Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is the public welfare,which includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment,as well as effects on social and economic activities.
Urban planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes social science, architecture, human geography, politics, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development, physical planning, urban management or some combination in various areas worldwide.
AUTONOMA - Orestes Kolokouris & Sofia Nikolaidou - Transition Movements in Gr...Autonoma Conference
Transition movements in cities are broadly emerging worldwide as new forms of alternative citizen-driven practices and socio-political participation addressing the raising awareness of environmental, economic, social, planning and food issues. Resistance initiatives for food and space justice discuss the growing concerns about the achievement of long-term security and resilience of food system especially in crisis contexts, about who has access and power to land or who is marginalized or excluded and how can community-based initiatives build self-reliant systems founded on ecological principles.
In Greece, the collapse of the consumption and construction-led growth after the period of economic euphoria and rapid GDP growth in the early 2000's and the consequent financial crisis that unfolded in mid-2008, have radically changed Greek society, politics and the economy. While the current depression and the dramatic humanitarian crisis have shifted politicians’ attention away from the climate and ecology, “transition and recovery movements” work hard to keep the environment on the agenda. In a time when traditional green movements and civil society actors are receding due to depression and uncertainty, alternative social movements related to urban agriculture or guerilla gardening initiatives, access to open/public space, solidarity economy, de-growth or real democracy, progress due to the crisis. In particular, initiatives that deal with issues such as urban poverty, food delocalization and environmental constraints favor the emergence of localised consumer-producer networks and spontaneous civic or pubic initiatives aiming at reintegrating agriculture into the city. In this article we focus on the development of new forms of social movements and solidarity initiatives that we consider to be part of the green ideals and could help the Greek society to get out of depression. We describe those social movements as “transition and recovery movements” for they address social and spatial injustices through new forms of space appropriation and decision-making which can redefine livelihoods in today’s Greek cities, create political space for civil society and build an enabling environment for new forms of democratic practice.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is the public welfare,which includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment,as well as effects on social and economic activities.
Urban planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes social science, architecture, human geography, politics, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development, physical planning, urban management or some combination in various areas worldwide.
AUTONOMA - Orestes Kolokouris & Sofia Nikolaidou - Transition Movements in Gr...Autonoma Conference
Transition movements in cities are broadly emerging worldwide as new forms of alternative citizen-driven practices and socio-political participation addressing the raising awareness of environmental, economic, social, planning and food issues. Resistance initiatives for food and space justice discuss the growing concerns about the achievement of long-term security and resilience of food system especially in crisis contexts, about who has access and power to land or who is marginalized or excluded and how can community-based initiatives build self-reliant systems founded on ecological principles.
In Greece, the collapse of the consumption and construction-led growth after the period of economic euphoria and rapid GDP growth in the early 2000's and the consequent financial crisis that unfolded in mid-2008, have radically changed Greek society, politics and the economy. While the current depression and the dramatic humanitarian crisis have shifted politicians’ attention away from the climate and ecology, “transition and recovery movements” work hard to keep the environment on the agenda. In a time when traditional green movements and civil society actors are receding due to depression and uncertainty, alternative social movements related to urban agriculture or guerilla gardening initiatives, access to open/public space, solidarity economy, de-growth or real democracy, progress due to the crisis. In particular, initiatives that deal with issues such as urban poverty, food delocalization and environmental constraints favor the emergence of localised consumer-producer networks and spontaneous civic or pubic initiatives aiming at reintegrating agriculture into the city. In this article we focus on the development of new forms of social movements and solidarity initiatives that we consider to be part of the green ideals and could help the Greek society to get out of depression. We describe those social movements as “transition and recovery movements” for they address social and spatial injustices through new forms of space appropriation and decision-making which can redefine livelihoods in today’s Greek cities, create political space for civil society and build an enabling environment for new forms of democratic practice.
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
A B S T R A C T
This article aims at following the traces of the transformation of public sphere in Turkey through its manifestations on urban public spaces with the case study of Taksim Square. In this attempt, the article illustrates how Taksim square, as a public space, has been shaped by struggles between different ideologies, discourses, political decisions and daily activities taking place at personal, interpersonal, local, national, supranational and global scales. Through this way this article also aims at understanding how these contestations at different scales are affecting people, individually and collectively, from daily life practices to political integration. The article also discusses that our daily life practices and preferences are political decisions and our participation in public sphere occurs through those daily actions of the personal spheres. Therefore, the article suggests that a paradigm shift is needed in the design and production of the built environments that will facilitate the coexistence of multiple counter publics.
Urban spaces reflect the reality of city life, like a mirror. This research aims to examine and analyze the advanced aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces by assessing the current situation and highlighting the role of creativity in developing these spaces. To clarify the research scope, Şişhane Park in İstanbul, Turkey was studied to define the requirements of creative standards, evaluate these competencies and choose the appropriate architectural style and urban furniture. In addition, to learn ways of preserving those elements for longer life. The analytical descriptive approach was the research method utilized in order to arrive at a set of results that ascertain the reality of the aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces, and the reflection of the contemporary role in developing these spaces, which can contribute to addressing weaknesses and bolster the strength points in the formation of public urban spaces around the world.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 67-86.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-7
www.ijcua.com
AUTONOMA - Stefania Gyftopoulou, Asimina Paraskevopoulou - Towards co-product...Autonoma Conference
Crisis does not predefine a specific response. It is the act and the outcome of the critique; the mental act that leads to a response. Through the act of critique, crisis has the potential to produce different realities (knowledge, values and truths). Roitman (2011) elaborately explains that “crisis is constructed as an object of knowledge” creating a new ‘normalcy’ that in its turn influences our understanding not only of ourselves but also of the position we hold in our societies. Thus crisis is about becoming.
This paper by examining the case of Athens tries to explain the relationship among grassroots practicing their emancipating autonomy and collective political action in response to crisis and municipalities’ political agendas. Crisis, being both destructive and productive gradually educates the citizens to live with the loss of the city’s contested nature resulting in the establishment of a new social imaginary and form of citizenship.
We argue that the space of grassroots movements for addressing claims through revolutionary urban practices has shifted from the public realm to academic circles to local governments’ political agendas in the municipal level though participatory design projects. Citizenship conceptualized through its substantive aspects (Staeheli, 1999: 69) underlines the significance of peoples’ ability to function with autonomy, formulating political ideas, which in the Greek context are being reconfigured by collective and participatory processes.
Public consultations, participatory methodologies and design are introduced in the production of urban space, de-constructing the dipole expert (policy makers) – non expert (citizens), promoting a collaborative model of governance. This is perceived as democratization and co-production of knowledge in order to achieve equitable urban settings, discovering a new social consciousness in design and planning.
However, does this institutionalization of participatory processes expand the field for forming new realities, socially and spatially, or does it subtract the radical aspect of grassroots’ actions by appeasing public discontent?
AUTONOMA - M. Kikidou, M. Patelida & G. Somarakis - Imagine the CityAutonoma Conference
Public space, and especially public urban space has been recognised by many scientists as a part of “commons” for local communities. From this perspective, space and society are connected through a reciprocal relationship and residents are not only receivers, but also creators of public space. This consideration appeared during the previous century and constituted the core of the controversy about the “top-down” approach of urban planning, where decision-makers and experts decide about the future of a city without public participation. One of the planning approaches, which emerged from the aforementioned criticism, was the participatory approach, which can be conducted through different methods and techniques. A technique, used for public information or interaction, is “exhibits”, which consists of exposed plans, designs, photographs, drawings or other visual displays with certain topic or audience at a specific location.
In this context, Imagine the City (ITC) developed as a series of exhibitions aiming to sparkle the dialogue among different local groups of interest (public authorities, city experts and citizens) and to fill the gap between decision-making and the plentiness of regeneration proposals for the city. Since 2010, when it was launched in the city of Chalkida, it has been a living and open network, which explores new ways and procedures to experience and shape the urban landscape. There have already been such exhibitions in 13 cities, with the participation of 632 researchers and more than 40.000 citizens.
This paper seeks to investigate ITC’s local teams’ development and to analyse whether the exhibitions impacted local communities and decision-making. What was the internal structure of local teams and how each of them collaborated with the core team? Τo what extent, have the exhibitions raised public awareness about citizens’ potential role in urban planning, encouraged groups of local citizens, and affected the decision-making processes in cities?
AUTONOMA - Casa-Comuna Cooperativa, Asociación Cooperativa Taller de Arquitec...Autonoma Conference
In only three decades, Mesoamerica shifted from a traditional agro-export economic model to one based on services, trade and transnational finance—especially dependent on migrant remittances and global corporate capital. In a much tormented region with a stubborn history of rebellions and failures in making a less unjust society, Casa-Comuna Cooperativa was conceived in the context of the 2015 Guatemalan citizen uprising as a self-managed cooperative platform grounded on the non-speculative social production of housing. Mixed-income dwellers are supported by a crossed-contributions financial mechanism to counter urban segregation and income inequality. The project is based on a ‘right of use’ cooperative model for the collective ownership of housing in central urban areas. Within and against capital, an insurance-based data-mining cuasi-algorithm provides the backing for a communal investment trust that allows for collective financing—including migrant remittances—as a vehicle to productively link urban and rural members in the region. The cooperative is constituted by four modes of memberships—dweller-member, migrant-member, collaborator-member and investor-member—each participating with different co-responsibilities, and contributing in distinct capacities to the established communal trust. Dweller-members self-manage their living quarters and benefit from a work insurance and collective relief fund. Migrant-members, while not necessarily living within the housing cooperative, participate as long-distance collaborators and benefit from time-sharing a housing unit and the optionality for becoming dweller-members. Collaborator-members benefit from the cooperative’s cultural and self-education activities. And finally, investor-members have access to fair-economy investment possibilities linked to productive spaces within the cooperative’s quarters. Architecture and design are ultimately deployed as a self-management apparatus for the social inclusion and the production of communal living and working spaces.
A B S T R A C T
Historical cities due to its magnificent building in its context have tremendous influence on formation of city identity, which is created through the interaction of natural, social and built elements. Unfortunately modernization after the industrial revolution couldn’t adapt itself to vernacular area, owe to the fact that cities began to lose their identity and sense of belonging to the environment. New technology of construction lets the cities to expand itself outside, but in this transformation, some factors which have an influence on the identity of the city have been forgotten. In this research it is aimed to analysis Physical and social factors which are causing the loss of identity in the city of Famagusta (Gazimagusa). Both qualitative and qualitative methods have been used in this research and the adopted techniques are personal observation, sketches, and comparing new development part of the city with traditional part. The research will try to answer the question of why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city of Gazimagusa?). This research revealed that Globalization by neglecting historical housing principles is the main factor which threatening identity of the city.
AUTONOMA - Swati Pujari - Community Responses to the 2015 Gorakha Earthquake ...Autonoma Conference
On 25 April 2015, central Nepal was shaken by an earthquake of magnitude 7.6 which resulted in more than 8,000 causalities and more than 22,000 injuries. As with all such disasters, disproportionate negative effects towards the most marginalized groups were experienced. More than eight million lives, about one-third of the country’s population, were affected by the earthquake.
In the situation of such disaster, it was observed that the centralized government of Nepal was not prepared to deal with such a catastrophe. The statutory plans of the government were impeded by both structural and political factors. However, this disaster triggered many local citizen-led groups to activate and provide support. This paper observes the development of citizen-led groups in two historic settlements of the Kathmandu Valley – Sankhu and Bungamati, both of which were severely damaged by the earthquake. Although these citizen groups have already been formalize, their origins lie in informal self-organized actions, this paper explores the evolution of these groups and their decision making processes, and critiques them through the lens of urban governance theories.
An important factor in this paper is also the history of communal living and self-organization in the traditional settlements of Nepal guided by socio-cultural entities. Community based groups have evolved through centuries, therefore this paper studies their history and current stage, especially in the aftermaths of this major disaster. In some instances these local groups were able to find and mobilize resources and also work in collaboration with the government and other organizations, particularly UN-Habitat in Bungamati and UNESCO in Sankhu. The role of such groups in the development of collaborative governance and bottom-up decision making processes, increasing the resilience of the community and to find solutions to issues caused by the crisis, is further explored in this paper.
The newly released book Sustainable Urban Environments - An Ecosystem Approach ‘helps the reader grasp opportunities for integration of knowledge and technologies in the design, construction and management of the built environment.’ In the first edition of the Delft Environment Initiative Lecture Series on 21-09-2011 several contributors to Sustainable Urban Environments discussed their views on the most pressing challenges facing us in the urban environment today and how they should be integrated in education. These are the slides accompanying the ‘elevator pitches’ they gave. http://home.tudelft.nl/en/research/environment/mini-symposium-sustainable-urban-environments/
A B S T R A C T
The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand,
Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever, had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever’s design solutions in Uçhisar’s local context. Building / interior design elements and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou’s and Cansever’s visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use is substantial since, their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in local and global context.
Journal Of CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 37-50.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-4
www.ijcua.com
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
A B S T R A C T
This article aims at following the traces of the transformation of public sphere in Turkey through its manifestations on urban public spaces with the case study of Taksim Square. In this attempt, the article illustrates how Taksim square, as a public space, has been shaped by struggles between different ideologies, discourses, political decisions and daily activities taking place at personal, interpersonal, local, national, supranational and global scales. Through this way this article also aims at understanding how these contestations at different scales are affecting people, individually and collectively, from daily life practices to political integration. The article also discusses that our daily life practices and preferences are political decisions and our participation in public sphere occurs through those daily actions of the personal spheres. Therefore, the article suggests that a paradigm shift is needed in the design and production of the built environments that will facilitate the coexistence of multiple counter publics.
Urban spaces reflect the reality of city life, like a mirror. This research aims to examine and analyze the advanced aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces by assessing the current situation and highlighting the role of creativity in developing these spaces. To clarify the research scope, Şişhane Park in İstanbul, Turkey was studied to define the requirements of creative standards, evaluate these competencies and choose the appropriate architectural style and urban furniture. In addition, to learn ways of preserving those elements for longer life. The analytical descriptive approach was the research method utilized in order to arrive at a set of results that ascertain the reality of the aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces, and the reflection of the contemporary role in developing these spaces, which can contribute to addressing weaknesses and bolster the strength points in the formation of public urban spaces around the world.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 67-86.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-7
www.ijcua.com
AUTONOMA - Stefania Gyftopoulou, Asimina Paraskevopoulou - Towards co-product...Autonoma Conference
Crisis does not predefine a specific response. It is the act and the outcome of the critique; the mental act that leads to a response. Through the act of critique, crisis has the potential to produce different realities (knowledge, values and truths). Roitman (2011) elaborately explains that “crisis is constructed as an object of knowledge” creating a new ‘normalcy’ that in its turn influences our understanding not only of ourselves but also of the position we hold in our societies. Thus crisis is about becoming.
This paper by examining the case of Athens tries to explain the relationship among grassroots practicing their emancipating autonomy and collective political action in response to crisis and municipalities’ political agendas. Crisis, being both destructive and productive gradually educates the citizens to live with the loss of the city’s contested nature resulting in the establishment of a new social imaginary and form of citizenship.
We argue that the space of grassroots movements for addressing claims through revolutionary urban practices has shifted from the public realm to academic circles to local governments’ political agendas in the municipal level though participatory design projects. Citizenship conceptualized through its substantive aspects (Staeheli, 1999: 69) underlines the significance of peoples’ ability to function with autonomy, formulating political ideas, which in the Greek context are being reconfigured by collective and participatory processes.
Public consultations, participatory methodologies and design are introduced in the production of urban space, de-constructing the dipole expert (policy makers) – non expert (citizens), promoting a collaborative model of governance. This is perceived as democratization and co-production of knowledge in order to achieve equitable urban settings, discovering a new social consciousness in design and planning.
However, does this institutionalization of participatory processes expand the field for forming new realities, socially and spatially, or does it subtract the radical aspect of grassroots’ actions by appeasing public discontent?
AUTONOMA - M. Kikidou, M. Patelida & G. Somarakis - Imagine the CityAutonoma Conference
Public space, and especially public urban space has been recognised by many scientists as a part of “commons” for local communities. From this perspective, space and society are connected through a reciprocal relationship and residents are not only receivers, but also creators of public space. This consideration appeared during the previous century and constituted the core of the controversy about the “top-down” approach of urban planning, where decision-makers and experts decide about the future of a city without public participation. One of the planning approaches, which emerged from the aforementioned criticism, was the participatory approach, which can be conducted through different methods and techniques. A technique, used for public information or interaction, is “exhibits”, which consists of exposed plans, designs, photographs, drawings or other visual displays with certain topic or audience at a specific location.
In this context, Imagine the City (ITC) developed as a series of exhibitions aiming to sparkle the dialogue among different local groups of interest (public authorities, city experts and citizens) and to fill the gap between decision-making and the plentiness of regeneration proposals for the city. Since 2010, when it was launched in the city of Chalkida, it has been a living and open network, which explores new ways and procedures to experience and shape the urban landscape. There have already been such exhibitions in 13 cities, with the participation of 632 researchers and more than 40.000 citizens.
This paper seeks to investigate ITC’s local teams’ development and to analyse whether the exhibitions impacted local communities and decision-making. What was the internal structure of local teams and how each of them collaborated with the core team? Τo what extent, have the exhibitions raised public awareness about citizens’ potential role in urban planning, encouraged groups of local citizens, and affected the decision-making processes in cities?
AUTONOMA - Casa-Comuna Cooperativa, Asociación Cooperativa Taller de Arquitec...Autonoma Conference
In only three decades, Mesoamerica shifted from a traditional agro-export economic model to one based on services, trade and transnational finance—especially dependent on migrant remittances and global corporate capital. In a much tormented region with a stubborn history of rebellions and failures in making a less unjust society, Casa-Comuna Cooperativa was conceived in the context of the 2015 Guatemalan citizen uprising as a self-managed cooperative platform grounded on the non-speculative social production of housing. Mixed-income dwellers are supported by a crossed-contributions financial mechanism to counter urban segregation and income inequality. The project is based on a ‘right of use’ cooperative model for the collective ownership of housing in central urban areas. Within and against capital, an insurance-based data-mining cuasi-algorithm provides the backing for a communal investment trust that allows for collective financing—including migrant remittances—as a vehicle to productively link urban and rural members in the region. The cooperative is constituted by four modes of memberships—dweller-member, migrant-member, collaborator-member and investor-member—each participating with different co-responsibilities, and contributing in distinct capacities to the established communal trust. Dweller-members self-manage their living quarters and benefit from a work insurance and collective relief fund. Migrant-members, while not necessarily living within the housing cooperative, participate as long-distance collaborators and benefit from time-sharing a housing unit and the optionality for becoming dweller-members. Collaborator-members benefit from the cooperative’s cultural and self-education activities. And finally, investor-members have access to fair-economy investment possibilities linked to productive spaces within the cooperative’s quarters. Architecture and design are ultimately deployed as a self-management apparatus for the social inclusion and the production of communal living and working spaces.
A B S T R A C T
Historical cities due to its magnificent building in its context have tremendous influence on formation of city identity, which is created through the interaction of natural, social and built elements. Unfortunately modernization after the industrial revolution couldn’t adapt itself to vernacular area, owe to the fact that cities began to lose their identity and sense of belonging to the environment. New technology of construction lets the cities to expand itself outside, but in this transformation, some factors which have an influence on the identity of the city have been forgotten. In this research it is aimed to analysis Physical and social factors which are causing the loss of identity in the city of Famagusta (Gazimagusa). Both qualitative and qualitative methods have been used in this research and the adopted techniques are personal observation, sketches, and comparing new development part of the city with traditional part. The research will try to answer the question of why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city of Gazimagusa?). This research revealed that Globalization by neglecting historical housing principles is the main factor which threatening identity of the city.
AUTONOMA - Swati Pujari - Community Responses to the 2015 Gorakha Earthquake ...Autonoma Conference
On 25 April 2015, central Nepal was shaken by an earthquake of magnitude 7.6 which resulted in more than 8,000 causalities and more than 22,000 injuries. As with all such disasters, disproportionate negative effects towards the most marginalized groups were experienced. More than eight million lives, about one-third of the country’s population, were affected by the earthquake.
In the situation of such disaster, it was observed that the centralized government of Nepal was not prepared to deal with such a catastrophe. The statutory plans of the government were impeded by both structural and political factors. However, this disaster triggered many local citizen-led groups to activate and provide support. This paper observes the development of citizen-led groups in two historic settlements of the Kathmandu Valley – Sankhu and Bungamati, both of which were severely damaged by the earthquake. Although these citizen groups have already been formalize, their origins lie in informal self-organized actions, this paper explores the evolution of these groups and their decision making processes, and critiques them through the lens of urban governance theories.
An important factor in this paper is also the history of communal living and self-organization in the traditional settlements of Nepal guided by socio-cultural entities. Community based groups have evolved through centuries, therefore this paper studies their history and current stage, especially in the aftermaths of this major disaster. In some instances these local groups were able to find and mobilize resources and also work in collaboration with the government and other organizations, particularly UN-Habitat in Bungamati and UNESCO in Sankhu. The role of such groups in the development of collaborative governance and bottom-up decision making processes, increasing the resilience of the community and to find solutions to issues caused by the crisis, is further explored in this paper.
The newly released book Sustainable Urban Environments - An Ecosystem Approach ‘helps the reader grasp opportunities for integration of knowledge and technologies in the design, construction and management of the built environment.’ In the first edition of the Delft Environment Initiative Lecture Series on 21-09-2011 several contributors to Sustainable Urban Environments discussed their views on the most pressing challenges facing us in the urban environment today and how they should be integrated in education. These are the slides accompanying the ‘elevator pitches’ they gave. http://home.tudelft.nl/en/research/environment/mini-symposium-sustainable-urban-environments/
A B S T R A C T
The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand,
Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever, had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever’s design solutions in Uçhisar’s local context. Building / interior design elements and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou’s and Cansever’s visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use is substantial since, their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in local and global context.
Journal Of CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 37-50.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-4
www.ijcua.com
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Citizenship and local development for the participation and digital governanc...Francisco Sierra Caballero
Cyberspace has introduced new habits and relationships into traditional forms of social intercourse and modern symbolic practices and representations. The formation of a new telepolis constitutes the main challenge to be overcome by communication researchers.
Turning Urban Streets from Infrastructures into Living PlacesEarly Research O...IEREK Press
In the second half of the twentieth century urban landscapes were affected by heavy infrastructural development. With regard tostreets, managingthe growing fluidity and speed of motor vehicle flowshas been a priority for most designers. Nowadays there are multiple driving forces behind a transition that could accommodate different uses within the streets, primarily the cultural, social and economic exchanges that streets faciliatedin the past but that have been lostover time.In the spreading practice called “shared street” most signage and traffic lights can beremoved to permit theself-regulated and spontaneous circulation of all users and vehicles. This paradigm is discussed withregard to its potential tostrengthen urban landscape identity, ensuring accessibility, redefining uses and practices within the street, reducing injuries and misbehaviour, and offering real and perceived safety to all users. “Back to the street” is an ongoing design research project dealing with integration strategies for different kinds of urban streetscapes. Which design features are necessaryto encourage a change in attitude, speed and hierarchy for street users? How can these features positively affect urban landscapes in general and the liveability of streets first and foremost?The research attempts to answer these questions byconsidering street design as a means of triggering the effective enhancement of urban public spaces. The paper is based onthe case study ofVia San Paolo in Prato (Tuscany) and presentsa set of quality requirements for street design such as plant integration, water drainage, and comfortable paths for both cyclists and pedestrians. As the design for separate flows cannot fulfill all the quality features in Via San Paolo, mostly due to its varying width, it is assumed thatthe “shared street” can replace it in order toenhance communitylife within the streets while promoting local sustainable mobility. The research examines twooptions: sharing the street in narrow stretches or along its whole length. A preliminary comparison is proposed to discuss the earlier research outcomes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Social Perception and Tourism Potential of Traditional Villages i...AI Publications
The traditional village is not only the biggest heritage of agriculture but also the most ancient and precious resource of culture in China. But along with the rapid development of modern society and cities, the traditional village, which has a science of study, history, and cultural value, is disappearing rapidly. Therefore, this paper uses big data and ArcGIS as a means to obtain the research data of traditional villages in Zhanjiang and analyze their spatial distribution characteristics. Then, the driving factors affecting the tourism development of traditional villages are analyzed, and the social perception behind them is interpreted. Finally, the Tourism Development Potential Index (TDPI) model is used to evaluate the tourism development potential of traditional villages in Zhanjiang and make suggestions. The results showed that among the factors affecting the tourism development of traditional villages in Zhanjiang, the weight of human factors was greater than that of natural factors. Among the eight driving factors of tourism development, high-level scenic spots and socio-economic factors had the greatest impact on tourism development in traditional villages, with 10 traditional villages with strong potential, 47 with medium potential, and 39 with weak potential. Based on this, the corresponding development strategy is proposed, aiming at offering a scientific basis for developing Zhanjiang Traditional Village's tourist industry.
New technologies, citizen participation and local development A case study f...Francisco Sierra Caballero
Innovations in the digital media have modified and conceptually redefined the conventional media system, with the introduction of new production and organization procedures. Technology constitutes a disruptive factor as an innovation as it opens up new possibilities and completely new features.
This article reflects, from a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective, on the challenges surrounding the development of eParticipation in Europe, with special focus on EU programs. To this end, we firstly assess the field’s practical and theoretical achievements and limitations, and corroborate that the progress of eParticipation in the last decade has not been completely satisfactory in spite of the significant share of resources invested to support it. We secondly attempt to diagnose and enlighten some of the field’s systemic problems and challenges which are responsible for this unsettling development. The domain’s maladies are grouped under tree main categories: (1) lack of a proper understanding and articulation with regard to the “Participation” field; (2) eParticipation community’s ‘founding biases’ around e-Government and academy; and (3) inadequacy of traditional Innovation Support Programmes to incentivize innovation in the eParticipation field. In the context of the ‘Europe 2020 Strategy’ and its flagship initiative “Innovation Union”, our final section provides several recommendations which could contribute to enhance the effectiveness of future European eParticipation actions.
Communication tools with residents in Polish municipalities with cohabitation...Przegląd Politologiczny
The paper describes the tools for communication with residents used by municipalities. The
basis for paper preparation was qualitative (extended interviews) and quantitative (a question chosen
from a questionnaire) research conducted within a selected group of municipalities with cohabitation
during the term of office between 2014 and 2018. The aim of the paper is to determine whether and what
kind of tools for communication with residents are applied by municipal authorities. How effective are
these tools? Does cohabitation type: conflict or peaceful, influence the channel through which residents
acquire information? What impact will the changes introduced in 2018 in self-government law (the
goal was, among others, to broaden the transparency of self-government work) have on the methods of
communication with residents used by the authorities?
Approximately 1000 words.Synthesizing the theories (you do not.docxYASHU40
Approximately 1000 words.
Synthesizing the theories (you do not need to draw from ALL the theories/readings), use at least three readings to develop your own view that describes and understands the relationship between technology and society. In developing your view, take the most important and persuasive parts of the existing theories and explain them. In the end, be sure to clearly articulate and define the relationship between technology and society: which has more power or control? How do they relate to one another?
Journal of Communication ISSN 0021-9916
O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E
The Social Life of Wireless Urban Spaces:
Internet Use, Social Networks, and the Public
Realm
Keith N. Hampton, Oren Livio, & Lauren Sessions Goulet
Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
This study explores the role of urban public spaces for democratic and social engagement.
It examines the impact of wireless Internet use on urban public spaces, Internet users, and
others who inhabit these spaces. Through observations of 7 parks, plazas, and markets in 4
North American cities, and surveys of wireless Internet users in those sites, we explore how
this new technology is related to processes of social interaction, privatism, and democratic
engagement. Findings reveal that Internet use within public spaces affords interactions with
existing acquaintances that are more diverse than those associated with mobile phone use.
However, the level of colocated social diversity to which Internet users are exposed is less
than that of most users of these spaces. Yet, online activities in public spaces do contribute
to broader participation in the public sphere. Internet connectivity within public spaces
may contribute to higher overall levels of democratic and social engagement than what is
afforded by exposure within similar spaces free of Internet connectivity.
doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01510.x
Internet access in public parks, plazas, markets, and streets has been made possible
through the proliferation of broadband wireless Internet in the form of municipal
and community wi-fi (e.g., NYC Wireless) and advanced mobile phone networks
(e.g., 3G). The experience of wireless Internet use in the public realm contrasts with
traditional wired Internet use, which is confined primarily to the private realm of the
home and the parochial realm of the workplace. An extensive literature has addressed
the influence of Internet use on the composition of people’s social networks
(Hampton, Sessions, & Her, in press), their engagement in political, voluntary, and
other organizational activities (Boulianne, 2009), and their interactions within home
and workplaces (Bakardjieva, 2005; Quan-Haase & Wellman, 2006). But, Internet
use in the public realm has remained relatively unexplored. This type of use carries
with it significant implications for urban planning, the structure of community, and
the nature of democracy.
Inte.
One of the first laws adopted by the new political leadership in Ukraine
in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014 was the new concept of local
governance reform and the organization of territorial authority in Ukraine. The aforementioned law, as well as official declarations by top politicians on the necessity of
empowering Ukrainian citizens to take part in the decision-making process and shape
their local communities, led to positive expectations regarding the transformation of
local governance in Ukraine. Therefore, this article addresses the issue of the legal
basis framing the functioning of civil society in Ukraine, focusing on major attempts
to conduct reform and on the main outcomes of implemented actions. Additionally,
emphasis is placed on the current state of cooperation between social and political
actors, and the trends in civil participation in the decision-making process regarding
decentralization and local governance reform in Ukraine.
Crisis, Urban Segregation and Social Innovation in CataloniaBarrisCrisi
Article publicat a la revista PArtecipazione e COnflitto.
Referència: Cruz, H.; Martínez Moreno, R.; Blanco, I. (2017). "Crisis, Urban Segregation and Social Innovation in Catalonia", PACO, Issue 10 (1), pp. 221-245.
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
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Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
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This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
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The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
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Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
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Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
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Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
SIMURG_CITIES: Meta-Analysis for KPI's of Layer-Based Approach in Sustainability Assessment
1 * PhD Candidate. Burcu Ülker Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Alaattin Kanoğlu Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Özlem Özçevik Image result for research orcid
1 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Kırklareli University, Turkey
2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Turkey
3 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
E-mail 1: burcuulker@klu.edu.tr, E-mail 2: alaattin.kanoglu@alanya.edu.tr
E-mail 3: ozceviko@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 6 March 2020
Accepted 20 June 2020
Available online 5 July 2020
Keywords:
SIMURG_CITIES;
Performance-Based Design and Building;
Competitiveness;
Competition by Design;
Innovativeness;
Interoperability; KPIs;
Sustainability; Smart Cities;
Meta-Analysis.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
“SIMURG_CITIES” is the research and development project that is developed under the main project named SIMURG: “A performance-based and Sustainability-oriented Integration Model Using Relational database architecture to increase Global competitiveness of Turkish construction industry in industry 5.0 era”, is a relational database model that is currently being developed in a dissertation for performance-based development and assessment of sustainable and sophisticated solutions for the built environment. This study aims to analyze the key performance indicators (KPIs) at «Cities Level» for the smart city concept that is referred to as «Layers» in the master project. KPIs for the concept of a smart city are determined by using the meta-analysis technique. Hence, the three most reputable urban journals issued from 2017 through 2020 are reviewed in this study. In addition to this, models of smart city frameworks/assessment tools/KPIs are reviewed within the context of this paper; environment, economy, and governance were found to have domain themes on urban sustainability according to the literature review. Consequently, efficient and integrated urban management, environmental monitoring and management, public and social services of urban development, and sustainability are found to be the most important dimensions in urban and regional planning. SIMURG_CITIES evaluation models for urban projects can use the findings of this paper.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 59-76.
Model Cities for Resilience: Climate-led Initiatives
* Dr. Didem Gunes Yilmaz Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Yıldırım Kampüsü, 152 Evler Mah., Eğitim Cd. No:85, Turkey
Email: didem.yilmaz@btu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 February 2020
Accepted 20 July 2020
Available online 25 July 2020
Keywords:
Climate Change;
Sustainable Cities;
Sponge Cities;
Cities and Natural Disasters;
Cities and Climate Actions.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Paris Agreement of December 2015 was the last official initiative led by the United Nations (UN) as the driver of climate change mitigation. Climate change was hence linked with an increase in the occurrence of natural hazards. A variety of initiatives were consequently adopted under different themes such as sustainable cities, climate-friendly development, and low-carbon cities. However, most of the initiatives targeted by global cities with urban areas being the focus in terms of taking action against global warming issues. This is due to the structural and environmental features of cities characterized by being populated, as such, they not only generate a large number of carbon emissions but also happens to be the biggest consumer of natural resources. In turn, they create a microclimate, which contributes to climate change. Masdar City, for example, was designed as the first fully sustainable urban area, which replaced fuel-based energy with electric-based energy. China, as another example, introduced the Sponge Cities action, a method of urban water management to mitigate against flooding. Consequently, architects and urban planners are urged to conform to the proposals that would mitigate global warming. This paper, as a result, examines some of the models that have been internationally adopted and thereafter provide recommendations that can be implemented in large urban areas in Turkey, primarily in Istanbul.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 47-58.
Urbanization, Housing Quality and Health:
Towards a Redirection for Housing Provision in
Nigeria
* Dr. Oluwafemi K. Akande
Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Email: fkakande225@googlemail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 May 2020 Accepted 17 June 2020 Available online 6 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Housing; Housing Quality; Indoor Air Quality; Public Health; Urbanization.
ABSTRACT
Nigeria’s housing provision is perceived in terms of quantity with less attention to its quality and impact on people’s health. The quality of indoor air in housing and its associated risks to human health was assessed in this paper to improve housing provision in Nigeria. Quantitative data collected from Bauchi, Nigeria includes household surveys, housing characteristics, indoor carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). PM2.5 and PM10 recorded in the building were (63 μm/m3) and (228 μm/m3) and observed to be greater than safe values of 25 μm/m3 (PM2.5) and 50 μm/m3 (PM10) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Some building features associated with some ailments were found to be risk factors. The study recommended a redirection for more quality housing provision. It concludes that housing characteristics should be targeted for public health interventions as a means of improving the quality of urban housing in Nigeria.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 35-46.
Mediterranean Morphologies in Hot Summer
Conditions: Learning from France’s “Glorious
Thirty” Holiday Housing
* 1 M.Sc. Marjan Sansen , 2 Dr. Andrés Martínez , 3 Dr. Philippe Devillers 1,2 and 3 Montpellier National School of Architecture, France
1 Email: marjan.sansen@montpellier.archi.fr , 2 E mail: andres@andresmartinez.es 3 Email: philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 May 2020 Accepted 7 June 2020 Available online 1 July 2020
Keywords:
Morphology; Mediterranean; Environmental Assessment; Additive Architecture; Holiday Housing.
ABSTRACT
Climate change and rising temperatures lead to an air-conditioning proliferation in the summertime of the Mediterranean regions. This study links urban morphology to the microclimate. It claims that a lesson can be drawn from holiday housing morphologies designed with an additive approach during the “Glorious Thirty” French coastal development (1946- 75). It is based on a morphological analysis of four case studies, with on the one hand re-drawing and site visiting, on the other hand, assessment of environmental performance through key parameters: Absolute Rugosity, Compactness Ratio, Building Density, Mineralization, Sky View Factor (SVF) and Height/Width (H/W) Ratio. Compared to literature reference values of a traditional courtyard morphology, the case studies are less compact and with a lower H/W Ratio (higher SVF), but they are less mineral than a historic medieval city centre. This research contributes to the search for semi- collective alternatives (for example additive morphologies) to individual housing in peri-urban areas, with high environmental performance in the summertime.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 19-34.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 197-208/ 2021
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 198
and practical reasons. In practice, public
participation is the key of the democratic
process. This makes government institutions
accountable to the society, enables it to
incorporate non-professional knowledge into
decision-making, improves public policy
support and improves planning outcomes.
Participation in itself is valuable as a political
goal, as it increases social capital and gives
citizens more opportunities when they want a
stronger voice in decision-making.
Lithuanian researchers examine the issue of
public participation both on a theoretical
(legal basis) and on an empirical basis
(Bardauskienė, 2007; Jakaitis, 2005; Cirtautas,
2011). However, the activity of society in
political life and decision-making is more often
examined (Merkys, 2020). In the field of urban
planning, the attitude of the population in the
formation of urban architecture, the activity of
the society in the consideration of urban plans,
and the causality of the passivity of the society
are most often examined. Examining the
articles of foreign authors on sociological
research related to public participation, it is
noticeable that the connections with certain
social aspects are usually examined. Most
authors have studied community participation
through social and demographic factors and
less analysis of the impact of social and
physical variables on a given problem (Bottini,
2018).
This article discusses short historical
development and the main spatial planning
documents related to public participation in
spatial planning processes in Lithuania, and the
opportunities for residents to express their views
and make suggestions on the projects. A pilot
sociological survey was conducted using
community social networks to find out how
active and involved the population is in Kaunas
city spatial planning processes. The survey aim
was also to understand the activity of the social
network, its main audience and the rational for
this type of audience.
2. Materials and Methods
A pilot study was conducted to analyze public
participation in spatial planning by literature
analysis and spatial planning documents,
raising a hypothesis, conducting the research
and drawing conclusions. An analysis of the
literature and documents is provided in
chapters 3.1 and 3.2. The results of the study are
presented in chapter 4 and the conclusions
and suggestions in chapter 5.
Historical analysis of public participation in
spatial planning was performed to find out the
development of involvement in decision-
making, historical stages, implemented reforms
and their impact. The analysis of the most
important documents describing the public
participation in the territorial planning
processes was performed to find out the ways,
means and emerging problems of public
involvement in the territorial planning
processes in Lithuania.
Non-random convenient selection, voluntary
sampling was used for the sociological survey.
Data were collected using social networks vis-
a-vis: i). Facebook, by submitting a survey on
multiple community accounts and sharing the
profile through personal accounts. This method
of data collection was used purposefully to find
out who and the extent of those active in social
networks and how much they are interested in
territorial planning problems. Before the survey,
it was hypothesized that Kaunas city residents
were very little interested in participating in the
spatial planning processes.
The following sociodemographic variables
were examined in the study: Gender, Age,
Education, Occupation, Community activities
and Place of residence. Analysis in this study is
quantitative and Quantitative analysis and IBM
SPSS was used for the analysis. The level of
statistical significance was defined as p <0.05.
3. Historical and document analysis of public
participation in spatial planning
3.1. Historical analysis of public participation
in spatial planning in Lithuania
Changes in the territory of Lithuania are closely
related to the political, economical, social and
other factors. These factors have a direct
impact on the spatial structure of the
landscape. Lithuania has undergone many
land reforms over the centuries, but land
reforms in the last few centuries are of
particular importance. According to the
Wallachian reform (16th century), the land of
all manors was declared as the complete
property of the Grand Duke and was
combined into one area measured into the
Wallachians (about 21.38 ha). The villages were
organized and distributed, a three-field system
was established. As part of the land reform,
towns and church villages were established,
manor houses, street-planned and scrappy
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M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 199
villages, residential areas were also connected
with the road network (Jankauskaitė-
Jurevičienė, 2016).
From the middle of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th Lithuania territory was
managed and used as an individual farming
system. At the time of these reforms, public
participation in land management was not
possible, because land management was
sorely within the jurisdiction of the nobility.
The annexation of Lithuania in the 1940s by the
Soviet Union began the destruction of
traditional, cultural and spiritual values and the
creation of new political-social structures -
collective farms. During the Soviet land reform,
private land was nationalized, after which
manors and small individual farms disappeared
(Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė, 2016). Thus, the
period from the 1940s until 1991 is the collective
farm period (Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė, 2016).
Spatial planning activities between 1950-1965
in Lithuania involved the planning of individual
objects in a territory and later the planning of
administrative district schemes and settlements
and industrial objects which were regulated by
centralized state administration bodies. It was
only after the 1970s when the complexional
natural protection scheme and other spatial
planning documents were prepared that the
management of the territory of Lithuania can
be called complex and linked to the
management of the whole country (Gurskienė,
2008). However, public participation was not
possible in territory planning because of the
policies of the Soviet Union.
After the Restoration of the Republic of
Lithuania which was March, the rights and
obligations of the state and municipal
institutions were established on December 12,
1995, by the Law of Territory planning. This law
also established the rights and obligations of
natural and legal persons in the planning
processes. The objectives defined in the Law
on Spatial Planning of the Republic of Lithuania
are: i) to balance the development of the
territory; ii) to create a healthy environment
and equal living conditions; iii) to formulate
territorial development policy; iv) to preserve,
rationalize the use and restore natural
resources, natural and cultural heritage values,
and maintain or restore ecological balance; v)
encourage investment for socio-economic
development; vi) harmonize the interests of the
public, non-governmental and governmental
organizations regarding the conditions for the
use of the territory and land plots and the
development of activities in Lithuania territory
(Law on Spatial Planning of the Republic of
Lithuania, 1995, 2019). Thus, spatial planning is
a complex process that combines the interests
of the groups interested in spatial
development, the needs of society and the
protection of the environment.
Major changes in the regulation of spatial
planning took place in 2014 and are valid until
now. The new regulation aims at simplifying,
accelerating and improving the spatial
planning process. With the creation of the new
spatial planning system, new levels of this
planning were established, the principle of
parcel planning was abandoned and the
projects of land holdings were removed from
the system of spatial planning documents.
Therefore, it is very important to identify the
existing problems in the context of spatial
planning, to solve them and not to repeat
them in the future (Valstybinio Audito
Ataskaita, 2019). In 2020, by the principles of
spatial planning currently in force, a new state
master plan should be drawn up, which should
determine the directions and priorities of
spatial development. Following this strategic
document, efforts will be made to coordinate
various activities in the country: agriculture,
tourism, business, cultural heritage protection
and infrastructure. To prevent this document
from becoming formal, it is necessary to ensure
its proper implementation, especially in the
field of public participation.
3.2 Documents defining public rights
The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
enshrines the aspiration of the nation to create
an open, just and harmonious civil society.
Since the right of any society is to have their
convictions and to freely express them as
guaranteed by the Constitution, this same is
enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of
Lithuania in 1992. It is also noticeable that the
Lithuania municipal institutions are remote from
the majority of the society and often the
decisions they make do not meet the needs
and interests of the society even if their
participation were involved in the preparation
of territorial planning documents as defined by
the different laws: Law of the Republic of
Lithuania on Territorial Planning (Seimas, 2004),
Regulations on public information, consultation
and participation in spatial planning decisions
(Regulations on public information,1996).
4. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 197-208/ 2021
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 200
Convention on Access to Information, Public
Participation in Decision-making and Access to
Justice in Environmental Matters adopted on
Aarhus Convention (Ekonomikos komisijos
Konvencija, 2001). Certain planning
documents for urban problems and their
management of urban, social and economic
development are widespread in European
countries (area-based initiatives,
neighbourhood strategies, urban
development programmes). These documents
are usually advanced examples of harmonious
cooperation between local or
national/regional authorities and local people
(Cirtautas, 2011).
To ensure public participation in the
implementation processes of spatial planning
in Lithuania, there is a legal obligation to make
public all spatial planning documents under
preparation. The public shall be given access
to get acquainted with the document under
preparation stage, submit proposals and
comments.
Territorial planning audit control report (2019),
which aim to assess whether the system is in
place to ensure an effective spatial planning
process, provides facts about public
participation in spatial planning. According to
the data from the restoration of Independence
of the Republic of Lithuania in 2019, 73400
territorial planning documents were registered
in the spatial planning documents
(approximately 2400 documents are registered
annually) (Figure 1). This report showed that
12% of spatial planning documents, prepared
in Territorial planning documents preparation
and territorial planning process state
supervision information system (TPDRIS) of the
Republic of Lithuania, did not properly pass the
final stage publicity procedures (State
Territorial Planning and Construction
Inspectorate,2020). It is also noted that over
50% of project publicity procedures took place
after the approval of the spatial planning
documents (Valstybinio Audito Ataskaita,
2019).
Figure 1. Classification of Territorial Planning Documents.
Several amendments were made regarding
the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on
Territorial Planning, which came into force in
2014 before it was adopted. The amendments
were based on the necessity to speed up the
planning and construction of territories, open
the way for investments and to reduce the
procedural burden on business. The new
version of the law was drafted under intense
business pressure from public authorities. This
5. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 197-208/ 2021
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 201
social group welcomed the changed
regulation in a very positive way. The question,
therefore, arises whether the introduction of
such business-friendly legal regulation has left
the safeguards in place to ensure that the
interests of other segments of society are not
prejudiced during spatial planning
(Lastauskienė & Bakšienė , 2015).
Following the adoption of the new version of
the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on
Territorial Planning, many changes have been
made to the public's ability to participate in
spatial planning. The analysis of Articles 33, 34,
35 of this law and the subordinate legal acts
show that in the sphere of public information
and participation in spatial planning, the terms
of public information and submission of
proposals were halved (presumably to speed
processes), and only the master drawing, the
ad serving in local newspapers was abolished
and the information moved to the webspace
(i.e. made available only for targeted search).
Besides, only registered landowners and land
users whose access rights are restricted by the
special land use conditions set out in the
detailed plan decisions shall be informed by
registered mail. To sum up, the concept of a
"marginal norm" under which the public can
expect to defend an extremely narrow range
of interests, defined by specific provisions, and
thus unregulated by law, even though existing
and the interests of the principle of sustainable
development remain outside the remit of legal
protection (Lastauskienė & Bakšienė, 2015).
Significant restrictions on public participation in
the area are also reinforced by another
innovation – distinction between projects of
national importance. Although the public is
involved in these planning processes in some
form, the status of such object is granted by
government resolution without informing the
public or their representatives. The new legal
regulation created a situation in which the
municipalities were left responsible for the
implementation of an independent function -
spatial planning, limiting the possibility for them
not to approve spatial planning solutions,
which creates preconditions for questioning
the constitutionality of such regulation (Figure
2).
Figure 2. The main institutions involved in the formulation and implementation of spatial planning policy.
6. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 197-208/ 2021
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 202
According to Cirtautas, society is involved in
urban planning processes in the following
ways: i) only by informing it (lowest level), ii) in
consultation with it, and iii) allowing its
members to participate directly in decision-
making (highest level). An analysis of the legal
acts regulating the territorial planning of the
Republic of Lithuania shows that only the first
two possibilities of public involvement are
mentioned in them (Cirtautas, 2011).
The regulations for information, consultation
and participation in spatial planning establish
general and simplified procedures for the
publication of spatial planning documents,
taking into account the type and level of the
spatial planning document. The regulations are
binding on state and municipal institutions and
bodies, legal and natural persons involved in
the process of preparation of the spatial
planning document, except for territories
necessary for national defence purposes
(Regulations on public information,1996). For
these regulations, the following procedures
shall be made public for the preparation of
spatial planning documents: provision of
information to the public on the
commencement of spatial planning and
planning objectives, planning work program;
getting acquainted with prepared territorial
planning documents; consultation of
competent interested organizations or the
public concerned; submission and
examination of proposals; public discussion of
the spatial planning document (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Spatial planning documents publicity procedures.
The Aarhus Convention: links environmental
rights with human rights; emphasizes the
responsibilities of all of us to future generations;
states that sustainability is only possible with the
involvement of all stakeholders; states that
environmental protection is the government
responsibility; focuses on democratic
communication between the public and
governmental institutions. Each country that
has ratified the Convention shall guarantee the
rights of access to information, public
participation in decision-making, and access
to justice in environmental matters (Ekonomikos
komisijos Konvencija, 2001).
4. Community engagement in decision-
making processes in Kaunas urban planning
Kaunas is the second-largest city in Lithuania in
the central part of the country, at the
confluence of rivers Nemunas and Neris.
Kaunas is an important centre for industry,
transport, science and culture. The population
of Kaunas exceeds 286 thousand (Kaunas,
2019). Currently, many construction projects of
various purposes are being carried out in
Kaunas. According to the data of 2017,
tangible investments by economic activities for
real estate operations exceeded 20% (Kaunas,
2018).
Public participation in spatial planning can
take many forms and for different reasons.
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M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 203
Participation strategies and means of
participation also vary and are highly
dependent on who organizes the participation
and for what purposes. Public participation
can take the form of constructive cooperation
with planners and local authorities to improve
spatial planning projects, or it can be a
contradiction in terms of simply rejecting all
planning proposals from planners and local
authorities. Ideally, public participation should
lead to results that are in the best interests of as
many participants in the planning process as
possible, not just one stakeholder group
(European MSP Platform, 2014). To find out the
involvement of the public in the decision-
making of spatial planning documents, a
survey involving 44 respondents was carried
out. The questionnaire was distributed to
Kaunas communities using social networks. The
survey consists of few main research constructs:
clarification of personal attitudes to
participation in spatial planning processes and
attitudes towards Kaunas city residents'
participation and approach to municipal
action in the process of adopting spatial
planning documents. Of the 44 respondents,
the distribution in the age groups 30-40, 41-50,
51-60 was almost even, respectively: 25, 30 and
27%. Interestingly, that 18-29-year-old persons,
which according to Lithuanian law correspond
to young adults, indicates absence between
the respondents; respondents, aged 61 and
over, were 20%. The majority of respondents
were women (73%). It is noteworthy, that by
education about 88% of respondents are from
higher education – 68% of respondents are
university graduates and 20% are college
graduates. By occupation, 40% of respondents
are specialists and 16% - public servants. 3
respondents are the chairpersons of the
communities (community - residents of a
municipal residence connected with the
common needs and interests of
neighbourhood living, usually with the status of
a public body), 2 respondents are sub-
eldership leaders (elected representatives of
the community or part of the community with
statutory rights and duties) and 16 respondents
(36%) identified themselves as active members
of the community. The majority of the
respondents (64%) consisted of residents of
Šančiai eldership (the smallest current
administrative-territorial unit in Lithuania,
introduced by the Law on Local Self-
Government of 7 July 1994. Kaunas consists of
11 elderships - Aleksotas, Centras, Dainava,
Eiguliai, Gričiupis, Panemunė, Petrašiūnai,
Šančiai, Šilainiai, Vilijampolė, Žaliakalnis) and
12% - the inhabitants of Aleksotas. About 22
thousand people live in Šančiai eldership. It
accounts for ~ 6.9% (Šančių, 2016) of the total
population of Kaunas city, while Aleksotas
population is 20 thousand, which is 6.4%
(Aleksoto, 2019) of Kaunas city population.
None of the respondents was from the Center,
Petrašiūnai or Vilijampolė elderships, and the
number of respondents from other elders did
not exceed 5%. Such activity of residents of one
eldership in answering the questionnaire may
be based on 2019 spring disputes with Kaunas
Municipality regarding the planned new street
in the recreational territory along the Nemunas
River. The residents of this eldership actively
participated in discussions with the
representatives of the municipality to seek the
amendments, which were rejected by the
municipality, in the general plan of Kaunas city.
To the question "How active are you personally
in expressing your opinion or making
suggestions to the municipal authorities in the
preparation of spatial planning documents?"
39% of the respondent’s stated that they are
neither passive nor active. However, even
more than a third of respondents said they are
active (27%) and very active (9%). In finding out
the relationship between gender and activity
in the community, it was observed that the
percentage of responses between the
different genders by activity was very similar:
50% of the male gender asserted they were
inactive and 50% opined that they were
active. Accordingly, the female gender rated
their activity as follows: 53.1% inactive and
46.9% - active. Respondents had to rate their
activity level on a 5-point Likert scale. The result
obtained by calculating the average personal
activity assessment and comparing it between
the genders using the T-test showed that there
is a very small difference between the groups
in the assessment of their activity (average for
male – 3, 0833, and for female – 3, 1250). To the
question, "Do you have enough information
about the spatial planning decisions made in
the municipality?” as much as 84% replied that
the information is too limited. Moreover, in
sourcing information on spatial documents, the
question "From what sources do you learn
about the projects or decisions being
considered in the municipality?" was
considered. Respondents were able to select
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M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 204
several answer variations, but the vast majority
(86%) noted that social networks (eg.
Facebook) are the most popular source of
information. Respondents also answered that
they search for information on spatial
planning objects on the municipal website
(32%) and ask active community members
(50%). Only 5% of the respondents ask the
municipality about the issues of spatial
planning they are concerned with and none
of the respondents replied that they received
information about it from the eldership. It was
noticed from the survey that Kaunas city
residents are equally concerned with personal
residential and urban spatial planning
problems, but most often, they do not discuss
these problems with decision-making bodies,
but with friends and acquaintances (89%).
From the graph below (Figure 4), it can be
seen that respondents use social networks
more often in communicating with municipal
representatives on spatial planning
documents than participating in project
presentation or interviewing authorities.
Furthermore, considering that 46%
respondents stated that they did not speak
with municipal representatives or submit
requests/complaints to the municipality
regarding territory planning documents, it can
be argued that most respondents only express
their views in an informal environment that
does not influence spatial planning decisions.
Figure 4. Communication techniques with the municipality used over the last 12 months.
The majority of respondents believe that
Kaunas residents are active in seeking to
express their opinion or submit proposals for
spatial planning documents to municipal
representatives (52%), however, it is not
possible to say that the majority of Kaunas city
residents think so, as the majority of
respondents are residents in one eldership.
Probing into respondents' opinion on the
reason’s citizens do not participate in public
decision-making, it was noticed that
disillusionment with self-government is
prevalent, as participation is not expected to
change anything (75%), they also do not trust
their knowledge - 54% and 66% respondents
think that most citizens lack information on
spatial planning processes. Some respondents
also chose answers that indicate a lack of
personal interest – 36% have no time for that,
or 18% considers that it is uninteresting to the
population. Only 5% of respondents believe
that citizens do not participate in public
decision-making because they trust the
decisions of council members. Figure 5 below
sshow respondents' views on the involvement
of citizens in decisions on spatial planning
documents.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Interview with authorities
Attendance at municipal council meetings
Participation in meetings of municipal…
Participation in the activities of NGOs
Complaints and requests to the municipal…
Petitions
Notifications of violations, deficiencies,…
Expression of opinion on the municipal…
Expression of opinion on social networks…
Participation in the extended elders' assembly
Participation in project presentation
%
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M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 205
Figure 5. Respondents 'opinion about the citizens' participation in territorial planning document solutions (Survey data).
The statements were formulated according to
two research constructs: trust in the
municipality and law and the respondents'
confidence in their knowledge. Respondents
consider that the municipality is not interested
in cooperation with the population and the
information provided by the municipality is not
clear and easy to understand. Nevertheless,
even if the municipality does not respond to
the opinion of the citizens, according to the
respondents, citizens have sufficient
information on the opportunities to
participate in decision-making and they trust
in municipality decisions. From the responses
regarding self-confidence, it is observed that
respondents, though in doubt, agree that they
have sufficient competence and skills to
participate in decision-making. Indeed, more
than half of the respondents believe that
municipality should not only educate the
public about ways and opportunities to
participate in public decision-making, but also
give advice and take greater account of
public needs and wishes before making
decisions.
The majority of the respondents believe that
there is an intense need (84%) or need (9%) for
cooperation between the municipality and
citizens in making decisions on spatial planning
documents.
After conducting a statistical survey on
whether there are relationships between the
respondents of different education and the
evaluation of the actions of the municipality it
was observed that education is not significantly
related to respondent's attitude to work in the
municipality at 95% significant level.
To examine the relationship between gender
and attitudes towards the average evaluation
of municipal actions and the average
evaluation of citizens' abilities, a T-test was also
performed. The group statistics show that there
is a very small difference between the average
of the groups in the evaluation of municipal
10. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 197-208/ 2021
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 206
actions and the average value of citizens'
abilities evaluated. The average assessment of
the municipality is 2.03 for male gender and 1.9
for the female gender and the average
assessment of citizens' abilities is almost equal
to 2.5 (ale) and 2.54 (female) respectively.
5. Discussion and conclusions
The influence of society on government
decision-making has been discussed since the
20th century. Today, various forms of
governance are united by the need to directly
and centrally involve citizens, non-
governmental organizations and social
movements in policy-making and
implementation. Lithuanian researchers often
simply examine the activity of society in
political life and decision-making. In the field of
urban planning, the attitude of the population
in the formation of urban architecture, the
activity of the society in the consideration of
urban plans and the causality of the passivity
of the society are most often examined. The
main spatial planning documents of Lithuania
were adopted after the restoration of
independence and especially from 1992.
Spatial planning documents have changed
several times in Lithuania for 30 years. Major
changes in spatial planning took place in 2014
and are still valid. This update was intended to
simplify, speed up and improve the spatial
planning process, the new levels of spatial
planning and to show that the principle of
individual site planning has been abandoned.
To ensure public participation in the processes
of implementation of spatial planning in
Lithuania, institutions of various levels are
legally obliged to make public all spatial
planning documents being prepared. The
main players in this process are the Ministry of
Environment of the Republic of Lithuania and
the municipalities of cities and districts, which
have to ensure public access to the spatial
planning documents in the initial stage and to
make suggestions and comments in the later
planning stages.
The sample selected for the analysis was 44
respondents. Respondents in the survey are
made up of the female gender and middle-
aged respondents with university or college
education, and by occupation are a specialist
or public servants. To elucidate the relationship
between gender and activity in the
community, it is observed that there is a very
small difference between the groups in the
average assessment of their activity (0.04
points). After performing a statistical study and
testing the formulated hypotheses at 95%
significant level, it can be stated that the
attitudes of respondents with different
education to municipality commitments is
statically not significant. Nonetheless,
conducted data showed that more educated
and personally experienced individuals
participated in the online survey. From the
survey, it was also noticed that the
respondents are equally concerned with the
urban and personal spatial planning problems
of the residential area, but most often they
discuss these problems with their friends and
acquaintances and use the social networks
for spatial planning documents than
participation in project presentations or
interviews with authorities. The analysis on the
relationship between gender and attitudes to
the averages of the evaluation of municipal
actions and the evaluation of citizens 'abilities
revealed that there is a very small difference
between the average of groups (men,
women) in the evaluation. Overall, response
to the hypothesis that that Kaunas city
resident is not very interested in territorial
planning processes becomes imperative. To
this, this study posits that owing to the non-
random convenient selection, voluntary
sampling and conclusions on the general
public cannot be drawn. To obtain more
accurate unambiguous data, the sample of
the survey should be expanded and other
methods of sample selection should be used.
Because of the changes in the legal regulation
(such that the construction is in most cases
possible without a detailed plan, establishing
an exhaustive list of cases in which the public
interest is protected, limiting the creativity of
spatial planning by linking it exclusively to
public administration procedures, and
reduced public access to procedures amongst
others), the needs of society in the processes of
spatial planning may not be heard at all. Such
trends, according to the respondents in the
survey are not in line with the modern concept
of human rights and Lithuania's international
obligations under the Aarhus Convention. This
study, therefore, asserts that this situation is
unfavourable to the protection of the interests
of society as a whole and will undoubtedly
create new challenges for the courts which
should play a more active and creative role in
assessing whether spatial planning solutions
11. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 197-208/ 2021
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė & Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė 207
comply with the principle of sustainable
development.
Acknowledgements
This research did not receive any specific grant
from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė , L., & Mlinkauskienė, A . (2021). Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of
Kaunas. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 5(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2021.v5n2-3