A B S T R A C T
Contemporary architecture has its roots from the vernacular. Every cultural group in the world has its own form of vernacular though the approach may vary from place to place and from people to people. Vernacular architecture has many values which are relevant to contemporary architecture today. This paper looks at vernacular architecture in Nigeria as practiced by two ethnic groups who have varying climatic, religious and socio-cultural practices. The approaches to architecture by these two groups, i.e. the Hausas and Igbos, are looked at with the intention of finding positive values in the vernacular which can be applied to the contemporary. One of such values as seen in this paper is the harmony of traditional building materials with nature. Local building materials are able to meet housing needs without having detrimental effect on the environment. More emphasis should therefore be given to local building materials in the building industry today. The paper concludes by stating that for contemporary architecture to adequately meet the needs of man today, vernacular values which apply to the cultural and climatic needs of such places should be selected and imbibed.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 84-95. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3664
www.ijcua.com
Pakistan Vernacular Architecture, Department of Architecture, Guru Nanak Dev ...RamneekSinghSlaich
Vernacular architecture of Punjab province of pak. One of the forgotten forms of architecture in Asia is the vernacular architecture which is best suitable for the survival of human mankind in all forms of climate and weather.
There is ample work being done in energy, but it is rather disjointed.
Being an agrarian economy Pakistan consumes proportionately, a very high
amount of energy in its residential sector. There is, therefore, enough reason on
the part of policymakers to provide directions concerning utilization of
the energy at all stages (design, construction, and occupancy)
a ppt presenting abt two different types of housing. these housing are completely contrast in their charaters when compared to its environmental characteristics and requirements.
Pakistan Vernacular Architecture, Department of Architecture, Guru Nanak Dev ...RamneekSinghSlaich
Vernacular architecture of Punjab province of pak. One of the forgotten forms of architecture in Asia is the vernacular architecture which is best suitable for the survival of human mankind in all forms of climate and weather.
There is ample work being done in energy, but it is rather disjointed.
Being an agrarian economy Pakistan consumes proportionately, a very high
amount of energy in its residential sector. There is, therefore, enough reason on
the part of policymakers to provide directions concerning utilization of
the energy at all stages (design, construction, and occupancy)
a ppt presenting abt two different types of housing. these housing are completely contrast in their charaters when compared to its environmental characteristics and requirements.
The term “Vernacular architecture” in general refers to the informal building of structures through traditional building methods without using the services of a professional architect. It is the most widespread form of building .
Vernacular architecture has been growing over time with continuities changes, transformations and adaptations to the different social and economic conditions of each period.
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
Vernacular architecture case study with examplesVISHAKA BOTHRA
case study on vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture, literature case study of vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture of India, Maharashtra, Nanded, Aurangabad, complete case study on vernacular architecture
Case Study on
. Vinayak Colony
. Mero City Apartments
. Aranya Housing
. Unite De Habitation
For Housing/Apartment Study for Design Studio ,B. Architecture Pulchowk Campus, Nepal
case studies of sustainable housing done in semester 1of masters of architecture under Chandigarh College of Architecture. socio-economic sustainability in housing design
Housing case study(KAFCO housing,Aranya lowcost housing, TARA housing)Sumaiya Islam
KAFCO Housing,Bangladesh
Tara Housing,India
Aranya low cost Housing,India
Helen Housing, Switzerland
Oil and Mineral Exploration and
Development Corporation
Housing, Bangladesh
A Lesson from Vernacular Architecture in Nigeria
Ph.D. CandidateJoyce Lodson1,* Ph.D. CandidateJOHN EMMANUEL OGBEBA2, Dr. UGOCHUKWU KENECHI ELINWA3
1 Department of Architecture, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi state, Nigeria
2Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Mersin 10, Turkey
3Department of Architecture, Cyprus International University, Famagusta, Mersin 10, Turkey
E mail:joycelodson@yahoo.com E mail: john.ogbeba@emu.edu.tr , E mail:uelinwa@ciu.edu.tr
A B S T R A C T
Contemporary architecture has its roots from the vernacular. Every cultural group in the world has its own form of vernacular though the approach may vary from place to place and from people to people. Vernacular architecture has many values which are relevant to contemporary architecture today. This paper looks at vernacular architecture in Nigeria as practiced by two ethnic groups who have varying climatic, religious and socio-cultural practices. The approaches to architecture by these two groups, i.e. the Hausas and Igbos, are looked at with the intention of finding positive values in the vernacular which can be applied to the contemporary. One of such values as seen in this paper is the harmony of traditional building materials with nature. Local building materials are able to meet housing needs without having detrimental effect on the environment. More emphasis should therefore be given to local building materials in the building industry today. The paper concludes by stating that for contemporary architecture to adequately meet the needs of man today, vernacular values which apply to the cultural and climatic needs of such places should be selected and imbibed.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF HAUSA HOU...Agboola Paul
Traditional buildings across Nigeria’s geographical zones are known to have demonstrated a thorough response to the climate, local technology and socio-economic milieu in which they evolved. The origin of these different traditional building body associates with the natural materials availability to the local builders as well as religious belief, cultural and taboos. The advent of colonialism in Nigeria changed the traditional life and culture of Nigerian which creates a weak connection between traditional architecture and contemporary architecture in Nigeria. Most recent buildings designs across Hausa regions in Nigeria have been built with imported materials and the construction techniques tailored to satisfy the modernity self-ego and aspirations. Thus, traditional architecture ought not to be abandoned and forgotten, hence; experts’ awareness should be tailored to the understanding of its original essence.
The term “Vernacular architecture” in general refers to the informal building of structures through traditional building methods without using the services of a professional architect. It is the most widespread form of building .
Vernacular architecture has been growing over time with continuities changes, transformations and adaptations to the different social and economic conditions of each period.
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
Vernacular architecture case study with examplesVISHAKA BOTHRA
case study on vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture, literature case study of vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture of India, Maharashtra, Nanded, Aurangabad, complete case study on vernacular architecture
Case Study on
. Vinayak Colony
. Mero City Apartments
. Aranya Housing
. Unite De Habitation
For Housing/Apartment Study for Design Studio ,B. Architecture Pulchowk Campus, Nepal
case studies of sustainable housing done in semester 1of masters of architecture under Chandigarh College of Architecture. socio-economic sustainability in housing design
Housing case study(KAFCO housing,Aranya lowcost housing, TARA housing)Sumaiya Islam
KAFCO Housing,Bangladesh
Tara Housing,India
Aranya low cost Housing,India
Helen Housing, Switzerland
Oil and Mineral Exploration and
Development Corporation
Housing, Bangladesh
A Lesson from Vernacular Architecture in Nigeria
Ph.D. CandidateJoyce Lodson1,* Ph.D. CandidateJOHN EMMANUEL OGBEBA2, Dr. UGOCHUKWU KENECHI ELINWA3
1 Department of Architecture, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi state, Nigeria
2Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Mersin 10, Turkey
3Department of Architecture, Cyprus International University, Famagusta, Mersin 10, Turkey
E mail:joycelodson@yahoo.com E mail: john.ogbeba@emu.edu.tr , E mail:uelinwa@ciu.edu.tr
A B S T R A C T
Contemporary architecture has its roots from the vernacular. Every cultural group in the world has its own form of vernacular though the approach may vary from place to place and from people to people. Vernacular architecture has many values which are relevant to contemporary architecture today. This paper looks at vernacular architecture in Nigeria as practiced by two ethnic groups who have varying climatic, religious and socio-cultural practices. The approaches to architecture by these two groups, i.e. the Hausas and Igbos, are looked at with the intention of finding positive values in the vernacular which can be applied to the contemporary. One of such values as seen in this paper is the harmony of traditional building materials with nature. Local building materials are able to meet housing needs without having detrimental effect on the environment. More emphasis should therefore be given to local building materials in the building industry today. The paper concludes by stating that for contemporary architecture to adequately meet the needs of man today, vernacular values which apply to the cultural and climatic needs of such places should be selected and imbibed.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF HAUSA HOU...Agboola Paul
Traditional buildings across Nigeria’s geographical zones are known to have demonstrated a thorough response to the climate, local technology and socio-economic milieu in which they evolved. The origin of these different traditional building body associates with the natural materials availability to the local builders as well as religious belief, cultural and taboos. The advent of colonialism in Nigeria changed the traditional life and culture of Nigerian which creates a weak connection between traditional architecture and contemporary architecture in Nigeria. Most recent buildings designs across Hausa regions in Nigeria have been built with imported materials and the construction techniques tailored to satisfy the modernity self-ego and aspirations. Thus, traditional architecture ought not to be abandoned and forgotten, hence; experts’ awareness should be tailored to the understanding of its original essence.
RESPONSE OF TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE TO MODERNISM IN NIGERIA: A CHRONOLOGICAL...indexPub
This research presents a comprehensive exploration of the impact of modernism on Igala architecture, tracing its evolution from pre-colonial times to the contemporary era. Employing a chronological and narrative approach, the study utilized archival research, field surveys, and interviews with local professionals, indigenous elders, and environmental experts to investigate the transformative effects of modernism on Igala architecture
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
globalization and its effects on nso cultural educational practices a pedagog...ijtsrd
Before European colonization of Cameroon in the 19th century, the Nso people had remarkable cultural educational practices. These cultural values have since experienced tremendous changes which are connected first to the colonial experience and secondly to globalisation. This historical comparative education study sought to answer the question ‘What is globalisation and its effects on Nso Cultural Educational Practices The study presents a broad, documentary, qualitative analysis of Nso cultural educational practices and globalization. This study was carried out in Nso. Nso is located in Bui Division, in the North West Region of Cameroon. Nso cultural documentations and interviews from resource persons living in the area have been for the most part the key sources that this study is based upon. In all, from a critical point of view, globalization is an essential process that we need for the enhancement of the society. However, care must be taken to preserve cultural educational practices because cultural globalization like other types or forms of globalization has continued to impact negatively on indigenous African cultures to which Nso traditions and customs are not an exception. Dr. Kibinkiri Eric Len | Dr. Happiness Yinyuy "Globalization and its Effects on Nso Cultural Educational Practices: A Pedagogic Retrospection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33108.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33108/globalization-and-its-effects-on-nso-cultural-educational-practices-a-pedagogic-retrospection/dr-kibinkiri-eric-len
Malaysia is not only unique country with a multicultural diversity but also has a rich and numerous culture and heritage treasures. Therefore, as technology growth across world, many cultural heritages might become missing without any effective efforts in preservation and conservation of the culture and heritage. Within this scenario, the qualitative study was conducted through documents review, a field observation followed by a face-to-face interview with corresponding respondents to empirically ascertain the narrative history and uniqueness of Gasing Leper Terengganu which further propose an alternative approach in preserving Gasing Leper Terengganu’s heritage.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
The world is an exquisite tapestry of cultures and landscapes from across time and space,
making its vast diversity even more stunning. Recognizing how geography intersects with
culture is critical in understanding global society. World Cultural Geography provides an
engaging examination of these connections as it probes into different regions' histories
across human civilization and history. In this article, we'll examine its importance and discuss
why studying World Geography broadens our perspective of global affairs.
Cultural continuity, Indigenous identity, language and education matters: A c...AJHSSR Journal
A history of public policies in Japan and Aotearoa New Zealand reveals similar effects on
cultural continuity, Indigenous identity, language and education matters for both Indigenous Ainu and Māori. In
both cases, such policies battered the identity and pride of their Indigenous people, took away their homelands,
endangered the survival of their languages,instigating significant grief over many generations. For decades, both
the Japanese and the New Zealand mainstream public remained largely unaware of the debilitating effect of
public policies on Indigenous language, cultural values and traditional ways of living. This article describes the
introduction of public policies which impacted heavily on education pathways and language survival for Ainu
and Māori, in each case resulting in cultural continuity crunch points. Consequences of these policies are
evaluated; this research advocates for more non-Indigenous researchers to embrace education research which
encourages social justice, reconciliation and restoration of Indigenous well-being and cultural rights.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Architecture is the platform where all cultures, heritages, traditions, and histories meet, through architectural conservation, the built heritage is prolonged and conserved by the planning of individuals or organisations that works solely for the purpose of conservation & preservation of Architectural heritage.
Similar to A Lesson from Vernacular Architecture in Nigeria (20)
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 84-95 / 2018
Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 85
Nigeria is a vast country with a rich diversity. This
diversity is seen in various dimensions such as:
ethnic group representations, climatic
conditions, religious affiliations, cultural beliefs
and practices and art forms. Because of the
vastness of its diversity, approaches to
architecture also vary. Different ethnic groups in
Nigeria approach architecture in different ways
in an attempt to address local conditions and
needs. To better understand and appreciate
vernacular architecture in Nigeria, this paper is
considering architectural approaches of two
ethnic groups under varying climatic conditions,
religions and socio-cultural practices.
The paper has a number of objectives. To review
vernacular residential architecture in Nigeria as
practiced by two cultural groups, i.e. the Hausas
and the Igbos, so as to better appreciate their
approaches to architecture. To determine the
values that might have influenced their local
architectures. The paper intends to compare
vernacular and contemporary architecture in
Nigeria, and to find positive values embedded in
Nigerian vernacular architecture which might be
appropriated in contemporary Nigerian
architecture.
2. Nigeria
The Federal republic of Nigeria is located in West
Africa and lies between latitudes 4° and 14ºN,
and longitudes 2º and 15ºE. (Figs. 1&2)
Figure 1. Map of Africa Showing Nigeria in Red. (Source:
www.google.com)
Figure 2. Map of Nigeria Showing 36 States and the FCT Abuja,
Source: www.google.com
With a current population of over 180,000 million
people, Nigeria is the most populated country in
Africa. Of the over 250 ethnic groups in the
country, the three largest are the Hausas,
located in the northern part of the country, the
Yorubas, in the south western part of the country
and the Igbos, found in the south-eastern part of
Nigeria. (Figure 3)
Figure 3. Map of Nigeria Showing the Broad Distribution of
Major Ethnic Groups6.
Source: www.google.com
British colonial rule began in Nigeria from the 19th
century when the Northern and Southern
Protectorates of the country were merged
together to form a single entity called Nigeria. This
was done in 1914 by the British. Nigeria eventually
gained its Independence from the United
Kingdom on 1st October 1960.
Nigeria is a multi-religious country made up of two
predominant religions, i.e. Christianity and Islam.
The population is divided roughly in half between
these two major religions.
Basically, Nigeria’s climate can be classified into
two. The northern part of the country, where the
Hausas predominate, is characterized by hot, dry
climate and extremes of temperature between
day and night. Rainfall is minimal and often less
than 500mm per year. The southern part of the
country, where the Igbos are found, is mostly hot
and humid and has a high annual rainfall of
between 1,500 to 2,000 mm a year.
3. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 84-95 / 2018
Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 86
3. Methodology
The main aim of carrying out a research is to add
to existing knowledge in a particular area of
study. This can be achieved through investigating
new dimensions of any field of study. Through the
process of carrying out a research, problems are
defined and redefined, hypotheses and theories
are formulated, new approaches are
developed, solutions are suggested and
conclusions drawn. This process also involves the
use of strategic and systematic methodology in
pursuit of knowledge so as to arrive a logical
solution and develop a problem solving theory
Rajasekar et’el (2006).
This study employs the exploratory research tool
for collecting its data from existing publications
on the Research. Information will be sought from
journals, reports and books on related topics.
Personal knowledge about the study area will
also be applied.
4. CASE STUDIES: HAUSA, IGBO
4.1 Hausa
4.1.1 Hausa People
The Hausas are one of the major ethnic groups in
West Africa and are among the three largest in
Nigeria(Arenibafo, 2016). They can also be found
in significant numbers in Niger Republic. They all
speak the Hausa language which is the most
widely spoken language in West Africa.
Long distance trading has long been practiced
by the Hausas. They also engage in other
occupational practices such as: farming, animal
herding, and practice of crafts such as dyeing,
thatching, leather working, weaving and silver
smiting. The Hausas predominantly follow the
Islamic religion. Its influence is significant and
permeates almost every aspect of their life and
culture such as their dressing, social interactions
and even architecture. Agboola and Zango
(2014) state that the Trans-Sahara Trade coupled
with the new religion of Islam had the most
enormous impact on the settlement pattern and
local building practices of Hausa land. Some of
the effects can be seen reflected in the façades
of their buildings as a number of the designs
employed were borrowed from other parts of the
Islamic world.
4.1.2 Typical Hausa Vernacular Architecture
Hausa vernacular architecture is greatly
influenced by socio-cultural practices, religion,
climate and available material. Culture and
social practices have affected the layout
patterns of both settlements as well as family
compounds. Within the settlement, there are
three important focal points. These are the
mosque, emir’s palace (chief’s palace) and
market. The emir’s palace acts as the seat of
administration of the community while the market
draws people from within and around the
community once a week for trade and social
interactions. Family compounds are built around
these three focal points.
Within the family setting, the extended family
system is an important cultural practice. It is not
uncommon for members of an extended family
to live together in one large homestead which is
sub-divided into units, each unit belonging to a
married male member of the family. Family
compounds can be quite large in size depending
on the number of wives and children a man has
and in the case of the Hausas, four wives are
allowed according to the Islamic religion. Building
units are added within a compound as the need
arises or as the family size increases. So also, the
reverse is the case. The size of the compound
may diminish as children move away from home
to settle elsewhere or as huts fall into disrepair.
Social relationships within the community are
important to the Hausas and provision for this is
made in the compound by the introduction of an
entrance or reception hut called a zaure (Figure
4). This is a multi-functional entrance lobby which
is used by the family head for relaxation,
entertaining visitors, practicing crafts, etc. Open
spaces are also provided in front of family
homesteads and serve as relaxation spots for the
family head and his visitors and where he often
sits to share meals with neighbors (Figure 5),
Figure 4i. Plan of a Hausa compound. Source: google.com
4. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 84-95 / 2018
Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 87
Figure 4ii. Plan of a Hausa compound. Source: Muhammad
Oumar, 1997
Figure 5. Outdoor Space for Relaxation (Moughtin, 1964).
Religion plays an important role in Hausa
architecture. The Islamic religion which is
practiced by most Hausas in northern Nigeria
encourages seclusion of women and separation
of the two genders. For this reason, a zaure or
male reception area was introduced into the
plan of Hausa buildings. It acts as a foyer and sets
limits beyond which strangers and males outside
of the family unit cannot exceed. Women stay
within the inner compound which is veiled from
view. Privacy is further encouraged by the
absence of windows on exterior walls
The effects of climate are addressed in Hausa
buildings. Northern Nigeria, where the Hausa
people can be found, falls within the Sahel
savannah. This area is characterized by hot dry
climatic conditions with extremes of temperature
between day and night. Traditional Hausa houses
are built to accommodate these climatic
conditions. Openings are small and few in
number so as to keep out dust and as much as
the sun’s heat and glare as possible. The walls are
made of adobe mud which is a good thermal
regulator, helping to regulate extremes of
temperature between day and night thus
keeping interiors cool during the hot daytime and
warm during the cold nights. Flat mud roofs are
employed on the rectilinear walls. They act as
good thermal insulators and are ideal in an area
which is prone to fire outbreak due to dry
weather conditions. The flat roofs are also suited
to the limited amount of rainfall experienced
within the year (Figure 5).
Various building materials are used in Hausa
building construction. Moughtin (1964) names
them as earth, timber, reeds, grasses, and stones.
Dry straw when mixed with mud is used to make
adobe bricks of great strength which is used for
the wall construction. A local waterproofing
plaster is made from a mixture of mud and either
ash additives or liquid from locust bean pods.
Building forms are either round or rectilinear in
shape.
Roofing is of two types depending on the shape
of the building. Round huts are roofed with
conical thatched roofs made from cornstalks and
grass. Rectilinear buildings usually have flat mud
roofing. These are made from timber from the
palm tree (azara) which is very strong and insect
resistant. The timber pieces are laid across each
other in a herringbone fashion after which both
sides are plastered with mud. A special water
proofing plaster is applied to the roof.
Ingenuity is seen in the construction of interior
arches (Figure 6). Moughtin, (1964), describes the
arches as: A series of cantilevered lengths of
azara (a fibrous palm tree which is free from
attack by white ants) built into the mud arch to
form the main reinforcement while additional
azaras are used to counteract shear and to
distribute the thrust of the arch into the walls
Creative façade designs are important elements
in Hausa architecture. According to Adamu,
(2005), decoration in Hausa traditional
architecture can be categorized into three
groups namely, surface design, calligraphy and
ornamental. The surface designs are
predominantly reliefs, engraved or carved
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Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 88
designs and murals (Figure7&8). Decorative
elements called zanko, protrude from the roof
parapet. They are unique additions to many
Hausa buildings.
Figure 6. Indoor Arches.
Figure 7. Emir of Zazzau. Palace in Zaria, Nigeria, built 1995–
Mural Facade Design
Source:www.google.com
Figure 8. Relief Design on a Street Facing Façade.
5. Hausa Contemporary Architecture
The first impact of modernity on Hausa buildings
came with colonialism. Schwertfeger, (2014)
attributes the late 1940’s as the period when
modern building materials were introduced into
Nigeria. The import of these materials, particularly
cement, played a great role in changing the
practice of vernacular architecture in Hausa land
and Nigeria in general. Modern materials like
cement allowed people to construct longer
lasting homes. As such, adobe bricks were
gradually replaced with cement blocks which
are longer lasting and carry greater prestige in
the society. Modern roofing materials have to a
great extent also replaced mud and thatch
roofing.
Modernity has also improved health conditions in
many traditional Hausa buildings. Where before,
ventilation was insufficient in the indoor rooms
because of the small and inadequate number of
windows, contemporary buildings now have
larger openings which allow for cross ventilation.
This has reduced the incidence of meningitis in
many Hausa settlements in Nigeria. Cholera and
other such diseases have also been reduced
since modern toilets were introduced, replacing
pit latrines in many homes.
The practice of gender separation and privacy
for women is still seen in many contemporary
Hausa buildings. In the plan below, the first floor
plan is reserved strictly for family members while
on the ground floor, there is complete separation
of the visitor’s space from that of the family space
thus ensuring minimum contact between non
family members and family members, particularly
women (Figure 9). Separate entrances have
been provided for the women folk so that they
can have access into and out of the house
without being seen by any male visitors. This is in
accordance with the socio-cultural and religious
lifestyle of the Hausas.
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Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 89
Figure 9. Plan of a Contemporary Hausa Building Designed
by Zailani and Sa’ad Raji (Aliyu, 2015).
One effect of modernity on Hausa cultural
lifestyle is the gradual loss of extended family ties.
Many contemporary residential buildings are
designed solely for single family units thereby
effectively cutting out the extended family
lifestyle. Some contemporary buildings have
maintained some elements of the vernacular in
their external facades. For instance the buildings
in Figure 10 below have added pinnacles (Zanko)
at the top of the parapet roof. This is a distinctly
Hausa element and gives the building a “Hausa”
appearance.
Façade designs have gradually become less
popular than before and are not as extensively
applied as in the traditional buildings. This can be
seen in the pictures in Figure 10ii below where the
greater part of the façade has been left
unadorned with the exception of the front
entrance which has some ornamental
decoration around it, reminiscent of traditional
Hausa architecture. Also, the facade design in
the buildings in Figure 11 is not as elaborate as is
found in the traditional buildings. (Compare with
Figure 7).
Figure 10. Contemporary Hausa Architecture With the ‘Zanko’
Added at the Top Giving it a ‘Traditional’ Look Source: Aliyu,
2015
Figure 11. Pictorial Views of Postmodern Residential Designs
Displaying Northern Cultural Symbol Popularly Known
as Arewa Symbol ( Aliyu, 2015).
6. Igbo People
The Igbo are also a prominent people group
found in Nigeria. They live in the south-eastern
part of the country in scattered towns and
villages and speak the common Igbo language.
Igbo people are very industrious and engage in
a wide range of commercial activities. In the rural
areas, Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen,
farmers and traders.
Prior to the coming of missionaries to Nigeria, the
Igbos predominantly practiced traditional
religion which involved belief in a vast number of
gods and goddesses. With the coming of
missionaries however, most Igbos embraced
Christianity though a small percentage still follow
the traditional religion.
The Igbos are also known for sculpturing and
carvings. Many of their doors and wooden pillars
have various designs carved into them. Uli design
is a form of body beautification, done mostly by
Igbo women. It is sometimes inscribed on facades
of buildings.
6.1 Igbo Vernacular Architecture
Igbo architecture, as practiced by the Igbos of
south eastern Nigeria, display values of
vernacular. Their buildings seek to integrate
spiritual, cultural and lifestyle values into their
architecture. Chukwu (2015), states that ‘apart
from the Igbo language which was the number
one distinguishing factor, the traditional Igbo
society was both theophorous and communal.’
He goes on to say that ‘these two traditional
indices of the Igbo society namely, the religious
and communal life traits were always expressed
and represented in the building architectural
designs of every Igbo society.’
Communality is an important aspect of Igbo
cultural life and is ingrained into the layout of the
settlement pattern. Settlements typically have
community spaces at the center, and these
spaces are the sites for public gatherings,
discussions and meetings, as well as other
community interactions
(http://africanurbanism.net/2012/03/31/tradition
7. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 2(1), 84-95 / 2018
Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 90
al-igbo-design/). Festivals and displays by
masquerades are important activities in the Igbo
community and are done in these village squares
(Figure 12).
A typical family compound contains a number of
huts or building units, each having a separate
function (Figure 13, i&ii). The number of such
building units is determined by the number of
wives and children a man had. Before the advent
of Christianity into Igboland, the Igbos were
predominantly a polygamous society. A large
number of wives and children was seen as a sign
of wealth and moreover, increased the
workforce of the family, considering that farming
was the mainstay of their economy.
Figure 12 i. An Activity Taking Place in an Igbo Community
Village Square Source:
(http://africanurbanism.net/2012/03/31/traditional-igbo-
design/
Figure 12 ii. Masquerades Permorming in a Village a square.
The compounds are surrounded with an earthen
wall having a single entrance gateway. Okoye
(2001) states that this entrance gateway
indicates the status and power of the family and
the importance of the head of the compound,
which is communicated through the elaborate
nature of the gate structure, and the richness of
the door leaf it probably had once framed.
As with the Hausas, the extended family system is
important in the Igbo community. Clans men
often live in a large family compound
demarcated into separate units by a common
fence. Meetings and family gatherings are
regular events. An important element called obi
is provided in the compound of the eldest male
member of the extended family for these
gatherings. Cole and Aniakor (1984) describe the
obi as ‘the male meeting house which is the
conceptual and, often, the physical centre of a
domestic Igbo architecture (Sourced by
Ikebude, 2009).
Figure 13 i. Plan of a Family Unit, Source. (Nsude, 1987)
Figure 13ii. Plan of a Family Unit, Source Nsude, 1987.
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Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 91
Figure 13iii. Plan of a Family Compound with courtyard in the
centre and Building Units Surrounding it.
Source:www.google.com.
Traditional religion as practiced by the Igbos,
involved belief in various gods and goddesses
and led to shrines being erected within the larger
community, in their honor. An example of this is
the mbari hut which is a shrine built for the deities.
Each deity had its own individual shrine (Figure
14). Within the family compound, sacred family
shrines were also erected.
Figure 14 i. Mbari house.
Figure 14 ii. Entrance to a communal shrine.
The predominant building materials of the Igbos
were clay, grasses and bamboo. These were
used to address local weather conditions. Hot
humid conditions prevail in south-eastern Nigeria
so clay was used for building adobe walls which
sufficiently regulated temperature between the
indoors and outdoors. Nsude, (1987) states that
the warm humid climate of Igbo land and its
tropical rainfall dictate the use of steeply pitched
roofs. The roofs are thatched with palm leaf
fronds and grasses which are commonly
available in that part of the country.
The building forms are basically of two types: the
rectangular and the circular. Roof forms are also
built in accordance with the building form, thus,
rectangular buildings had hipped roofing while
circular buildings had conical roofing.
Figure 15 i. Thatching with palm leaf mats, early 20th century.
Source: Basden 1921
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Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 92
Figure 15 ii. Steeply Pitched Roofs Source: Nsude, 1987.
Building of houses was usually a family and
communal affair. Members of the extended
family and community members usually joined
hands to raise structures. Walls were often
plastered with mud after construction. Nsude
(1987) talks about cow dung being used as a
plastering material. According to him, not only is
the dull greenish color more pleasing to the eye
than the natural earthen color, it also has better
water proofing qualities than ordinary mud.
The art of surface decoration is also practiced by
Igbos in their buildings. Decoration in traditional
Igbo architecture is not restricted to their
compounds and homes only but shrines, meeting
houses and club houses are also often decorated
(Nsude, 1987). He goes on to say that decoration
often involves bas-relief, insertions, color mural
painting or the use of moulded and carved
objects. Creativity is seen in Igbo architecture in
the carvings and sculptures on doors, gateways
and pillars. In Igbo architecture, generally,
building extensions such as walls and posts, and
panels such as doors, are considered
architecture as such murals and other wall
decorations, and relief carvings on posts and
doors are all architectural processes
(Ikebude,2009) (Figure 16&17).
Figure 16 i. Carved Igbo Doors.
Figure 16 ii. Carved Post. Source: nairaland.com
Figure 17. A decorated wall surface Source: howafrica.com
6.2 Igbo Contemporary Architecture
Vernacular Igbo architecture has seen several
changes due to the influence of modernity.
The wider choice of modern building materials is
one of the more obvious influences of modernity
on Igbo vernacular architecture. Longer lasting
buildings of varying sizes are now seen in
contemporary Igbo societies. Buildings are more
compact with rooms opening into one another
with a single common roof over them. The
compound is no longer in the centre but around
the building. Pitched roofs have been
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Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 93
maintained on contemporary buildings due to
the frequent rains; however modern roofing
materials are now used.
External wall facades made up of carved images
and murals are now absent from contemporary
Igbo architecture. Rather, modern paints and
wall tiles are applied. Where community
members used to join hands to raise buildings,
now paid labor is the common method of
building. Modernity has brought about a
disintegration of community and extended family
lifestyle. Buildings are designed for smaller family
units.
Table 1. Comparison between Traditional Hausa and Igbo Architecture.
Hausa Igbo
Settlement
3 important elements in the settlement: mosque,
emir’s palace, market
2 important elements in the
settlement: Village square, Shrines
Compound
Privacy and gender separation highly emphasized.
Non male members of the family cannot gain
entrance into the inner compound.
Building units of round or square huts having
different functions are repeated throughout the
compound.
No gender separation. Inner
compound is open to visitors,
both male and female.
Building units of round or square
huts having different functions are
repeated throughout the
compound.
Building
Materials Mud, grass, cornstalks, timber Mud, grass, bamboo, raffia palms
Roofing
Types
Flat mud roofs
Conical thatched
Roof
Pitched Thatch Hip Roof
Conical Pitched Thatch Roof
Openings Small and Few Windows Small and few windows
Façade Facades are highly decorated with reliefs, murals
and engraved decorations.
Facades, doors, pillars and posts
are highly decorated with reliefs,
murals and carvings
Courtyards Open spaces within the compound make up the
courtyard.
Open spaces within the
compound make up the
courtyard.
Family Size Large due to extended family practice and
influence of religion which permits up to four wives.
Large due to extended family
practice and socio-economic
reasons.
Table 2. Comparison Between Contemporary Hausa And Igbo Architecture.
Hausa Igbo
Settlement No focal points. Settlements have expanded due to
urban growth.
No focal points. Settlements have
expanded due to urban growth.
Compound Privacy for women still emphasized. Women’s
quarters separated from external contact with
visitors.
No gender separation.
Building
Materials
Cement, Sandcrete blocks, burnt bricks, modern
roofing materials
Cement, Sandcrete blocks, burnt
bricks, modern roofing materials
Roofing
Types Pitched roofs. Parapets used in many buildings
obscuring the pitched roof and giving the
appearance of a flat roof.
Pitched roofs.
Openings Larger in size and variety. Larger in size and variety.
Facades Traditional façade decoration still applied in some
instances though not as frequentle as before.
Modern paints and textured finishes now common.
Sculptures, wall carvings and
traditional façade designs not
practiced.
Modern paints and textured
finishes now common.
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Joyce Lodson , John Emmanuel Ogbeba , Ugochukwu Kenechi Elinwa 94
Courtyards Compact building plans. Courtyards surrounding
the building rather than at the centre.
Compact building plans.
Courtyards surrounding the
building rather than at the centre.
Family Size Still large due to allowance of four wives by Islamic
religion.
Extended family practice not as commonly
practiced.
Smaller due to influence of
Christianity which allows only one
wife and due to gradual
disintegration of extended family
practice.
7. Conclusion
Vernacular architecture has undergone a
number of changes over the years as a result of
the influence of modernity. This has led to the
emergence of contemporary approaches to
building in the Nigerian society. Values of the
vernacular however are still very relevant to our
contemporary buildings today.
For instance, vernacular architecture uses local
eco-friendly materials to address local climatic
conditions. Adobe is a good example of a
traditional building material with natural thermal
regulating qualities and no detrimental
environmental effects. Modern building materials
are not eco-friendly like the local building
materials and have caused various threats to the
natural environment. Now with the issues of
climate change and global warming, it is
becoming increasingly clear that there is a need
to revisit the use of our local building materials.
With some improvements our local materials can
function in the same capacity as the modern
materials with the added advantage of not
harming the environment.
Values of ethics, family living and cultural
practices define vernacular architecture in
Nigeria. This is absent in contemporary
architecture today. Creative means of expressing
culture should be encouraged in our
contemporary buildings. For instance, rather than
using expensive wall finishes which have no
cultural expression, simple yet attractive
traditional wall finishes can be applied in our
contemporary buildings. This will not only save
money but will also preserve our cultural heritage.
Acknowledgments
This research did not receive any specific grant
from funding agencies in the public, commercial,
or non-for-profit sectors.
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