interaction of electromagnetic flux.
These two fluxes which are mutually displaced both in
angle and in position.
31. Solid-state Relays (SSRs)
SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical
contacts to switch the circuit.
The output device is optically-coupled to an LED light source
inside the relay.
The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with
low-voltage
32. Numerical Motor Protection
Relay
FEATURES
• Locked Rotor Protection based on
impedance measurement
• Three phase o/c relay with selectable
IDMT /definite time characteristics
• Earth fault relay with selectable IDMT /
definite time characteristics
• Negative sequence relay
• Thermal Overload protection
• Wide setting range
• Suitable for medium and large motors
33. PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
• THREE PHASE O/C WITH SELECTABLE
IDMT/DEFINITE TIME CHARACTERISTICS
• EARTH FAULT WITH SELECTABLE IDMT /
DEFINITE TIME CHARACTERISTICS
• COLD LOAD PICKUP LOGIC
• CIRCUIT BREAKER FAILURE
• BROKEN CONDUCTOR
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
•MULTI-SHOT (4) AUTORECLOSER
• EACH SHOT IS INDEPENDENTLY PROGRAMABLE
• CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTROL TWO SETTING GROUPS
AUTORECLOSER RELAY
34. A microprocessor-based digital protection relay can replace
the functions of many discrete electromechanical instruments
These convert voltage and currents to digital form and process
the resulting measurements using a microprocessor.
The digital relay can emulate functions of many discrete
electromechanical relays in one device, simplifying protection
design and maintenance.
Each digital relay can run self-test routines to confirm its
readiness and alarm if a fault is detected.
Numeric relays can also provide functions such as
communications (SCADA) interface, monitoring of contact
inputs, metering, waveform analysis, and other useful features.
35. Digital Relay
The functions of electromechanical protection systems are
now being replaced by microprocessor-based digital
protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays".
A microprocessor-based digital protection relay can
replace the functions of many discrete electromechanical
instruments
36. Relays with moveable coils
This type of relay consists of a rotating movement
with a small coil suspended or pivoted with the
freedom to rotate between the poles of a permanent
magnet. The coil is restrained by two springs which
also serve as connections to carry the current to the
coil.
The torque produced in the coil is given by:
T = B.l.a.N.i
Where:
T= torque
B = flux density
L =length of the coil
a = diameter of the coil
N = number of turns on the coil
i = current flowing through the coil
37. Use bimetallic strips to open/close relay contacts
when temperature exceeds/drops to certain
level
Require certain reaction time
Inverse time/current relationship
38. Fast reaction time
Use timer for time delay
Such as oil dash pot.
Inverse time/current relationship
Plunger-type Relays
It is a four pole structure.This has operating, polarising
and restraining coils.
39. In this relay the operating torque is obtained by current
and restraining torque due to current –voltage
directional element.
For the operation of the relay the reactance seen by the
relay should be smaller than the reactance for which
the relay has been designed.
The characteristic will be as shown in fig:
40. A typical reactance relay using induction cup structure is
shown in fig below:
It is a four pole structure.This has operating, polarising and
restraining coils.
41. • Detect system failures when they occur and
isolate the faulted section from the
remaining of the system.
• Mitigating the effects of failures after they occur.
Minimize risk of fire, danger to personal and
other high voltage systems.
42. Gas Monitoring Relays:
These relays will sense any amount of gas inside the
transformer. A tiny little amount of gas will cause
transformer explosion.
Temperature Monitoring Relays:
These relays are used to monitor the winding
temperature of the transformer and prevent
overheating.
43. For a wave connection, ground fault can be
detected from the grounded neutral wire.
44. Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
• Simplicity
• Not expensive
• Mechanical Wear
Solid-state Relays (SSRs)
• No Mechanical movements
• Faster than EMR
• No sparking between contacts
Microprocessor-based Relay
• Much higher precision and more reliable and durable.
• Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power
systems before, during and after faults occur.
• Capable of both digital and analog I/O.
Higher cost
45.
46. Relays control output circuits of a much higher power.
Safety is increased
Protective relays are essential for keeping faults in the
system isolated and keep equipment from being
damaged.
Conclusion
47. Electrical Power System
:- C. L. Wadhwa
Switch-gear and Protection
:- Tech max
Power System Protection
:-T. S. Madhava
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