Transformation of Berber Traditional Planning and Living Spaces
*Dr. ASMAA SAADA1, Dr. DJAMEL DEKOUMI2
1 Faculty of Architecture, University Hadj LAkhdar, Batna
2 Faculty of Architecture, University Salah BOUBNIDER, Constantine
E mail1: luminaria.cos@hotmail.fr Email2: dj.dekoumi@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
Most The Algerian Berber region was animated by a network of human settlements built according to the urban model of the Islamic medina and its traditional habitat of adobe. Various rural and urban development and transformation of planning and living spaces have recently come under the pressure of rapid urban growth. This study aims to analyze and compare Berber domestic spaces across a sample of houses from Aures valley, this region of Algeria which presents distinctive geological, geographical and historical characteristics. The study will look, first at the houses, then at similarities and differences in space configuration in order to pose questions of how this traditional architecture with its climatic and cultural solutions could be utilized or transplanted in the new urban context. The study focuses particularly on observing and analyzing different factors which influence urban life like social patterns, family lifestyle, migration which may have led to some modifications in the social structure. This attempt to analyse and compare the physical structure of Berber housing and settlements in Algeria might help to better understand the planning space organization and give us clues to the formulation of communities in the past; their culturally and climatically significant design methodology has considerable relevance to contemporary architecture. This study attempts to learn how the traditional Berber built environment may be considered as a good example of an end product of an interaction between constant elements such as the religious factors, the climate, the landscape and changeable elements such as economic, technological and industrial means, that is to say a product of a societal process.
Introduction to human settlement and housingty0385
Human settlements are places where humans live and are influenced by various factors. Settlements have evolved over time from primitive and non-organized groups to modern organized cities and urban areas. The document discusses the major phases of evolution of human settlements from primitive groups to modern urban areas. It also discusses how early settlements arose in river valleys that had fertile soil and water for agriculture, which allowed surplus food and the rise of early cities with specialized populations. Environmental factors like water sources, landscape, and vegetation influenced where early humans chose to settle.
This document discusses urban ecology and sustainability. It covers topics such as methods to study urban ecology including remote sensing and long-term ecological research. It also addresses urban biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the effects of urbanization on the environment. Finally, it proposes strategies to promote urban sustainability, such as urban gardening, food forests, investing in downtown areas, and sustainable landscapes and buildings. The overall aim is to understand human and ecological processes in cities and help societies become more sustainable.
There are four main types of rural settlements in India: clustered, semi-clustered, hamleted, and dispersed. Clustered settlements are compact villages with houses built close together, while semi-clustered settlements are partially clustered with some houses located farther away. Hamleted settlements consist of separate housing units under a common name. Dispersed settlements involve isolated homes or small hamlets scattered over remote or rugged terrain. Physical geography, social factors, defense needs, and resource availability all influence the type of rural settlement in different areas of India.
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MADE BY MANASI INGLE AND GROUP CLASS XD K.V.B...Shephali Bose
The document discusses various topics related to natural resource management including pollution of the Ganges river, sustainable development practices like reduce, reuse and recycle, conservation of forests and biodiversity, management of water resources through traditional localized systems versus large dams, issues related to displacement due to dams, and community-based watershed management approaches. It provides details on conflicts between different stakeholders in forests and irrigation systems, and alternatives to large infrastructure projects that focus on decentralized local control and management of resources.
Rurbanisation denotes to the rural area being urbanized,Precisely rural area with the characteristic features of facilities available in area. These include Education (School), Health(PHC), Pucca raod to the village, Electrification of the village and establishing new markets. The Rurbanisation posses various characteristic features which has a lot of scope in development of the rural area. Boda Ramesh"Characteristics of Rurbanization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9468.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/9468/characteristics-of-rurbanization/boda-ramesh
The document discusses housing from several perspectives:
1. It defines the differences between a house and housing, with housing referring to multiple dwelling units within a complex and including shared amenities.
2. It covers the history and evolution of housing from early shelters to permanent structures as societies became more sedentary.
3. It describes different types of housing including plots, multi-unit apartment blocks, and classifications based on ownership, income, family size and other factors.
Introduction to human settlement and housingty0385
Human settlements are places where humans live and are influenced by various factors. Settlements have evolved over time from primitive and non-organized groups to modern organized cities and urban areas. The document discusses the major phases of evolution of human settlements from primitive groups to modern urban areas. It also discusses how early settlements arose in river valleys that had fertile soil and water for agriculture, which allowed surplus food and the rise of early cities with specialized populations. Environmental factors like water sources, landscape, and vegetation influenced where early humans chose to settle.
This document discusses urban ecology and sustainability. It covers topics such as methods to study urban ecology including remote sensing and long-term ecological research. It also addresses urban biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the effects of urbanization on the environment. Finally, it proposes strategies to promote urban sustainability, such as urban gardening, food forests, investing in downtown areas, and sustainable landscapes and buildings. The overall aim is to understand human and ecological processes in cities and help societies become more sustainable.
There are four main types of rural settlements in India: clustered, semi-clustered, hamleted, and dispersed. Clustered settlements are compact villages with houses built close together, while semi-clustered settlements are partially clustered with some houses located farther away. Hamleted settlements consist of separate housing units under a common name. Dispersed settlements involve isolated homes or small hamlets scattered over remote or rugged terrain. Physical geography, social factors, defense needs, and resource availability all influence the type of rural settlement in different areas of India.
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MADE BY MANASI INGLE AND GROUP CLASS XD K.V.B...Shephali Bose
The document discusses various topics related to natural resource management including pollution of the Ganges river, sustainable development practices like reduce, reuse and recycle, conservation of forests and biodiversity, management of water resources through traditional localized systems versus large dams, issues related to displacement due to dams, and community-based watershed management approaches. It provides details on conflicts between different stakeholders in forests and irrigation systems, and alternatives to large infrastructure projects that focus on decentralized local control and management of resources.
Rurbanisation denotes to the rural area being urbanized,Precisely rural area with the characteristic features of facilities available in area. These include Education (School), Health(PHC), Pucca raod to the village, Electrification of the village and establishing new markets. The Rurbanisation posses various characteristic features which has a lot of scope in development of the rural area. Boda Ramesh"Characteristics of Rurbanization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9468.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/9468/characteristics-of-rurbanization/boda-ramesh
The document discusses housing from several perspectives:
1. It defines the differences between a house and housing, with housing referring to multiple dwelling units within a complex and including shared amenities.
2. It covers the history and evolution of housing from early shelters to permanent structures as societies became more sedentary.
3. It describes different types of housing including plots, multi-unit apartment blocks, and classifications based on ownership, income, family size and other factors.
Exploring the Perception of Community Residents on Promoting Urban Agricultureinventionjournals
Under the influences of rapid global population growth, climate change, and urbanization, the ecological environment is gradually being destroyed. High-density residential environments are causing the residential problems of urban residents to be increasingly serious. Therefore, this study attempted to introduce the concept of urban agriculture into the residential environment of a community such that combining labor resources and activating the land and landscape can bring a sense of accomplishment as well as health benefits to community residents, in order to break through the urban concrete jungle and inject vitality into communities. Taking the Minsheng community of Taipei City as an example, this study conducted in-depth interviews with 12 community residents to explore the influences of setting up urban agriculture with respect to three aspects of community residents at the psychological, social, and environmental levels. It is hoped urban agriculture can be constructed that is suitable for community development and complies with the residential environment, so that urban residents can achieve more friendly social interactions
The document provides an overview of communities, urban and rural communities, and the differences between urban and rural sociology. It defines communities as social units with common norms and identities. Urban communities are characterized by large populations and density, heterogeneity, and formal social relations, while rural communities have smaller populations, homogeneity, and informal social relations. The document outlines the social, economic, and spatial characteristics of urban and rural settlements. It also describes urban sociology as the study of life in cities, and rural sociology as the study of social structures in rural areas.
A model strategy of local community based environmental managementAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses environmental management strategies used by the local community in Besowo village, located on the slopes of the active Mount Kelud volcano in Indonesia.
2) Ecological changes on the slopes, including loss of crops and trees, have endangered the community through increased risks of landslides, floods, and hotter temperatures. A 2008/2009 lava flood from Kelud's eruption damaged the local Damlak reservoir.
3) The community has implemented various environmental management strategies, including replanting woody plants with government support; cooperation between forest communities and forestry offices; empowering an environmental NGO; cultural rituals for sustainability; and mutual aid organizations. Inhibiting factors include unintended
Gezgin, U. B. (2010). Urban biodiversity, economics & ethics. (Paper to be presented at ACERP 2011: Asian Conference on Ethics, Religion and Philosophy 2011. 20-22 March, 2011,Osaka, Japan.) Full text published in ACERP Conference Proceedings, pp.28-42, ISSN: 2185-6141. http://www.iafor.org/ACERP_Proceedings_2011.pdf
This document summarizes a study that identified and prioritized vacant urban land in Kansas City, Missouri for conversion to public greenspace. The study used GIS analysis of land use, population, and income data to identify 10 vacant parcels totaling between 2-19 acres each that were at least 75% vegetated, located to improve connectivity to existing parks, and in areas of high population density and low income. Selecting sites based on need as well as environmental characteristics allows the conversion of vacant land to maximize cultural and ecosystem service benefits for local communities.
Design Thesis - Strengthening Community Through the Post-Industrial LandscapeMatthew Greene
This document discusses post-industrial landscapes and abandoned industrial sites. It explores how these derelict landscapes came to be so prominent across urban areas after World War II due to physical and functional obsolescence. The document examines different views on how to manage post-industrial landscapes, such as brownfield redevelopment and industrial archeology. It argues that these landscapes are significant remnants of industrial heritage that provide lessons from history and incentives for restoration. The goal is to understand how the unique spatial, architectural, and cultural qualities of abandoned industrial sites can be reclaimed into vibrant social spaces.
This document discusses types of settlements including rural and urban settlements. Rural settlements typically have smaller populations engaged in farming, fishing or mining, with dispersed, linear or nucleated patterns. Characteristics include villages surrounded by farms and limited services. Urban settlements have larger populations engaged in non-rural activities with a wide range of specialized services in towns and cities. They differ from rural settlements in population density, transportation networks and economies. Settlement patterns can be dispersed, nucleated or linear along transport routes.
This document provides an overview of natural resources and environmental science topics. It begins with classifications of resources as either exhaustible or inexhaustible, and renewable or non-renewable. Water resources are then discussed in more detail, including the hydrologic cycle, uses of water, and issues like overuse of groundwater, floods, and conflicts over water access. Dams are noted as having benefits like water storage but also problems. Additional sections cover mineral, land, energy, food, and forest resources.
The document summarizes the planning process for the new capital city of Naya Raipur in Chhattisgarh, India. Key factors in selecting the site included good transportation connectivity, availability of government land, favorable environmental and drainage conditions, and proximity to existing economic centers. The planned development of Naya Raipur includes government complexes, cultural centers, residential and commercial areas, universities, parks, and transport infrastructure. Individual construction projects within the city will require separate environmental clearances. The state environmental authority has granted provisional approval for the overall development plan while prescribing conditions to mitigate environmental impacts.
Following the 2008 "Re-imaging Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil symposium, Penn IUR solicited manuscripts on environmental and energy challenges and their effect on the redesign of urban environments.
This document discusses the social and economic benefits that protected areas can provide to urban areas. It outlines how protected areas can help address various urban challenges, such as improving mental and physical health, social cohesion, water supply and quality, pollution management, flood control, and sustainable economic development. Specific examples are provided of protected areas around cities like Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain and Brussels, Belgium that help regulate urban climate and pollution. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for greater awareness of these benefits and cooperation across stakeholders to better integrate protected areas into urban planning.
Passing through an era of unsatiated consumerism, led by industrialization, urbanization, liberalization and globalization, urban living is adversely impacting human health- both physical and mental. Reports of WHO has stated that globally, large proportion of urban population is suffering from variety of problems including mental ill-health, obesity, social isolation, health inequalities, stresses and strains besides environmental degradation. Report calls upon nations /communities to find appropriate /equitable solutions to address health and environment related problems on priority . Green spaces play key role in addressing issues related to human health and environment, reduce illness, obesity and stress with positive outcomes, ensuring health, social and environmental benefits on sustained basis. Accordingly, providing adequate, quantitative and qualitative, open spaces; preserving, enhancing and promoting existing green spaces; making green spaces and parks integral part of planning and development process’, involving communities and users in the siting, planning and designing of green spaces; fostering multidisciplinary approach, based on collaboration with all the stakeholders, adopting a bottom-up approach for siting the open/ green spaces based on equity and in close proximity to the community, with priority going to neighborhoods/communities found deficient in green spaces, remains critical. For ensuring adequate provision of green spaces prevailing legal/developmental framework needs to be appropriately, reviewed, revised and redefined. Green Spaces need to be made integral part of the urban infrastructure and adequately reflected in the local infrastructure plans. Looking at the multiplicity of usages/purposes served and large number of benefits accruing, cities would need to be made more clean, green and eco-friendly by providing quality green spaces at prescribed norms, as part of urban infrastructure/ long term planning, development , management process. This can help and ensure making cities; more livable, sustainable, safe, inclusive, resilient, happy and healthy places to live in and work.
A settlement is defined as a place where people live, ranging from a single house to a large city with over 10 million residents. Settlements can be classified based on their site, type, shape, size, functions, and hierarchy. Rural settlements are typically smaller areas where people engage in farming, fishing, or mining, while urban settlements are larger areas where people work in non-rural industries and services. Characteristics such as population size, social heterogeneity, and economic functions help distinguish rural from urban settlements.
This document summarizes key points about managing urban water resources. It discusses that water is essential for life and critical for social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Three emerging global water crises are identified as lack of sanitary water/wastewater in the global south, degradation of freshwater supplies by pollution, and looming shortfalls between supply and demand. It also outlines challenges like water shortages, conflict over limited resources, and the need for sustainable planning to balance supply and demand under population and economic growth.
Urbanecology and environmental planningSamanth kumar
This document outlines the course contents for a master's program in environmental architecture at Anna University. It covers 5 units: (1) introduction to urban ecosystems, ecology, and environmental science concepts; (2) concepts and approaches to ecological planning; (3) human influence on ecosystems; (4) effects of growing population on ecosystems; and (5) global environmental issues and policies. Key topics include urban ecosystem structure, major ecosystem types, energy and nutrient flows, ecological pyramids, predation, and human impacts such as pollution, resource exploitation, and urbanization effects.
The document provides an overview of the scope and key areas of study in the subject of settlement geography. It discusses 5 major areas of study: 1) definitions of rural and urban settlements, 2) settlement site and structure, 3) spatial organization of settlements, 4) the relationship between settlements and the environment, and 5) salient features of human settlements in India. A key point is that over 1 billion people globally lack adequate shelter and live in unacceptable conditions of poverty, with most living in developing countries and urban areas. Understanding settlement geography can help address issues related to rural and urban planning and development.
A B S T R A C T
Contemporary architecture has its roots from the vernacular. Every cultural group in the world has its own form of vernacular though the approach may vary from place to place and from people to people. Vernacular architecture has many values which are relevant to contemporary architecture today. This paper looks at vernacular architecture in Nigeria as practiced by two ethnic groups who have varying climatic, religious and socio-cultural practices. The approaches to architecture by these two groups, i.e. the Hausas and Igbos, are looked at with the intention of finding positive values in the vernacular which can be applied to the contemporary. One of such values as seen in this paper is the harmony of traditional building materials with nature. Local building materials are able to meet housing needs without having detrimental effect on the environment. More emphasis should therefore be given to local building materials in the building industry today. The paper concludes by stating that for contemporary architecture to adequately meet the needs of man today, vernacular values which apply to the cultural and climatic needs of such places should be selected and imbibed.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 84-95. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3664
www.ijcua.com
Riverside Population in Amazon: Culture, Environment and Construction TechniqueIJERA Editor
This article´s objective is to study the construction techniques of the riverside dwellers in the Amazon rainforest. The studied communities are located in the banks of the Solimões River, and suffer with the constant floods and physical phenomena related to the region environment. An ecosystem of thunderous natural forces, which makes it harder the importation of approaches from other regions as alternatives to the Amazon rainforest. As a method of research and understanding of the problematics, an assessment of the riverside communities in the city of Manacapuru and in two rural communities was carried out, surveying the cultural, social, and environmental characteristics of each community, and surveying the local constructive characteristics, materials and vernacular techniques. In the conclusion, we observed that: the relevance of a joint action to understand the wood and the housing durability, expanding the life cycle of the river buildings and reducing the impact on the rainforest. Regarding thermic comfort, it is important to redeem the bioclimatic techniques of crossed ventilation and to highlight the relevancy of sustainable techniques that work with local materials, such as natural fibers.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
Identifying the Sustainable Practices from the Vernacular Architecture of Tri...drboon
This document summarizes a study on the sustainable practices of tribal settlements in Central India.
The study identifies three main typologies of tribal settlements based on size and structure: 1) Larger villages of 1000-1500 houses located on plains where tribes live on the outskirts, 2) Smaller linear settlements of 150 houses located near larger villages, and 3) Scattered clusters of 3-4 houses in hilly forested areas.
The study also identifies four main typologies of tribal housing based on spatial configuration: 1) Larger farmhouse style with enclosed yards, 2) Elongated houses arranged linearly along streets, 3) Clustered rectangular structures with internal partitions, and 4) Elongated structures under a
Exploring the Perception of Community Residents on Promoting Urban Agricultureinventionjournals
Under the influences of rapid global population growth, climate change, and urbanization, the ecological environment is gradually being destroyed. High-density residential environments are causing the residential problems of urban residents to be increasingly serious. Therefore, this study attempted to introduce the concept of urban agriculture into the residential environment of a community such that combining labor resources and activating the land and landscape can bring a sense of accomplishment as well as health benefits to community residents, in order to break through the urban concrete jungle and inject vitality into communities. Taking the Minsheng community of Taipei City as an example, this study conducted in-depth interviews with 12 community residents to explore the influences of setting up urban agriculture with respect to three aspects of community residents at the psychological, social, and environmental levels. It is hoped urban agriculture can be constructed that is suitable for community development and complies with the residential environment, so that urban residents can achieve more friendly social interactions
The document provides an overview of communities, urban and rural communities, and the differences between urban and rural sociology. It defines communities as social units with common norms and identities. Urban communities are characterized by large populations and density, heterogeneity, and formal social relations, while rural communities have smaller populations, homogeneity, and informal social relations. The document outlines the social, economic, and spatial characteristics of urban and rural settlements. It also describes urban sociology as the study of life in cities, and rural sociology as the study of social structures in rural areas.
A model strategy of local community based environmental managementAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses environmental management strategies used by the local community in Besowo village, located on the slopes of the active Mount Kelud volcano in Indonesia.
2) Ecological changes on the slopes, including loss of crops and trees, have endangered the community through increased risks of landslides, floods, and hotter temperatures. A 2008/2009 lava flood from Kelud's eruption damaged the local Damlak reservoir.
3) The community has implemented various environmental management strategies, including replanting woody plants with government support; cooperation between forest communities and forestry offices; empowering an environmental NGO; cultural rituals for sustainability; and mutual aid organizations. Inhibiting factors include unintended
Gezgin, U. B. (2010). Urban biodiversity, economics & ethics. (Paper to be presented at ACERP 2011: Asian Conference on Ethics, Religion and Philosophy 2011. 20-22 March, 2011,Osaka, Japan.) Full text published in ACERP Conference Proceedings, pp.28-42, ISSN: 2185-6141. http://www.iafor.org/ACERP_Proceedings_2011.pdf
This document summarizes a study that identified and prioritized vacant urban land in Kansas City, Missouri for conversion to public greenspace. The study used GIS analysis of land use, population, and income data to identify 10 vacant parcels totaling between 2-19 acres each that were at least 75% vegetated, located to improve connectivity to existing parks, and in areas of high population density and low income. Selecting sites based on need as well as environmental characteristics allows the conversion of vacant land to maximize cultural and ecosystem service benefits for local communities.
Design Thesis - Strengthening Community Through the Post-Industrial LandscapeMatthew Greene
This document discusses post-industrial landscapes and abandoned industrial sites. It explores how these derelict landscapes came to be so prominent across urban areas after World War II due to physical and functional obsolescence. The document examines different views on how to manage post-industrial landscapes, such as brownfield redevelopment and industrial archeology. It argues that these landscapes are significant remnants of industrial heritage that provide lessons from history and incentives for restoration. The goal is to understand how the unique spatial, architectural, and cultural qualities of abandoned industrial sites can be reclaimed into vibrant social spaces.
This document discusses types of settlements including rural and urban settlements. Rural settlements typically have smaller populations engaged in farming, fishing or mining, with dispersed, linear or nucleated patterns. Characteristics include villages surrounded by farms and limited services. Urban settlements have larger populations engaged in non-rural activities with a wide range of specialized services in towns and cities. They differ from rural settlements in population density, transportation networks and economies. Settlement patterns can be dispersed, nucleated or linear along transport routes.
This document provides an overview of natural resources and environmental science topics. It begins with classifications of resources as either exhaustible or inexhaustible, and renewable or non-renewable. Water resources are then discussed in more detail, including the hydrologic cycle, uses of water, and issues like overuse of groundwater, floods, and conflicts over water access. Dams are noted as having benefits like water storage but also problems. Additional sections cover mineral, land, energy, food, and forest resources.
The document summarizes the planning process for the new capital city of Naya Raipur in Chhattisgarh, India. Key factors in selecting the site included good transportation connectivity, availability of government land, favorable environmental and drainage conditions, and proximity to existing economic centers. The planned development of Naya Raipur includes government complexes, cultural centers, residential and commercial areas, universities, parks, and transport infrastructure. Individual construction projects within the city will require separate environmental clearances. The state environmental authority has granted provisional approval for the overall development plan while prescribing conditions to mitigate environmental impacts.
Following the 2008 "Re-imaging Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil symposium, Penn IUR solicited manuscripts on environmental and energy challenges and their effect on the redesign of urban environments.
This document discusses the social and economic benefits that protected areas can provide to urban areas. It outlines how protected areas can help address various urban challenges, such as improving mental and physical health, social cohesion, water supply and quality, pollution management, flood control, and sustainable economic development. Specific examples are provided of protected areas around cities like Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain and Brussels, Belgium that help regulate urban climate and pollution. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for greater awareness of these benefits and cooperation across stakeholders to better integrate protected areas into urban planning.
Passing through an era of unsatiated consumerism, led by industrialization, urbanization, liberalization and globalization, urban living is adversely impacting human health- both physical and mental. Reports of WHO has stated that globally, large proportion of urban population is suffering from variety of problems including mental ill-health, obesity, social isolation, health inequalities, stresses and strains besides environmental degradation. Report calls upon nations /communities to find appropriate /equitable solutions to address health and environment related problems on priority . Green spaces play key role in addressing issues related to human health and environment, reduce illness, obesity and stress with positive outcomes, ensuring health, social and environmental benefits on sustained basis. Accordingly, providing adequate, quantitative and qualitative, open spaces; preserving, enhancing and promoting existing green spaces; making green spaces and parks integral part of planning and development process’, involving communities and users in the siting, planning and designing of green spaces; fostering multidisciplinary approach, based on collaboration with all the stakeholders, adopting a bottom-up approach for siting the open/ green spaces based on equity and in close proximity to the community, with priority going to neighborhoods/communities found deficient in green spaces, remains critical. For ensuring adequate provision of green spaces prevailing legal/developmental framework needs to be appropriately, reviewed, revised and redefined. Green Spaces need to be made integral part of the urban infrastructure and adequately reflected in the local infrastructure plans. Looking at the multiplicity of usages/purposes served and large number of benefits accruing, cities would need to be made more clean, green and eco-friendly by providing quality green spaces at prescribed norms, as part of urban infrastructure/ long term planning, development , management process. This can help and ensure making cities; more livable, sustainable, safe, inclusive, resilient, happy and healthy places to live in and work.
A settlement is defined as a place where people live, ranging from a single house to a large city with over 10 million residents. Settlements can be classified based on their site, type, shape, size, functions, and hierarchy. Rural settlements are typically smaller areas where people engage in farming, fishing, or mining, while urban settlements are larger areas where people work in non-rural industries and services. Characteristics such as population size, social heterogeneity, and economic functions help distinguish rural from urban settlements.
This document summarizes key points about managing urban water resources. It discusses that water is essential for life and critical for social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Three emerging global water crises are identified as lack of sanitary water/wastewater in the global south, degradation of freshwater supplies by pollution, and looming shortfalls between supply and demand. It also outlines challenges like water shortages, conflict over limited resources, and the need for sustainable planning to balance supply and demand under population and economic growth.
Urbanecology and environmental planningSamanth kumar
This document outlines the course contents for a master's program in environmental architecture at Anna University. It covers 5 units: (1) introduction to urban ecosystems, ecology, and environmental science concepts; (2) concepts and approaches to ecological planning; (3) human influence on ecosystems; (4) effects of growing population on ecosystems; and (5) global environmental issues and policies. Key topics include urban ecosystem structure, major ecosystem types, energy and nutrient flows, ecological pyramids, predation, and human impacts such as pollution, resource exploitation, and urbanization effects.
The document provides an overview of the scope and key areas of study in the subject of settlement geography. It discusses 5 major areas of study: 1) definitions of rural and urban settlements, 2) settlement site and structure, 3) spatial organization of settlements, 4) the relationship between settlements and the environment, and 5) salient features of human settlements in India. A key point is that over 1 billion people globally lack adequate shelter and live in unacceptable conditions of poverty, with most living in developing countries and urban areas. Understanding settlement geography can help address issues related to rural and urban planning and development.
A B S T R A C T
Contemporary architecture has its roots from the vernacular. Every cultural group in the world has its own form of vernacular though the approach may vary from place to place and from people to people. Vernacular architecture has many values which are relevant to contemporary architecture today. This paper looks at vernacular architecture in Nigeria as practiced by two ethnic groups who have varying climatic, religious and socio-cultural practices. The approaches to architecture by these two groups, i.e. the Hausas and Igbos, are looked at with the intention of finding positive values in the vernacular which can be applied to the contemporary. One of such values as seen in this paper is the harmony of traditional building materials with nature. Local building materials are able to meet housing needs without having detrimental effect on the environment. More emphasis should therefore be given to local building materials in the building industry today. The paper concludes by stating that for contemporary architecture to adequately meet the needs of man today, vernacular values which apply to the cultural and climatic needs of such places should be selected and imbibed.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 84-95. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3664
www.ijcua.com
Riverside Population in Amazon: Culture, Environment and Construction TechniqueIJERA Editor
This article´s objective is to study the construction techniques of the riverside dwellers in the Amazon rainforest. The studied communities are located in the banks of the Solimões River, and suffer with the constant floods and physical phenomena related to the region environment. An ecosystem of thunderous natural forces, which makes it harder the importation of approaches from other regions as alternatives to the Amazon rainforest. As a method of research and understanding of the problematics, an assessment of the riverside communities in the city of Manacapuru and in two rural communities was carried out, surveying the cultural, social, and environmental characteristics of each community, and surveying the local constructive characteristics, materials and vernacular techniques. In the conclusion, we observed that: the relevance of a joint action to understand the wood and the housing durability, expanding the life cycle of the river buildings and reducing the impact on the rainforest. Regarding thermic comfort, it is important to redeem the bioclimatic techniques of crossed ventilation and to highlight the relevancy of sustainable techniques that work with local materials, such as natural fibers.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
Identifying the Sustainable Practices from the Vernacular Architecture of Tri...drboon
This document summarizes a study on the sustainable practices of tribal settlements in Central India.
The study identifies three main typologies of tribal settlements based on size and structure: 1) Larger villages of 1000-1500 houses located on plains where tribes live on the outskirts, 2) Smaller linear settlements of 150 houses located near larger villages, and 3) Scattered clusters of 3-4 houses in hilly forested areas.
The study also identifies four main typologies of tribal housing based on spatial configuration: 1) Larger farmhouse style with enclosed yards, 2) Elongated houses arranged linearly along streets, 3) Clustered rectangular structures with internal partitions, and 4) Elongated structures under a
Environmental Transformations in the Egyptian Village التحولات البيئية فى الق...Galala University
This paper will focus on the process of transformation and change taking place in Egyptian villages and its impact on the health and life of its inhabitants and the surrounding environment.
تركز هذه الورقة على عملية التحول والتغيير التي تجري في القرى المصرية وأثره على صحة وحياة سكانها والبيئة المحيطة.
This document summarizes research on the preservation of interconnected cultural heritage through vernacular architectural examples. It analyzes the Siberian Chum and Native American Tipi dwellings, noting their similar circular shapes centered around a fire and use of poles/skins for construction. DNA and linguistic evidence suggests a connection between indigenous Siberian and Native American cultures. It also examines the 2nd century BC Arkaim settlement in Russia, noting its fire-centered layout reflects the fire-worshipping Indo-Aryan inhabitants. Vernacular architecture acts as living evidence that conveys intangible cultural traditions and spiritual beliefs through tangible building forms.
Settlement geography examines the origins, types, and classification of human settlements. There are two main types of settlements - rural and urban. Rural settlements are generally smaller in size with low population densities and rely on primary occupations like agriculture. Urban settlements are larger with higher population densities and rely more on secondary and tertiary industries. Settlements can be classified based on their pattern, size, housing density, and functions. Geographers study the patterns and relationships between different types of settlements and how they reveal aspects of human culture.
This document provides an overview of tribal economies in Assam, Northeast India. It discusses 5 models that have been used to represent tribal economies in the region:
1. The region is described as remote, practicing mono-cropping of rice, and experiencing population diaspora.
2. Tribal communities rely on common property resources and collective labor pools. Land and resources are owned communally rather than privately.
3. Shifting cultivation (jhumming) has historically been the dominant form of agriculture, though some sedentary farming also exists.
4. Systems of reciprocity and redistribution fulfilled community needs. Occasional long-distance trade also occurred through trans-Himalayan networks
Mapping a cultural_landscape_case_-palak (2)DARWINL3
This document provides background information on mapping the cultural landscape of the Palakkad Gap region in Kerala, India. It begins by discussing how human settlements are shaped by natural resources and evolve alongside natural systems. The Palakkad Gap region has a unique topography and climate that supported diverse ecosystems and decentralized lifestyles. Traditional communities developed complex knowledge systems and livelihoods based on interdependence with natural systems. However, destruction of these ecological foundations is now a major crisis for the region. The document then outlines the methodology for mapping the cultural landscape, which involves analyzing natural resources, cultural aspects, and socio-economic and settlement patterns. It provides historical context on the geological formation of the Palakkad Gap and early human settlements in the
A notes on explaining different types of settlements in and around the city and there transformation threw out the generation of effective urbanization of city. there disadvantages and advantages. Along with substantial explanation of an example(case study)
Kuby Chapter 2: Layers of Tradition: Culture Regions at Different Scalesjstubblefield
This document discusses culture regions at different scales, from international to local levels. It defines culture regions as areas of near uniformity in cultural traits and landscapes. Culture regions have a core area where traits are most concentrated, a domain where traits are still dominant but less intense, and a sphere of outer influence. The document uses examples from the Middle East and American Southwest to illustrate culture regions and cultural landscapes. It includes activities for students to analyze the culture traits and regional imagery of these and their own subregions.
A Lesson from Vernacular Architecture in Nigeria
Ph.D. CandidateJoyce Lodson1,* Ph.D. CandidateJOHN EMMANUEL OGBEBA2, Dr. UGOCHUKWU KENECHI ELINWA3
1 Department of Architecture, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi state, Nigeria
2Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Mersin 10, Turkey
3Department of Architecture, Cyprus International University, Famagusta, Mersin 10, Turkey
E mail:joycelodson@yahoo.com E mail: john.ogbeba@emu.edu.tr , E mail:uelinwa@ciu.edu.tr
A B S T R A C T
Contemporary architecture has its roots from the vernacular. Every cultural group in the world has its own form of vernacular though the approach may vary from place to place and from people to people. Vernacular architecture has many values which are relevant to contemporary architecture today. This paper looks at vernacular architecture in Nigeria as practiced by two ethnic groups who have varying climatic, religious and socio-cultural practices. The approaches to architecture by these two groups, i.e. the Hausas and Igbos, are looked at with the intention of finding positive values in the vernacular which can be applied to the contemporary. One of such values as seen in this paper is the harmony of traditional building materials with nature. Local building materials are able to meet housing needs without having detrimental effect on the environment. More emphasis should therefore be given to local building materials in the building industry today. The paper concludes by stating that for contemporary architecture to adequately meet the needs of man today, vernacular values which apply to the cultural and climatic needs of such places should be selected and imbibed.
Living on water and land: Challenges and opportunities for the development of...IEREK Press
Loreto, the largest Amazonian region in Peru, is home to more than 200,000 inhabitants that live in traditional
riverside rural communities adapted to an amphibious lifestyle, with houses that rise or float on the river in times of
flooding and perch on the dried riverbed in low water times. Nevertheless, these amphibious communities are not
exclusive to rural areas. Iquitos, the largest city of Loreto, is surrounded by alluvial plains, where more than 90,000
people live on the water and bring a rich social, cultural, and environmental vibrancy to the regions. However, poor
infrastructure conditions and limited resources in this communities affect the ecosystem and the population's health.
The objective of this qualitative study was to understand the physical, sociocultural, and environmental conditions
in which these amphibious communities live and identify the political, legal, and cultural barriers that prevent their
healthy urban development. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, surveys, and
observation of physical and environmental conditions. The results suggest conflicts in the formalization processes
of theses informal communities, from administrative and legal aspects to a limited definition of habitable territory.
We identified the benefits of the current urban-architectural conditions of these communities, whose housing
typologies, adapted to the seasonal change of the rivers, may provide a alternative model to adapt with resilience to
the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. We also identified challenges in sanitation, accessibility, public
space, and strengthe of community networks, as well as challenges in the response of the government whose
proposals for relocation of the amphibious communities have not fully considered these communities' economic,
social, and cultural values.
The document summarizes Waorani indigenous settlements in Bameno, Ecuador. It describes how the Bameno community was founded in 1982 and consists of 14 families totaling around 80 people who engage in subsistence activities. It also discusses traditional Waorani housing structures made of palm leaves that blend into the forest landscape, and how their settlements and farms help demarcate their territory. The Waorani lifestyle and livelihoods remain closely tied to the health of the surrounding rainforest environment.
Analysis of Sustainablity patterns of stair stepped villages in northwest Ira...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Various factors impact on residential complexes as well as villages. These are called economic, sociocultural and environmental factors. Sustainable residential complexes have balanced among these factors. This paper is studying the stair stepped village named Totakhaneh located in east Azerbaijan, Iran. The paper is to answer the question - are mentioned factors balanced in formation process of village texture? Is Totakhaneh a sustainable residential complex? The investigation method is descriptive-analytic; data and information collected through fieldwork and library study. Finally, it was concluded that although nature has meaningfully affected on the formation of the village; however sociocultural and livelihood issues have been influential on major and minor decision-making processes and the village has been assumed a sustainable residential complex before accession to the modern life.
‘Impenetrable’ Urban Maze of East African Coastal Town: Its Implications on C...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the implications of climate change on an East African coastal town. It discusses how the town's organic urban morphology and distinct architecture, which evolved in response to culture, traditions and the local climate, have helped maintain thermally comfortable indoor and outdoor conditions. The summary analyzes the town's urban form, architecture, and microclimate strategies that promote natural ventilation and passive cooling, like narrow streets, protruding balconies, and courtyards. Environmental monitoring of selected buildings found their indoor temperatures and humidity were influenced by these urban design and passive climate strategies.
Villages have been and will remain relevant for the development of India, as a nation and accordingly calls for putting in place an effective framework for leveraging and ensuring planned growth and development of all the villages. Master plans prepared/ being prepared must space village development in the planning and development process and make village planning integral part of the urban planning process. Accordingly, all master plans should invariably include a dedicated chapter dealing with various categories of villages; documenting its strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats besides defining the agenda for its growth and development. In fact, states should focus on defining regions existing in the state; undertake regional planning of said regions on priority and then take up development of urban centers and rural areas within the framework defined for the urban and rural sentiments in the Regional Plans. Constitution of India has also mandated preparation of District Development Plans and Metropolitan Development Plans for integrating the development and provision of infrastructures in both urban and rural areas
Similar to Transformation of Berber Traditional Planning and Living Spaces (20)
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines heritage interpretation practices in Colombo, Sri Lanka and argues for a more inclusive approach. It discusses how current practices in Colombo prioritize potential market values by converting colonial buildings into luxury spaces, displacing communities and failing to engage diverse groups. This has degraded the city's liveability. The document calls for heritage interpretation that facilitates constructive dialogue about the past to change attitudes, strengthen social cohesion, and foster sustainable protection and development of the urban heritage.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
This document provides a book review that summarizes the key ideas from the book "Smart City Citizenship". The review discusses 9 intertwined ideas presented in the book: 1) deconstructing extractivist data models, 2) unplugging from constant online connectivity, 3) deciphering alternative approaches to smart cities, 4) democratizing stakeholder representation, 5) moving beyond mechanistic replication of projects, 6) devolving data back to citizens, 7) commoning data and decision making, 8) protecting digital rights through data institutions, and 9) resetting approaches with citizens in control. The review analyzes case studies of different city-regions and their approaches to data governance.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 28-34 / 2019
Asmaa SAADA, Djamel DEKOUM 29
satisfactory comfort, security, while at the same
time responding to society's common respect
and preservation of its natural environment. The
house is the center of the society; a built-up
space in which all the functions of this very
society intermingle and present themselves,
and in order to establish a better
understanding of the habitat, it is imperative to
apprehend all its aspects. This research focuses
on the traditional habitat grouped and
perched in some agglomerations of the Aures
massif; it is a vast mountainous region of around
11,000 sq. km, situated in the northeastern part
of Algeria between the high plains and the
Saharan borders. Whose approach is to
establish a typology of this type of traditional
habitat, highlighting main factors and several
logics that have brought about the
architectural and morphological
transformations. The degradation and
dilapidation of houses are mainly due to social
and economic changes. This study aims to
examine vernacular housing forms in the Aures
valley to identify the common characteristics,
which may better explain the factors of
transformation in the domestic spaces in this
very region. In addition, self-builders have been
utilizing “Alien” house-design components in
their projects. This new housing does not fulfill
residents' social and cultural requirements, such
as their need for privacy. New house designs
were needed, based on the main traditional
requirements of daily life, as adapted to
modern.
2. Physical aspect of the Aures massif
The Aures massif is subdivided into Aures
Chergui (eastern) and Aures Gharbi (western),
and is characterized by the two deep and
parallel valleys of Wadi EI-Abiod and Wadi
Abdi. It has a continental climate, which shows
wide variation, with a very cold winter and hot
summer (Figure. 1).
Figure 1. Map showing Berber area hatched. LEBBAL
drawings.1989 (Developed by Authors).
The physical aspect of the region is uneven,
with rocky surfaces and very steep slopes. In
addition to that, the aridity of climate and
scarcity of water do not even allow the
practice of cereal culture. Therefore, for
economic reasons the inhabitants of the Aures
valleys built their villages on the top of the hills
and cliffs, Villages are thus composed of a
series of separate living areas corresponding to
the separate clan groupings, each with its own
territory (Figure. 2). Whatever the
environmental constraints, the choice of a site
for a house is based on social criteria and on
fundamental economic and cultural factors.
The house is a social and economic unit, within
which the disposition of the numerous spaces is
intimately related to the structure of the family
and the way it lives.
Figure 2. Localization of the Study area in the Aures valley.
(N. Meghraoui Chouguiat. 2011).
3. Factors of Transformation Berber Housing
Forms.
3. 1. Environmental Factors
In some other cases; environmental conditions
may be more influential than sociocultural
factor which is the instance of Berber housing.
3. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 28-34 / 2019
Asmaa SAADA, Djamel DEKOUM 30
Important factor dictating the location of
Shawia settlements has been the lack of water
and fertile land. This forced local population to
build their villages on top of hills and cliffs in
order to save lands for agriculture, as well as to
protect themselves from the flooding of rivers.
Formerly, this strategic position taken by the
“Shawia” had a social and political reason
during inter-tribal wars. In the Aures region the
houses are generally grouped in hamlets and
villages which high up on the mountains,
established there for defensive purposes such
as the community of Menaa (Figure. 3).
Figure 3. Menaa, Defensive Site. (Authors, 2017).
One of the most marked characteristics of
these settlements is the singular unity of their
architectural form. Taking advantage of the
Cliffside by using the rock as a back wall, the
houses, punctuated by a few small windows,
are tailored to individual needs. Their
juxtaposition produces a remarkable effect,
creating villages of real character with a
harmony due to the restricted range of
materials and colors (Figure 4), and a unity due
to related forms.
Figure 4. Warka, a typical Berber village. (Authors, 2017).
3.2. The Social Structure
There were two different types of tribal
organization in pre-colonial Maghrib. In the first
case several villages inhabited by sedentary
farmers formed a tribe, or ‘arsh in Berber. Every
tribe descended from a common mythical
ancestor. It possessed a waste common
territory also called ‘arsh. The tribe was ruled by
a military chief (’amin ul-’umana’) elected
every year by the council of elders, called
jema‘a, which was composed of
representatives of the villages. It represented
the highest judicial power of the tribe. During
wars and political troubles many tribes formed
military and political coalitions so-called taqbilt.
This kind of tribal organization was observed in
Berber villages of the Kabylian and Rif types
(Bourdieu 1963, p 11–12; Hart 1972, p 25). Semi-
nomadic groups and recent sedentary farmers
formed tribes with the same attributes such as
common land (‘arsh), military chief and
sometimes council of elders (tajma‘at). But its
basic social unit was the faction (harfiqt in
Berber and ferqa in dialectal Arabic)
composed of subfractions, which in turn
included several lineages, and not a village.
This kind of tribes was known among the
Berbers of the Aures tribal institutions and
practices played a supplementary role in the
village life. They protected the village society
from destructive outside invasions. In the pre-
colonial period, tribe had no permanent
administration. Tribal jema‘a and tajma‘at did
not intervene into inner affairs of village
communities (Daumas 1853,p 204). The sense of
tribal solidarity of villagers was mobilized very
rarely in cases of wars, rebellions and other
important disasters. The Berber village was part
of wider social and political communities.
The family was the basic social and cultural unit
of the village and had many functions, not all
of which were explicit. One of its roles is that it
guaranteed the continuity of local “tradition”
or cultural heritage of the village society;
Berbers live and work more in the street than in
their houses. Nowhere there is privacy in its
modern. In most Berber settlements houses are
built very closely. (Vladimir O. Bobrovnikov.
2000). In the everyday life the role of family and
lineage preponderated that of the tribe. The
tribal solidarity reinforced the common village
solidarity. Extra lineage ties form new numerous
relationships between households and
individuals. It should be noted, that the
peasant conception of the tribe was
constructed on the notion of family as that of
clan and village. That’s why the names of
Berber tribes include the notion “children,
descendants” (ayt and uld in Berber and beni
in dialectal Arabic) (Tillion 1938, p42–54). This
kind of social and political organization of the
Berbers caused a political segmentation of
local society. But, on the other hand, it
provided it with a strong inner autonomy based
on local social and political institutions.
3.3. Structure of Berber family
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Asmaa SAADA, Djamel DEKOUM 31
Each nuclear family (parents and unmarried
children) occupies one house. The interior of
the house is carefully arranged so that each
member of the family can preserve a minimum
autonomy and proper privacy. The Berber
family is a patriarchal one; its cohesion is
protected and maintained by a system of
matrimonial alliances and also by different
judicial measures, for example the right of pre-
emption, the disinheritance of women, etc.,
designed to conserve for the males the
ownership of an undivided patrimony. It is
therefore uncommon to find married daughters
still part of the extended family. Yet the male
descendants are expected to remain part of
the family even after marriage, subject to the
same paternal authority as before. The new
wife for her part is considered as a means of
increasing the size of the family and of
tightening its ties. The head of the family lives
with his wife, his sons and daughters-in-law, his
unmarried or divorced daughters, his mother,
and, generally, his brothers, in order to avoid
either division of property or the building of new
houses (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Evolution of a traditional house according to the
Structure of Berber family (Authors developed from analysis
and Marc Cote studies).
4. House Types
The traditional house "thaddart", like any
vernacular architecture, is the result of human
adaptation to climatic and social conditions
and availability of construction materials and
knowledge of their techniques. Indeed, it is a
house of long ago in which everything was
present: the best techniques, the most efficient
dimensions, most effective, friendly, fertile and
economical arrangements, where wisdom
reigned and expressed itself through poetry.
The traditional Berber house was a product of
collective efforts: the house was folklore (Figure
6).
Figure 6. Traditional Berber house, sample of a typical
Shawia dwelling (developed by Authors from analysis and
Daniele Jemma (1989) studies)
Figure 7. Details of a Berber house types. Samia AJALI
(1986).
5. Building Process
In the Aures valleys, as in any traditional
society, the construction of a house is a great
event. It is not just the result of individual
initiative; both main social groups are involved
in the task, the domestic group related by
blood that forms the family, in which men,
women and children participate, expressing
the family unity in economic and social terms,
and the village group that is the community.
Everyone is called in, becoming thus involved
in a mutual co-operative effort known as
‘tuiza’.
Usually the Shawia start building their houses
between April and October, in order to avoid
the heavy rain and snow of the winter. The task
involves two distinct phases: the preparation,
when the site is selected and the materials
gathered and brought to the site, the second is
the operation of dwelling construction. The
5. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 28-34 / 2019
Asmaa SAADA, Djamel DEKOUM 32
process of construction involves firstly an act of
appropriation of the space, and secondly an
act of transformation of the space. Generally
the site is chosen as near as possible to the
houses of parents or relatives, to tighten the
clan. Traditionally the laying out is followed by
a ritual ceremony, and the same procedure is
repeated at every step of the construction
(Figure 8). Religious ceremonial has almost
always preceded and accompanied its (the
house's) foundation, erection, and occupation
(LEBBAL, 1989).
Figure 8. Details of a Berber house. Drawing
from LEBBAL (1989), “Traditional Berber
Architecture”.
1 El-sas:foundation
2 Footings
3 Hidh: bearing walls
4 Aaqod: lacing timber
5 Hbabth:openings
6 Thaqth: windows
7 Laatbath: lintel
8 Laatbath: threshold
9 Iqundasen: main beams
10 Roof structure
11 Hsasat:support
12 Hagidith
13 Hazruthon-Hagidith:padstone
14 Hikhsasban: joists
15 Hijridhin: plam stems
6.Domestic Space’s Strategies of Transformation
According to the investigations in the
agglomeration of Abdi Valley particularly in the
villages of Menaa: Tigherghar, Warka and
Oughanim; we have find that the most of
population immigrate out the region ,this is due
essentially to the economic factor. Houses are
more complex phenomena than accounts
based on mode of construction or architectural
style. The traditional architecture of the Aures
people is a personal adaptation of a group
solution. The houses erected by a particular
society are of a style which has been
communally worked out over several
generations (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Example of external transformation by the use of
new materials which are not local at Warka (Authors. 2015)
They constitute a synthesis of the numerous
factors controlling their social and physical
organization; they respond to the socio-cultural
and economic imperatives that are the
characteristics of the social group. The
vernacular style shows a direct participation of
the inhabitants in the creation of their homes,
which reflect the expression of their personal
and social needs (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Example of traditional Berber house from
Aoughanim. (Authors, 2016).
The appearance of the Aures settlements has
however, considerably changed (Figure 11),
with several western-style houses being built
and several traditional ones falling into ruin.
Nowadays the potential of indigenous planning
and building methods are being neglected.
Thus, traditional architectural forms are being
progressively destroyed, due to contact with
the “modern world” BENABBAS (2006).
Figure 11. Transformations in the urban landscape of
Menaa. BENABBAS (2006).
6. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 28-34 / 2019
Asmaa SAADA, Djamel DEKOUM 33
The interpretation of the information collected
on the urban compositions of the study area,
macro-structure and microstructures, as well as
the socio-economic dynamics of Aures Valleys
give image to the region. It made it possible to
particularities of the study area and to
recognize its specificities. Recognition of
structures and dynamics of the Aures massif
and their relations with the Plans. The
interpretation can be done in terms of:
•Plans and interior domestic spaces;
•Building technology;
• Materials and techniques used in
construction;
•Types and dimensions of openings;
•General landscape and urban background of
traditional Berber villages.
Figure 12. Example of external transformation by the use of
new materials which are not local to Menaa. (Authors:
Menaa between 1943 & 2016).
7. Process of transformation of the Berber
traditional living spaces
7.1Strategies of transformation
Figure 13. Two Transformation strategies and evolution of
domestic spaces in Aoughanim village. Authors, 2016 (Left);
2017(Right).
7.2 . Examples of Structure of New Building in
the Study Case:
Figure 14. New House Types with New Spaces and New
Materials of Construction. Saada Choukri, architect in the
region of Tigharghar, Menaa. 2017
8. Conclusion
The traditional architecture of the Aures people
is a personal adaptation of a group solution.
The houses erected by a particular society are
of a style which has been communally worked
out over several generations. They constitute a
synthesis of the numerous factors controlling
their social and physical organization; they
respond to the socio-cultural and economic
imperatives that are the characteristics of the
social group. The vernacular style shows a
direct participation of the inhabitants in the
creation of their homes, which reflect the
expression of their personal and social needs.
Traditional habitat is the simplest form of living,
a profound lesson, elaborated with local
materials and techniques, expressing the
values and cultures of each society.
The appearance of the Aures settlements has
however, considerably changed, with several
western-style houses being built and several
traditional ones falling into ruin. Nowadays the
potential of indigenous planning and building
methods are being neglected. Traditional
architectural forms are being progressively
destroyed due to contact with the 'modern
world'. They are being replaced by western
methods, often irrelevant to local conditions
and needs. The indigenous architecture of the
Aures constitutes a unique heritage. Definite
steps should be taken to preserve it, at least in
part.
Through all the Aures, the deep changes which
the Aurassien society is undergoing since
independence, are expressed by a
spectacular transformation of the area (macro-
structure), right through, in this vast
mountainous mass, one sees a deeply faded
vernacular architecture, sometimes with the
state of ruin, and an emergence of new forms
in the space.
These microstructures, often called “Dechras”,
are particularly revealing of this cultural duality
and the absence of references. The accession
to ‘modernity’ passes here by the assimilation
of an unsuited “conveniences”, even
sometimes not in use. In fact, it is the
reproduction or the naive transplantation of a
model imported without a doctrine of
integration. Despite the modernism apparent
of Algerian urban population; most of Algerian
society still traditional in social practices. This
explains the need for new housing designs
which are adapted to contemporary needs,
but which still express the principal traditional
requirements of daily life. Self-built housing,
primarily the architectural expression of middle-
7. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 28-34 / 2019
Asmaa SAADA, Djamel DEKOUM 34
income groups, has failed nowadays to
address these two needs adequately. Such
housing in the Berber massif is neither unique
nor appropriate to Algeria. More forms of
housing are likely to be developed in the near
future, as Algerian look for a new typology that
will better balance their requirements.
References
Adjali,S. (1986). Habitat tradtionnel dans les Aures
[Traditional home in the Aures]. CNRS Editions.
As cited in Annuaire de l'Afrique du
Nord[ Directory of North Africa] (2002). Center
for Research and Studies on Mediterranean
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