Following the 2008 "Re-imaging Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil symposium, Penn IUR solicited manuscripts on environmental and energy challenges and their effect on the redesign of urban environments.
A comparative analysis of biodiversity in urban ponds in the UKChristopher Hassall
Talk given at IALE UK meeting, 1-3 September 2014. I discuss how to define an urban pond (more difficult than you'd think) and some preliminary data characterising urban pond ecology across multiple published and unpublished studies.
1) The document discusses the concept of a "Biophilic City" - a city designed to be in greater harmony with nature through increased biodiversity and green spaces. It argues there are economic benefits to such an approach.
2) Some potential economic benefits discussed include increased property values and tourism in more attractive cities with greater biodiversity and green spaces, health and productivity improvements from exposure to nature, reduced energy and infrastructure costs from urban greening and cooling, local food production reducing transportation costs, and carbon sequestration.
3) The document argues the economic case for "Biophilic Cities" has not been fully made yet but aspects like these could provide cities that adopt greater integration with nature an economic advantage
The document discusses concepts related to ecology, urban ecology, and ecologically sustainable development (ESD). It defines ecology as the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Urban ecology deals specifically with these relationships in urban settings. ESD aims to use resources in a way that maintains ecological processes for current and future generations. The document outlines principles of ESD, such as the precautionary principle, and approaches to integrate ESD into urban and transport planning. It provides Curitiba, Brazil as an example that implemented innovative planning strategies to promote sustainability.
This document discusses several topics related to urban ecology, including urban wildlife, permaculture, city farming, human ecology, genetically modified foods, ecological urbanism, urban design and planning principles, new urbanism, and urban water systems. It explores how urbanization impacts the environment and hydrologic cycle, and introduces concepts like urban permaculture and city farming that aim to counteract environmental degradation in cities. Throughout, it sheds light on effects of urbanization and strategies people are employing to address them.
Urban ecology: will we act before its too late?Gururaja KV
This talk is given at CiSTUP foundation day, on 4 Jan 2010, IISc, Bangalore. Deals with Urban ecology in general and what I am interested in, in particular. Simple, straight lecture.
This document discusses urban ecology and sustainability. It covers topics such as methods to study urban ecology including remote sensing and long-term ecological research. It also addresses urban biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the effects of urbanization on the environment. Finally, it proposes strategies to promote urban sustainability, such as urban gardening, food forests, investing in downtown areas, and sustainable landscapes and buildings. The overall aim is to understand human and ecological processes in cities and help societies become more sustainable.
A comparative analysis of biodiversity in urban ponds in the UKChristopher Hassall
Talk given at IALE UK meeting, 1-3 September 2014. I discuss how to define an urban pond (more difficult than you'd think) and some preliminary data characterising urban pond ecology across multiple published and unpublished studies.
1) The document discusses the concept of a "Biophilic City" - a city designed to be in greater harmony with nature through increased biodiversity and green spaces. It argues there are economic benefits to such an approach.
2) Some potential economic benefits discussed include increased property values and tourism in more attractive cities with greater biodiversity and green spaces, health and productivity improvements from exposure to nature, reduced energy and infrastructure costs from urban greening and cooling, local food production reducing transportation costs, and carbon sequestration.
3) The document argues the economic case for "Biophilic Cities" has not been fully made yet but aspects like these could provide cities that adopt greater integration with nature an economic advantage
The document discusses concepts related to ecology, urban ecology, and ecologically sustainable development (ESD). It defines ecology as the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Urban ecology deals specifically with these relationships in urban settings. ESD aims to use resources in a way that maintains ecological processes for current and future generations. The document outlines principles of ESD, such as the precautionary principle, and approaches to integrate ESD into urban and transport planning. It provides Curitiba, Brazil as an example that implemented innovative planning strategies to promote sustainability.
This document discusses several topics related to urban ecology, including urban wildlife, permaculture, city farming, human ecology, genetically modified foods, ecological urbanism, urban design and planning principles, new urbanism, and urban water systems. It explores how urbanization impacts the environment and hydrologic cycle, and introduces concepts like urban permaculture and city farming that aim to counteract environmental degradation in cities. Throughout, it sheds light on effects of urbanization and strategies people are employing to address them.
Urban ecology: will we act before its too late?Gururaja KV
This talk is given at CiSTUP foundation day, on 4 Jan 2010, IISc, Bangalore. Deals with Urban ecology in general and what I am interested in, in particular. Simple, straight lecture.
This document discusses urban ecology and sustainability. It covers topics such as methods to study urban ecology including remote sensing and long-term ecological research. It also addresses urban biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the effects of urbanization on the environment. Finally, it proposes strategies to promote urban sustainability, such as urban gardening, food forests, investing in downtown areas, and sustainable landscapes and buildings. The overall aim is to understand human and ecological processes in cities and help societies become more sustainable.
Design Thesis - Strengthening Community Through the Post-Industrial LandscapeMatthew Greene
This document discusses post-industrial landscapes and abandoned industrial sites. It explores how these derelict landscapes came to be so prominent across urban areas after World War II due to physical and functional obsolescence. The document examines different views on how to manage post-industrial landscapes, such as brownfield redevelopment and industrial archeology. It argues that these landscapes are significant remnants of industrial heritage that provide lessons from history and incentives for restoration. The goal is to understand how the unique spatial, architectural, and cultural qualities of abandoned industrial sites can be reclaimed into vibrant social spaces.
The document discusses the relationship between nature and cities in modernity. It explores how modernism constructed two types of nature - evil/bad nature and divine/good nature. It also discusses two constructions of cities - as cancers draining resources, and as assets with environmental and cultural benefits. The document then examines how 19th century industrial cities struggled with pollution and public health issues. It outlines four main approaches modernist planning used to resolve the nature/city relationship: controlling bad nature in cities, taking cities into nature through urban utopias, bringing good nature into cities, and taking city dwellers into nature.
This document examines the need for a systemic transformation in how cities are developed to make them more sustainable and beneficial to human development and the environment. It discusses how cities have evolved over time from centers of trade, production and social organization to places that now threaten biodiversity and natural resources through pollution, waste and unsustainable growth patterns. The document proposes a vision of "rejuvenative cities" that would take a holistic approach to city planning and development focused on positively contributing to both human well-being and planetary health.
This document outlines research hypotheses about urban resilience to drought. It proposes that a city's resilience depends on three factors: 1) antecedent environmental conditions like groundwater levels and quality, 2) the physical water infrastructure, and 3) water governance mechanisms. The research would analyze these factors in major cities on different continents to develop a model for predicting drought resilience. The interdisciplinary study could help increase resilience through practical solutions and advance theory on human-environment interactions.
1) The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to achieve ecological balance.
2) It argues that considering both the environment and local culture is important to make cities sustainable and ensure public participation in planning.
3) The ideal model is one where development and environmental protection progress together by incorporating cultural values and recognizing cities as living systems interconnected with nature.
Urban ecology is the study of the relationship between living and non-living components of human-settled environments. It examines how human influences impact plant and animal populations in cities, and how urban ecosystems provide functions that support human populations. Urban ecology also considers the interactions between biophysical forces and socio-economic aspects of cities. It aims to quantify energy, material, and nutrient flows needed to sustain urban systems. Key analytical tools used in urban ecology include systems flow diagramming, environmental gradient analysis, correlation analysis, footprint analysis, and emergy analysis. These tools help evaluate cities' socio-ecological metabolism and trade-offs between alternative development choices.
The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to maintain ecological balance. It argues that viewing development and environment/culture as mutually exclusive leads to problems. Instead, an organic city design approach is needed that incorporates cultural parameters and recognizes the city's relationship with natural systems. This will help minimize issues like environmental degradation and cultural shock of development by reducing the disparity between progress on development versus culture/environment.
Development induced displacement often forcibly relocates millions of people worldwide each year for large-scale projects like dams, airports, and infrastructure. This causes profound social and economic disruption as communities are broken up and livelihoods lost. A case study examines the Sardar Sarovar Dam project in India, which will displace over 100,000 people from 245 villages. Another case study looks at the Cochin International Airport in Kerala, which acquired over 1,200 acres of land and displaced 872 households, mainly from scheduled castes. The displaced communities suffered negative impacts like loss of land, livelihoods, and income, as well as food insecurity and homelessness.
DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND REHABILITATIONVismaya Nithin
Development-induced displacement occurs when communities or individuals are forced from their homes and lands for the purpose of economic development. There are two types of displacement: physical displacement, which results in relocation or loss of shelter, and economic displacement, which results in loss of assets or means of livelihood. Common causes of development-induced displacement include water supply projects, urban infrastructure development, transportation projects, energy projects, agricultural expansion, and the creation of parks and forest reserves. Rehabilitation aims to restore displaced individuals and communities to a satisfactory state by providing replacement housing, land, employment, and rebuilding social networks, but often fails to restore people's sense of identity and cultural link to the environment.
1. The document discusses achieving ecological balance in growing cities through culture-environment parity in development planning.
2. It argues that considering both the environment and local culture is necessary to develop cities in a sustainable way and prevent "civilization disasters".
3. The ideal model incorporates cultural values into planning to minimize the "cultural shock of development" and ensure long-term sustainability through community participation and responsibility.
This document discusses urban ecology and the importance of integrating ecology into cities for sustainability. It describes how urbanization can disrupt ecological functions and habitats. Green networks of interconnected natural areas can help mitigate these impacts by preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Examples of green network elements are provided, including river restoration, urban nature preserves, wildlife crossings, and converting vacant lands and brownfields into natural areas. The document uses case studies like the Enz River in Germany and BP Park in Australia to illustrate successful green network projects.
Stephen graham Nature, Cities and the ‘Anthropocene’Stephen Graham
An analysis of what the idea of the 'Anthropocene' -- our latest Geological epoch marked by the human shaping of the Earth -- means for how we think about cities
This study examines the linkages between ecosystem services and human well-being in the rural community of Sistelo in northern Portugal. The researchers used participatory methods like interviews and exercises to understand local perspectives. They found that while material well-being has increased, some ecosystem services have declined as the region's population decreases. Residents recognize provisioning, cultural, and regulating services, though feel provisioning is most important for well-being. However, well-being is disconnecting from local ecosystem services as people can now substitute services. Land abandonment risks reducing services and raises questions about future well-being and ecosystems.
The document discusses human settlements throughout history in different parts of the world. It provides details on:
1. Early human nomadic settlements and the factors influencing location such as access to resources.
2. Key ancient settlements including those in Egypt along the Nile River which provided fertile land and transportation, Mesopotamian cities like Uruk which was one of the first true cities, and Greek cities following plans by Hippodamus with grid layouts.
3. Roman settlements employing orthogonal street grids inspired by Greek designs, exemplified by planned cities like Timgad in North Africa which had precise stone construction illustrating Roman urban planning.
This document discusses urbanization and analyzes three case studies located along the Interstate 35 corridor in central Texas. The first case study is the Barton Creek Greenbelt in Austin, which is described as "urbanized nature" despite being a green space. Evidence provided includes observations of human waste, construction activities, and evidence that the greenbelt's users are predominantly white and higher-income. The second case study is the Mueller community in Austin, described as reformed spaces with diverse places. The third is the town square in Wimberley, analyzed as a commoditized place that attracts tourism. The document examines how these case studies relate to concepts of urbanization, capitalism, and their impacts on nature.
This is part 1 of Leopold's essay "The Land Ethic" paired with beautiful images. This presentation can be used as a backdrop to help illustrate public readings of the essay.
Relationships among socioeconomic affluence, yard management, and biodiversityVitor Vieira Vasconcelos
1) The study examined the relationships between socioeconomic factors, yard management practices, and biodiversity in residential yards in Gainesville, Florida.
2) A survey of 102 homeowners found that higher socioeconomic affluence (e.g. larger house size, value, land area) increased natural resource consumption like water and fertilizer use in yards.
3) However, yard biodiversity did not clearly increase with socioeconomic affluence and seemed more related to yard maintenance styles and cultural preferences. Professional yard maintenance was linked to lower reported plant diversity in back yards.
4) Spatial patterns in neighborhoods partially overlapped with socioeconomic patterns and influenced yard biodiversity and management.
The document discusses the relationship between two global systems - the Natural System and the Human Network. The Natural System developed over billions of years and forms a continuous, interconnected fabric across the planet. In contrast, the Human Network is a much newer system centered around human activity that has grown rapidly over the past century. There is now a conflict between these two systems as human demands increasingly disrupt and overwhelm the natural world. Resolving this tension will require new ways of thinking that consider both systems and their interactions at global scales.
Urbanization leads to rural migration and suburban concentration into cities. As cities grow, more land and waterways are modified to accommodate increased population needs. This modification impacts local ecosystems and drives changes in biogeochemical cycles. For example, fertilizer runoff from agricultural lands pollutes waterways and causes eutrophication. Urban areas also impact the climate through increased greenhouse gas emissions and the urban heat island effect. Understanding these environmental effects of urbanization is important for sustainable future development.
Hydropower currently produces more than three-quarters of the world's renewable energy each year and has lower carbon emissions than other renewable sources like wind and solar. Africa has significant potential for expanding hydropower since it is responsible for 84% of the continent's non-fossil fuel energy use, yet over half of Africans lack access to electricity. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam currently under construction will be Africa's largest hydropower plant, providing much needed electricity to Ethiopia. While hydropower projects are controversial, they offer abundant clean energy for decades without much maintenance.
The Akosombo Dam is a large hydroelectric dam on the Volta River in Ghana that provides electricity for the country. Originally built in the 1960s to power aluminum smelting operations, it was the largest single investment in Ghana's economic development at the time. The dam generates over 900 MW of power and was conceived in the early 1900s but construction did not begin until funding was secured from an aluminum company and Ghana in the 1940s and 1950s under Kwame Nkrumah.
Design Thesis - Strengthening Community Through the Post-Industrial LandscapeMatthew Greene
This document discusses post-industrial landscapes and abandoned industrial sites. It explores how these derelict landscapes came to be so prominent across urban areas after World War II due to physical and functional obsolescence. The document examines different views on how to manage post-industrial landscapes, such as brownfield redevelopment and industrial archeology. It argues that these landscapes are significant remnants of industrial heritage that provide lessons from history and incentives for restoration. The goal is to understand how the unique spatial, architectural, and cultural qualities of abandoned industrial sites can be reclaimed into vibrant social spaces.
The document discusses the relationship between nature and cities in modernity. It explores how modernism constructed two types of nature - evil/bad nature and divine/good nature. It also discusses two constructions of cities - as cancers draining resources, and as assets with environmental and cultural benefits. The document then examines how 19th century industrial cities struggled with pollution and public health issues. It outlines four main approaches modernist planning used to resolve the nature/city relationship: controlling bad nature in cities, taking cities into nature through urban utopias, bringing good nature into cities, and taking city dwellers into nature.
This document examines the need for a systemic transformation in how cities are developed to make them more sustainable and beneficial to human development and the environment. It discusses how cities have evolved over time from centers of trade, production and social organization to places that now threaten biodiversity and natural resources through pollution, waste and unsustainable growth patterns. The document proposes a vision of "rejuvenative cities" that would take a holistic approach to city planning and development focused on positively contributing to both human well-being and planetary health.
This document outlines research hypotheses about urban resilience to drought. It proposes that a city's resilience depends on three factors: 1) antecedent environmental conditions like groundwater levels and quality, 2) the physical water infrastructure, and 3) water governance mechanisms. The research would analyze these factors in major cities on different continents to develop a model for predicting drought resilience. The interdisciplinary study could help increase resilience through practical solutions and advance theory on human-environment interactions.
1) The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to achieve ecological balance.
2) It argues that considering both the environment and local culture is important to make cities sustainable and ensure public participation in planning.
3) The ideal model is one where development and environmental protection progress together by incorporating cultural values and recognizing cities as living systems interconnected with nature.
Urban ecology is the study of the relationship between living and non-living components of human-settled environments. It examines how human influences impact plant and animal populations in cities, and how urban ecosystems provide functions that support human populations. Urban ecology also considers the interactions between biophysical forces and socio-economic aspects of cities. It aims to quantify energy, material, and nutrient flows needed to sustain urban systems. Key analytical tools used in urban ecology include systems flow diagramming, environmental gradient analysis, correlation analysis, footprint analysis, and emergy analysis. These tools help evaluate cities' socio-ecological metabolism and trade-offs between alternative development choices.
The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to maintain ecological balance. It argues that viewing development and environment/culture as mutually exclusive leads to problems. Instead, an organic city design approach is needed that incorporates cultural parameters and recognizes the city's relationship with natural systems. This will help minimize issues like environmental degradation and cultural shock of development by reducing the disparity between progress on development versus culture/environment.
Development induced displacement often forcibly relocates millions of people worldwide each year for large-scale projects like dams, airports, and infrastructure. This causes profound social and economic disruption as communities are broken up and livelihoods lost. A case study examines the Sardar Sarovar Dam project in India, which will displace over 100,000 people from 245 villages. Another case study looks at the Cochin International Airport in Kerala, which acquired over 1,200 acres of land and displaced 872 households, mainly from scheduled castes. The displaced communities suffered negative impacts like loss of land, livelihoods, and income, as well as food insecurity and homelessness.
DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND REHABILITATIONVismaya Nithin
Development-induced displacement occurs when communities or individuals are forced from their homes and lands for the purpose of economic development. There are two types of displacement: physical displacement, which results in relocation or loss of shelter, and economic displacement, which results in loss of assets or means of livelihood. Common causes of development-induced displacement include water supply projects, urban infrastructure development, transportation projects, energy projects, agricultural expansion, and the creation of parks and forest reserves. Rehabilitation aims to restore displaced individuals and communities to a satisfactory state by providing replacement housing, land, employment, and rebuilding social networks, but often fails to restore people's sense of identity and cultural link to the environment.
1. The document discusses achieving ecological balance in growing cities through culture-environment parity in development planning.
2. It argues that considering both the environment and local culture is necessary to develop cities in a sustainable way and prevent "civilization disasters".
3. The ideal model incorporates cultural values into planning to minimize the "cultural shock of development" and ensure long-term sustainability through community participation and responsibility.
This document discusses urban ecology and the importance of integrating ecology into cities for sustainability. It describes how urbanization can disrupt ecological functions and habitats. Green networks of interconnected natural areas can help mitigate these impacts by preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Examples of green network elements are provided, including river restoration, urban nature preserves, wildlife crossings, and converting vacant lands and brownfields into natural areas. The document uses case studies like the Enz River in Germany and BP Park in Australia to illustrate successful green network projects.
Stephen graham Nature, Cities and the ‘Anthropocene’Stephen Graham
An analysis of what the idea of the 'Anthropocene' -- our latest Geological epoch marked by the human shaping of the Earth -- means for how we think about cities
This study examines the linkages between ecosystem services and human well-being in the rural community of Sistelo in northern Portugal. The researchers used participatory methods like interviews and exercises to understand local perspectives. They found that while material well-being has increased, some ecosystem services have declined as the region's population decreases. Residents recognize provisioning, cultural, and regulating services, though feel provisioning is most important for well-being. However, well-being is disconnecting from local ecosystem services as people can now substitute services. Land abandonment risks reducing services and raises questions about future well-being and ecosystems.
The document discusses human settlements throughout history in different parts of the world. It provides details on:
1. Early human nomadic settlements and the factors influencing location such as access to resources.
2. Key ancient settlements including those in Egypt along the Nile River which provided fertile land and transportation, Mesopotamian cities like Uruk which was one of the first true cities, and Greek cities following plans by Hippodamus with grid layouts.
3. Roman settlements employing orthogonal street grids inspired by Greek designs, exemplified by planned cities like Timgad in North Africa which had precise stone construction illustrating Roman urban planning.
This document discusses urbanization and analyzes three case studies located along the Interstate 35 corridor in central Texas. The first case study is the Barton Creek Greenbelt in Austin, which is described as "urbanized nature" despite being a green space. Evidence provided includes observations of human waste, construction activities, and evidence that the greenbelt's users are predominantly white and higher-income. The second case study is the Mueller community in Austin, described as reformed spaces with diverse places. The third is the town square in Wimberley, analyzed as a commoditized place that attracts tourism. The document examines how these case studies relate to concepts of urbanization, capitalism, and their impacts on nature.
This is part 1 of Leopold's essay "The Land Ethic" paired with beautiful images. This presentation can be used as a backdrop to help illustrate public readings of the essay.
Relationships among socioeconomic affluence, yard management, and biodiversityVitor Vieira Vasconcelos
1) The study examined the relationships between socioeconomic factors, yard management practices, and biodiversity in residential yards in Gainesville, Florida.
2) A survey of 102 homeowners found that higher socioeconomic affluence (e.g. larger house size, value, land area) increased natural resource consumption like water and fertilizer use in yards.
3) However, yard biodiversity did not clearly increase with socioeconomic affluence and seemed more related to yard maintenance styles and cultural preferences. Professional yard maintenance was linked to lower reported plant diversity in back yards.
4) Spatial patterns in neighborhoods partially overlapped with socioeconomic patterns and influenced yard biodiversity and management.
The document discusses the relationship between two global systems - the Natural System and the Human Network. The Natural System developed over billions of years and forms a continuous, interconnected fabric across the planet. In contrast, the Human Network is a much newer system centered around human activity that has grown rapidly over the past century. There is now a conflict between these two systems as human demands increasingly disrupt and overwhelm the natural world. Resolving this tension will require new ways of thinking that consider both systems and their interactions at global scales.
Urbanization leads to rural migration and suburban concentration into cities. As cities grow, more land and waterways are modified to accommodate increased population needs. This modification impacts local ecosystems and drives changes in biogeochemical cycles. For example, fertilizer runoff from agricultural lands pollutes waterways and causes eutrophication. Urban areas also impact the climate through increased greenhouse gas emissions and the urban heat island effect. Understanding these environmental effects of urbanization is important for sustainable future development.
Hydropower currently produces more than three-quarters of the world's renewable energy each year and has lower carbon emissions than other renewable sources like wind and solar. Africa has significant potential for expanding hydropower since it is responsible for 84% of the continent's non-fossil fuel energy use, yet over half of Africans lack access to electricity. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam currently under construction will be Africa's largest hydropower plant, providing much needed electricity to Ethiopia. While hydropower projects are controversial, they offer abundant clean energy for decades without much maintenance.
The Akosombo Dam is a large hydroelectric dam on the Volta River in Ghana that provides electricity for the country. Originally built in the 1960s to power aluminum smelting operations, it was the largest single investment in Ghana's economic development at the time. The dam generates over 900 MW of power and was conceived in the early 1900s but construction did not begin until funding was secured from an aluminum company and Ghana in the 1940s and 1950s under Kwame Nkrumah.
The Akosombo Dam is a 660m long and 114m tall rock-fill embankment dam located on the Volta River in Ghana. Its construction in the 1960s flooded part of the Volta River Basin and created Lake Volta, which is the world's largest man-made lake. The dam provides hydroelectric power to Ghana and neighboring countries, though initially much of its output went to power an aluminum company. While benefiting industries and development, it also displaced local communities who lived in the flooded areas.
1) The document summarizes Sisi Liang's presentation on physical planning strategies of national high-technology industrial development zones in China.
2) It identifies four types of development zones based on their location, mission, land use, and degree of integration. Case studies from each type are used to examine different planning strategies.
3) The presentation compares US and China approaches and assesses development zone planning strategies based on their impact and outcomes. It suggests tailoring strategies to local contexts and addressing issues like transit and environment.
Guangzhou travel guide provides essential information for all traveler types visiting Guangzhou. Ascott Guangzhou offers well pointed private residences along with an extensive range of amenities for all traveler types.
Delhi is the second most populated city in India with over 16 million people. It faces many problems related to unplanned development, lack of public participation, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental issues. The strategies outlined in the document propose decentralized local area planning, performance-oriented development focused on implementation, increasing public participation, planned redevelopment along transport corridors, increasing housing supply through group housing and PPPS, improving disaster management and the environment, regulating mixed-use development, developing trade centers, and enhancing infrastructure for health, education, and sports.
Urbanization is rapidly increasing worldwide, including in developing countries. Rapid urbanization presents significant challenges, such as unemployment, poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental degradation in many developing country cities. Over half the world's population now lives in urban areas, crowded into just 3% of the Earth's land. By 2030, 65% of the global population is expected to be urbanized. Effective urban planning, infrastructure development, and management are needed to address the problems caused by rapid urban population growth and density in cities.
This document provides background information on urban planning and renewal in Portland, Oregon. It discusses how urban planning aims to create livable communities but has not always distributed environmental amenities like parks and services equitably. The document focuses on three neighborhoods in Portland - Pearl District, Albina, and Lents - that experienced urban renewal led by the Portland Development Commission. It argues these neighborhoods show an inequitable distribution of amenities, with Pearl receiving more benefits than Albina and Lents. The document aims to analyze how amenities are defined, planned for, and distributed in Portland to assess equity across neighborhoods.
The document discusses the search for sustainable cities over time. It explores ideas from early thinkers like Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities, Patrick Geddes' concept of viewing the city as a whole, and Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City. More modern approaches included Ian McHarg's design with nature, Chris Canfield's symbiotic communities, and Michael Corbett's ecological village homes. The document also examines permaculture cities, transit-oriented new urbanism, compact and regenerative cities, and cities with circular metabolisms and green infrastructure. It concludes that sustainable cities integrate nature and community, do not exceed environmental limits, and are holistic, diverse, and regenerative systems.
urbanecology and urban design redevelopmentSumita Singh
This document provides an overview of urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field studying urban ecosystems. It discusses the origin of cities from early agricultural settlements and provides population data for some of the earliest and largest cities throughout history. The document also examines trends in global urbanization, defining urban areas and impacts of urbanization including increased waste and energy demand. It suggests studying urban ecology through analyzing the structure and function of urban ecosystems, such as measuring biological, chemical and physical components along a rural-urban gradient.
A B S T R A C T
Taking plants from their original habitat and keeping them in pots is an illustrative example of manmade, power-oriented and unnatural habitation. Naturally, a plant cannot survive in a segregated environment of a pot. For this reason, diverse supportive activities such as watering, feeding or protecting must be planned. These supplying infrastructures create a great power for the caretaker over the life of the potted plant. Using the example of potted plants, this article tries to shed light on social and ecological problems of urbanization.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(2), 122-129. Doi:10.25034/ijcua.2018.3676
www.ijcua.com
Urbanization refers to the increasing concentration of population in cities and the transformation of land use to an urban pattern. It is driven by economic factors as people migrate from rural to urban areas for work opportunities. While urbanization brings economic benefits, it also concentrates environmental impacts like pollution, resource use, and waste generation. To develop more sustainably, cities must improve existing infrastructure and plan future development to minimize environmental footprints while meeting growth needs through compact design and alternative transportation options. Understanding urban systems as complex interacting processes is key to managing urbanization's impacts at local and global scales.
Introduction to human settlement and housingty0385
Human settlements are places where humans live and are influenced by various factors. Settlements have evolved over time from primitive and non-organized groups to modern organized cities and urban areas. The document discusses the major phases of evolution of human settlements from primitive groups to modern urban areas. It also discusses how early settlements arose in river valleys that had fertile soil and water for agriculture, which allowed surplus food and the rise of early cities with specialized populations. Environmental factors like water sources, landscape, and vegetation influenced where early humans chose to settle.
Las Vegas functions as a complex urban system composed of interrelated subsystems like population, water, transportation, and climate. Cities first developed during the agricultural revolution when people moved into cities for the first time, and modern cities gained prominence during the industrial revolution as commerce replaced farming. Today's third urban revolution involves continued urban growth. While rural areas rely on natural resource-based jobs, urban areas have jobs not directly connected to resources. Urbanization affects land use and wildlife habitat, and can create issues like urban heat islands, air and water pollution from sprawl. Smart growth aims to develop cities compactly and preserve open spaces through mixed land uses and public transportation.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND MULTILAYER DIMENSIONS OF EVOLVING CITIES FOR A SUSTAINAB...Sai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
Cities are growing at a rapid phase, due to exponential growth of populations all over the world. The world population might stabilize by 2070 after reaching the peak population levels of about 9 billion. Already the urban population, living mostly in cities has reached 50% of the world population. Cities in the last few centuries have evolved coping with changes in social, economic, cultural, aesthetics, utility, historical, political, natural and environmental factors. There is always an interface between the interests of old and new generations of people sharing the same space. The buildings have more life than the people living in them. Each building is at least able to provide space for at least two generations. The comfort levels of one generation and the next are different in same space. There are often changes brought with time in any building. Similarly the infrastructure is also changing at a rapid phase as the transportation means and systems are changing. The access to power, drinking water, and open spaces for cultural and social events, educational institutions, markets, etc. also impacts the living space. The security and basic amenities are the main factors of consideration for not moving away from the congested cities. There is always an overlap of old and new adaptation factors, creating resilience for coexistence. The remembrance of a space and events in once own life time impact the people, and they love to continue in similar space. There is a kind of energy that one gets, while returning to the same space, it is often seen that the old people prefer living in the space they are used to and they often live longer too. There are emotions too acting up on the life of the people. Considering all the above factors, each city can be considered a single organism, having its own identity and also there are various diverse spaces within it. It is like a human body single living things, but various parts of the human body function for the happiness of the whole. There is a need to understand multifunctional and multilayer dimensions of the cities, for making a sustainable living in the cities.
The document discusses the unsustainability of modern cities and proposes a new urban design model called "urban eco-regions". It argues that cities are overly dependent on resources from outside their boundaries and produce too much waste. It suggests redesigning cities to be more self-sufficient by including their surrounding productive lands and ecosystems within their political jurisdictions. The goal would be for urban eco-regions to meet most of their residents' needs locally while dramatically reducing their ecological footprints to become contributors rather than burdens to the global environment.
This document provides an overview and introduction to a report on the water footprint of Italy. It discusses key concepts around virtual water and water footprinting. It notes that the water footprint of national production in Italy is around 70 billion m3 per year, with agriculture being the largest user at 85% of the total footprint. The focus of the report will be analyzing Italy's water use, promoting more sustainable management of water resources, and increasing awareness of virtual water flows and impacts on water systems.
This document provides a book review of the "Routledge Handbook of Urban Forestry". The reviewer notes that while the book makes important contributions and includes excellent chapters, it overlooks or ignores significant research from the UK and key British authors. In particular, it lacks references to literature on health and social benefits, ancient trees, urban history, biodiversity, and human interactions with urban forests. However, the book does provide a comprehensive overview of urban forestry and includes chapters on the roles of urban green areas and stresses on urban trees.
The document compares the Garden City concept and the Radiant City concept in terms of social sustainability. It analyzes the two concepts and their underlying principles. It then examines the cities of Brasilia and Canberra as case studies, with Brasilia representing the Radiant City and Canberra representing the Garden City. The analysis finds that while both aim for social sustainability, the Garden City concept better achieves it through its emphasis on integrating the countryside with the urban center and prioritizing naturalness and livability over density.
1. Does US Have An Urban Sustainability Agenda For 21st Century NewmanMirela
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a presentation titled "Does the United States Have an Urban Sustainability Agenda for the 21st Century? A Critical Assessment" to be given at the 40th Urban Affairs Association Conference in Honolulu, Hawaii from March 10-13, 2010. The presentation will assess the progress the US has made toward developing a long-term urban sustainability vision and agenda. It will examine sustainability principles and concepts like ecological cities, growth management, smart growth, and livable cities. It will also launch suggestions for achieving urban sustainability in the US.
The document discusses the need for achieving culture-environment parity in development planning for growing cities to maintain ecological balance. It argues that viewing development and environment/culture as mutually exclusive leads to problems. Instead, an organic city design approach is needed that incorporates cultural parameters and recognizes the city-nature continuum to minimize the environmental and cultural impacts of development. Maintaining the environmental quality curve above the "environmental breakeven of development" threshold over time despite rising development is key to sustainable development.
This document discusses the problems of and solutions for sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It outlines that the planet has finite resources and examines concepts like ecological footprint. It warns of issues like overpopulation, resource depletion, and pollution. Solutions proposed include political cooperation, adopting circular economies, renewable energy, and prioritizing social well-being.
Human Ecology and Our Society’s Carrying CapacityECS 11130 A.docxwellesleyterresa
Human Ecology and Our Society’s Carrying Capacity
ECS 111
30 August 2016
Dr. Olson
Demography
Quantifying populations: numbers, sex ratios, wealth, health, …..
Calculating trends: birth, deaths, and migration
Understanding population transitions: Growth rates; positive and negative, trends with respect to economic development.
Demographic shifts in use of ecological services and the health of ecosystem function.
Homo sapiens populations
Demographic Transitions
From Krise Kronicle 2008
Age and gender structure in society
SHRM Foundation 2012
See futurehrtrends.eiu.com
Unequal Distributions in Demographic Trends
ibid
Population Reference Bureau data
Previous changes
Global issues and Migration:
Migration and its consequences:
Recent News
How do we really analyze these curves?
The literature suggests something rather profound, but it may be more complicated than this.
- What are the technological issues behind these curves? What has lead to the reduction in deaths?
- What are the cultural and economic issues behind these curves?
The variation in time is obvious in both curves.
The onset of changes are different.
The width of the pink area means what?
Population Transitions
14
What is happening here?
Both birth and death rates are declining, but with different starting points based on the measure of economic conditions.
However, since births > deaths human populations are increasing, and at differential rates with respect to economic development.
What factors are hidden in these curves?
Malthus’s Population Dynamics
Population grow in proportion to its size: Change (dN) is related to numbers N.
The rate of change simply is the difference between birth (b) and deaths (d); i.e. (b-d).
Introducing the Newtonian idea of mass action and his calculus then:
dN/dt = (b-d) N.
(1766-1834)
17
The Dilemma
Newton showed that for (b-d)> 0 the population grows to infinity in time (exponential growth) and for (b-d)< 0 the population decays to zero. If only b=d?
When does this happen: Logistic growth and the concept of Carrying Capacity (K).
Under logistic conditions: dN/dt = rN(1-N/K)
This was first derived in about 1832 by Verlhust.
Solution
s to demographic challenges?
Malthus decided: war, plague or famine
The other would be to let b=d and live at the environmental Carrying Capacity (K) where N=K and dN/dt =0; i.e. steady populations.
Now all we have to do is define K.
Reading: Brown Into. and Chapter 1
-What does Brown think determines K?
Problem: Can you derive the logistic equation? Set b=bo-b₁N and d=do+d₁N and then with some algebra define r andK.
Suggested Reading:
What does Brown feel is important?
Water: We know of no life form that can live without it; or at least reproduce without.
Soil: The basis of agriculture
Climate: The temperature and water flow that allows these to be available.
These of course depend on where we are and how many organisms are part ...
Urbanization has significant environmental impacts. It causes increased pollution in the form of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion, acid rain from sulfur dioxide emissions, and degraded water quality from sewage. It also creates urban heat islands and modifies habitats. As more land is converted to urban uses, habitats are destroyed or fragmented and species are forced to adapt. Rapid urban growth in India is exacerbating these environmental problems as millions migrate to cities annually, and the urban population is expected to reach 74% of the total by 2025, placing huge demands on infrastructure and resources.
The document discusses factors that contribute to intelligent, sustainable, and livable cities. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Letchworth Garden City in the UK and the work of planners Ebenezer Howard and Patrick Geddes are discussed as early examples of planned communities that integrated urban and rural amenities. Modern examples like Masdar City aim to be carbon and waste neutral through traditional design and advanced technologies. As urban populations grow rapidly, challenges include traffic, pollution, inequality and ensuring prosperity for future generations through sustainable planning of large cities and regions.
Sustainable Urban Development: Bioregionalistic Vision for Small TownsIEREK Press
Cities and towns are the social constructs in regional settings. They physically manifest and exist as power centres through various layers of culture, economy, politics, and religion. There was a symbiotic relationship between the ‘setting’ and the ‘construct’ in the past. With time and advent of technology, haphazard developments led to degradation of ecological systems and have become a confronted affair. Global warming, its adverse effects and the constant references to the words ‘sustainability’ and ‘resilience’ pose questions on the existing planning models. Small towns experiencing a tremendous pressure of urbanisation and rich in natural resources, coherence and identity are fast changing. An indispensable change in the planning models is necessary to mitigate this existential crisis and condition the emerging urbanism in small towns sustainably. This paper unearths the role and possibilities of bioregional planning as a sustainable urban development paradigm and suggests few indicative parameters forenvisioning bioregionalism in small towns.
The document discusses challenges with financing energy efficiency projects. It notes that two key challenges are a lack of quality data and low consumer engagement. It describes different models for direct financing to consumers and indirect financing of larger projects. Open energy data initiatives could help address data issues and allow better assessment of risks. Improving consumer engagement on energy use would also help promote direct financing options.
The document summarizes a paper that proposes a new method for commercial mortgage lenders to explicitly factor energy risk and building energy efficiency into mortgage underwriting. It finds that standard underwriting does not account for risks from volatile energy prices, which can significantly impact building cash flows. The authors develop a model to simulate cash flows under different energy price scenarios and incorporate these risks into loan valuations. The results show loan valuations are 8.5% lower when accounting for energy, with larger reductions for larger buildings and loans. The paper concludes this method can help lenders more accurately price loans based on location-specific energy risks and efficiency levels.
This document summarizes the top 10 conceptual hurdles to greater investment in energy efficiency. It discusses issues such as how construction lending differs from lending on stabilized properties, the different risk cultures across real estate asset classes, the fallacy that if there is no market data the value is zero, focusing on low hanging fruit improvements over deep retrofits, timing efficiency upgrades with capital expenditure cycles, and only considering cost savings without other potential benefits. It also addresses issues like the simple payback fallacy of not including reversion, incentives needed for renewable energy similar to subsidies for fossil fuels, greater emotional impact of potential losses over gains, and how complex credit issues have been solved before through mechanisms like credit enhancement.
This document discusses the shift from Keynesian economics to neoliberalism in urban politics and policy in the United States and Britain between 1976-2000. It argues that neoliberalism undermined cities' governing capacity and launched a new trajectory of political development that proceeded through two logics: neoliberalization by default through events like financial crises, and neoliberalization by design through targeted policy changes imposed by national elites. It provides examples of neoliberalization by design in London Docklands and neoliberalization by default through financial collapse and ideological shifts in Philadelphia.
This document discusses human capital-centered regional economic development and analyzes Philadelphia's biosciences sector as a case study. It outlines several analytical approaches used to understand regional occupational clusters and gaps, including occupational cluster analysis, industry/occupation cluster analysis, and gap analysis. These techniques help identify regional strengths and opportunities but require strong institutions to effectively translate analysis into coherent policy. The case of Philadelphia's early 2000s efforts shows how analytical results may be irrelevant without such institutions, due in part to challenges of regional governance and ambiguity around workforce development goals.
Penn Roundtable on Anchor Institutions
Institute for Urban Research
University of Pennsylvania
Researched by:
Penn IUR Consultant
Matthew Kwatinetz, Managing Partner
QBL Partners
By Trey Popp
Penn Praxis has a plan for adding 500 acres of open green space to Philadelphia in the next four years. Their approach, informed by novel research by Penn scholars in areas ranging from real-estate economics to criminology, is a new way of imagining urban parkland.
June 15, 2011
Susan Covino's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Audrey Zibelman's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Michael Smith's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Matthew Summy's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Doug Laub's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Brewster McCracken's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Wayne Gardner's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Jon Wellinghoff's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Cities After Oil
1. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
Cities After Oil: Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability
William
Rees
Introduction: The City as Biophysical Entity
Accelerating
global
ecological
change
poses
unprecedented
challenges
to
the
integrity,
and
even
the
survival
of
modern
cities.
Regrettably,
most
cities
are
ill-‐equipped
to
deal
with
the
problem
facing
them.
One
reason
for
this
lack
of
preparation
is
that,
while
cities
are
biophysical
entities
as
well
as
socio-‐cultural
phenomena,
city-‐dwellers
have
never
T
had
to
think
of
‘the
city’
in
ecological
terms.
Even
urban
scholars
have
only
recently
AF
acknowledged
and
begun
to
study
the
human
ecological
dimensions
of
urbanization
and
cities.
With
this
slow
awakening,
the
terms
‘urban
ecosystem’
and
‘eco-‐cities’
have
become
R
familiar
to
those
interested
in
urban
sustainability.
The
rising
popularity
of
such
terms,
however,
belies
a
fundamental
error:
cities
are
not
functional
ecosystems
(Rees
2003).
To
D
be
clear:
‘the
city’
is
certainly
an
ecologically
critical
component
of
the
human
ecosystem
and
every
city
is
a
complex
system
(or,
better,
a
‘complex
of
systems’)
but
cities
as
presently
conceived
are
not
human
ecosystems.
A
functionally
complete
ecosystem
is
a
self-‐organizing,
self-‐producing,
solar-‐
powered
complex
of
mutually
dependent
autotrophic
(producer)
and
heterotrophic
(consumer)
organisms.
This
biotic
community
interacts
with
its
physical
environment
such
that
the
flow
and
dissipation
of
energy
results
in
a
defined
trophic
(feeding)
structure,
the
2. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
emergence
of
biodiversity,
and
characteristic
material
cycles
between
the
living
and
non-‐
living
components
(Odum
1971).
By
this
definition,
no
modern
city
qualifies
as
a
complete
human
ecosystem.
Some
of
the
defining
parts—for
example,
virtually
the
entire
autotrophic
(producer)
complex—are
missing
altogether
and
others
(micro-‐consumers)
are
insufficiently
abundant
for
functional
integrity.
As
significantly,
the
separation
of
people
from
‘the
land’
to
the
city
prevents
the
recycling
of
phosphorus,
nitrogen,
other
nutrients
and
organic
matter
back
into
rural
T
(agricultural
and
forest)
ecosystems.
Urbanization
has
effectively
transformed
local,
integrated,
cyclical,
ecological
production
systems
into
global,
horizontally
disintegrated,
AF
unidirectional,
throughput
systems
(Rees
1997).
On
a
crude
but
illustratively
useful
level,
an
apt
metaphor
of
the
city
might
be
a
livestock
feedlot
(Rees
2003).
Like
feedlots,
cities
are
spatial
nodes
of
intense
consumption
R
entirely
dependent
for
their
survival
on
supportive
ecosystems
increasingly
located
at
great
distance
from
the
cities
themselves.
In
ecologically
meaningful
terms,
urbanites
don’t
D
live
in
cities
at
all!
They
are
functionally
more
connected
to
the
hinterland.
The Ecological Footprints of Cities
A
complete
human
urban
ecosystem
includes
not
only
the
city
per
se
but
also
the
entire
extra-‐urban
complex
of
terrestrial
and
aquatic
ecosystems
required
to
support
the
city’s
human
population.
One
way
to
determine
just
how
much
of
‘nature’
is
thus
appropriated
by
cities
is
through
ecological
footprint
analysis
(Rees
1992,
Wackernagel
and
Rees,
1996).
We
formally
define
the
ecological
footprint
(EF)
of
a
specified
population
as:
3. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
The
area
of
land
and
water
ecosystems
required,
on
a
continuous
basis,
to
produce
the
resources
that
the
population
consumes
and
to
assimilate
the
wastes
that
the
population
produces,
wherever
on
Earth
the
relevant
land/water
is
located
(2006).i,
ii
Figure
1
shows
the
equivalence-‐adjustediii
per
capita
EFs
and
domestic
biocapacities
for
a
selection
of
countries
from
among
the
wealthiest
to
among
the
poorest
based
on
2005
data
from
World
Wildlife
Fund
(WWF
2008).
Note
the
vastly
greater
demand
by
wealthy,
mainly
urban
consumers,
compared
to
that
of
mainly
rural
peasants.
The
citizens
of
wasteful
high-‐
T
income
countries
like
the
US
and
Canada
have
average
EFs
of
6
to
almost
10
hectares,
EFs
up
to
20
times
larger
than
the
EFs
of
the
citizens
of
the
world’s
poorest
countries
like
AF
Bangaldesh.
European
countries
and
Japan
typically
have
per
capita
EFs
in
the
4
to
6
hectare
range.
China
is
fairly
representative
of
the
emerging
economies
which
show
growing
EFs
of
1.5
to
3
hectares
per
capita.
Because
urban
industrial
society
is
very
much
a
R
product
of
abundant
cheap
fossil
fuel,
half
or
more
of
the
EF
of
rich
countries
and
45%
of
humanity’s
global
EF,
is
attributable
to
the
carbon
footprint
(area
of
required
carbon-‐sink
D
ecosystems)
generated
by
the
burning
of
fossil
fuels.
But
it
is
crucial
to
note
that,
even
the
biofuels
utilized
in
a
post-‐carbon
world
do
not
guarantee
its
cities
smaller
energy
eco-‐
footprints
since
the
eco-‐footprints
of
biofules
are
larger
than
the
fossil
fuels
they
allegedly
displace.iv
Indeed,
although
we
are
familiar
with
the
environmental
degradation
associated
with
the
consumption
of
fossil
fuels,
in
another
sense
our
consumption
of
fossil
fuels
has
obscured
or
deferred
our
degradation
of
other
natural
resources.
In
this
sense,
EF
has
the
advantage
of
putting
sustainability
measures
in
a
realistic
perspective,
by
providing
a
wider
view
of
the
demands
any
city
as
currently
conceived
puts
4. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
on
the
hinterland.
Most
countries’
per
capita
eco-‐footprints
exceed
their
per
capita
domestic
biocapacities.
These
countries
are
at
least
partially
dependent
on
trade
and
exploitation
of
the
global
commons
to
maintain
their
current
lifestyles.
The
Netherlands,
for
example,
uses
almost
four
times
as
much
productive
land/water
outside
its
borders
as
is
found
within
the
country.
Japan
uses
eight
times
its
domestic
supply.
Such
countries
are
in
a
state
of
‘overshoot’
and
are
running
unsustainable
ecological
deficits
with
the
rest
of
the
world.
T
A
smaller
number
of
countries
(e.g.,
Canada,
Argentina)
have
an
apparent
surplus
of
biocapacity
and
could
theoretically
live
on
their
domestic
‘natural
incomes.’
The
surpluses
AF
of
such
nations,
however,
are
only
‘apparent’
because
the
extra
biocapacity
is
generally
being
traded
away
to
cover
the
ecological
deficits
of
other
countries.
Ominously,
the
world
as
a
whole
is
in
overshoot
with
a
growing
ecological
deficit
R
(Figure
1).
Human
demand
already
exceeds
the
earth’s
regenerative
capacity
by
at
least
30%.
We
are
living,
in
part,
by
depleting
dissipating
stocks
of
potentially
renewable
natural
D
capital
(fish,
forests,
soils,
etc.)
that
have
accumulated
in
ecosystems.
[INSERT
FIGURE
1]
The
Global
Reach
of
Cities
Cities,
of
course,
are
virtually
all
ecological
deficit.
Urban
populations
are
almost
totally
dependent
on
rural
people,
ecosystems
and
life-‐support
processes,
all
of
which
are
increasingly
scattered
over
the
planet.
5. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
In
some
respects,
this
relationship
is
a
two-‐way,
mutualistic
one—rural
people
benefit
from
urban
markets,
the
products
of
urban
factories,
urban-‐based
services,
technology
transfers
from
urban
areas,
etc.
However,
while
rural
populations
have
survived
historically
without
cities
the
ecological
dependence
of
urbanites
on
‘the
hinterland’
is
absolute.
Understanding
the
nature
of
rural-‐urban
interdependence
is
essential
to
understanding
the
total
human
ecosystem
and
to
urban
sustainability.
There
can
be
no
urban
sustainability
without
rural
sustainability.
T
So,
just
how
great
is
a
typical
modern
city’s
biophysical
debt
to
the
global
countryside?
Despite
unavoidable
methodological
and
data-‐quality
differences,
urban
eco-‐footprint
AF
studies
invariably
show
that
the
EFs
of
typical
modern
high-‐income
cities
exceed
their
geographic
or
political
areas
by
two
to
three
orders
of
magnitude.
For
example:
• Based
on
locally-‐adjusted
per
capita
EF
estimates
(FCM
2005),
the
people
of
R
Toronto
and
Vancouver,
Canada,
‘occupy’
land
areas
outside
their
municipal
boundaries
that
are
292
and
390
times
larger
(respectively)
than
the
cities
D
themselves.
Even
the
lower-‐density
metropolitan
areas
of
these
cities
have
EFs
57
times
bigger
than
the
respective
urban
regions.
• Assuming
that
the
average
citizen
of
New
York’s
more
densely
populated
five
boroughs
is
similar
to
the
national
average
of
9.4
gha,
the
city’s
8.2
million
people
(2.7%
of
US
population
in
2006)
have
a
total
eco-‐footprint
of
77,080,000
gha.
This
is
963
times
larger
than
the
city’s
geographic
area
of
80,000
ha
and
equivalent
to
10%
of
the
area
of
the
US.
6. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
• With
a
population
of
33
million
and
a
per
capita
EF
of
about
4.9
global
ha,
greater
Tokyo’s
total
eco-‐footprint
is
161,700,000
gha.
However,
the
entire
domestic
biocapacity
of
Japan
is
only
about
76,860,000
gha.
In
short,
Tokyo,
with
only
26%
of
the
Japan’s
population,
lives
on
an
area
of
productive
ecosystems
2.1
times
larger
than
the
nation’s
entire
terrestrial
biocapacity.v
• Under
varying
management
assumptions
to
cope
with
regional
waste
management
issues,
Folke
et
al.
(1997)
estimated
that
the
29
largest
cities
of
the
Baltic
region
T
require
for
resources
and
certain
categories
of
waste
assimilation,
an
area
of
forest,
agricultural,
marine,
and
wetland
ecosystems
565-‐1130
times
larger
than
the
area
AF
of
the
cities
themselves.
• An
analysis
of
“ecosystem
appropriation
by
Hong
Kong”
shows
that
this
city
of
almost
seven
million
people
has
a
total
eco-‐footprint
of
332,150
to
478,300
km2
(the
R
range
reflects
two
estimates
of
carbon
sink
land
requirements).
Hong
Kong’s
eco-‐
footprint
is
at
least
303
times
the
total
land
area
of
the
Hong
Special
Administrative
D
Region
(1097
km2)
and
3020
times
the
built-‐up
area
of
the
city
(110
km2)
(Warren-‐
Rhodes,
K.
and
A.
Koenig
2001).
These
data
show
clearly
that,
in
material
terms,
‘sustainable
city’
is
an
oxymoron
(Rees
1997).
Modern
cities
are
entropic
black
holes
sweeping
up
the
productivity
of
a
vastly
larger
and
increasingly
global
resource
hinterland
and
spewing
an
equivalent
quantity
of
waste
back
into
it.
They
are
compact
nodes
of
consumption
living
quasi-‐parasitically
on
the
productivity
and
assimilative
capacity
of
a
vastly
larger
‘undeveloped’
area,
portions
of
which
may
be
thousands
of
kilometres
from
the
built-‐up
area
at
the
centre.
7. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
The
Vulnerability
of
Modern
Cities
“Today’s
city
is
the
most
vulnerable
social
structure
ever
conceived
by
man.”
-‐-‐Oppenheimer
1969
The
functional
dependence
of
cities
on
global
stability
has
implications
for
the
security
of
urban
populations
in
an
era
of
incipient
energy
scarcity,
increasingly
erratic
climate
and
other
forms
of
global
change.
Consider
the
example
of
Tokyo,
the
capital
of
T
Japan
and
the
world’s
largest
metropolitan
region.
Because
Tokyo
alone
consumes
twice
the
nation’s
ecological
output,
Japan
would
have
difficulty
supporting
the
population
of
its
AF
capital
city
alone
without
massive
adjustments
to
its
prevailing
material
lifestyles
if
the
country
were
required
to
subsist
on
its
domestic
biocapacity.
The
critical
point,
here,
is
that
enormous
cities
have
evolved
not
because
greater
R
size
confers
great
advantage
but
simply
because
they
could.
To
date,
globalization
and
trade
have
ensured
the
availability
of
the
enormous
quantities
and
uninterrupted
flows
of
energy
D
and
other
material
resources
required
to
grow
the
modern
metropolis.
But
this
raises
a
critical
question:
just
how
secure
is
any
megacity
of
millions,
or
even
a
relative
‘town’
of
100,000,
if
resource
scarcity,
shifting
climate
or
geo-‐political
unrest
threaten
to
cut
it
off
from
vital
sources
of
supply?
There
are
several
interrelated
reasons
to
believe
this
is
not
an
idle
question.
For
example:
1.
Reliable
food
supplies
should
be
of
increasing
concern
to
urbanizing
populations.
Global
food
production
is
levelling
off.
Yet,
just
to
keep
pace
with
UN
medium
8. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
population
growth
projections,
agricultural
output
will
have
to
increase
over
50%
by
2050
and
improving
the
diets
of
malnourished
people
would
push
this
toward
100%.
Achieving
increases
of
this
magnitude
will
be
increasingly
difficult.
By
1990,
562
million
hectares
(38%)
of
the
world’s
roughly
1.5
billion
hectares
of
cropland
had
become
significantly
eroded
or
otherwise
degraded;
300
million
hectares
(21%)
of
cultivated
land—enough
to
feed
almost
all
of
Europe—has
been
lost
to
production
(FAO
2000,
SDIS,
2004).
Depending
on
the
climate
and
agricultural
T
practices,
we
are
still
destroying
topsoil
16
to
300
times
as
fast
as
it
is
regenerated.
So
far,
the
impact
has
been
masked
because
we
have
managed
to
substitute
fossil
AF
fuel
for
depleted
soils
and
landscape
degradation—but
that
may
be
about
to
change.
2. Modern
cities
are
the
product
of
abundant
cheap
fossil
fuel.
Fossil
fuels,
especially
oil,
R
currently
supply
about
85%
of
humanity’s
total
energy
demand
and
are
essential
for
electricity
generation,
transportation,
and
space
and
water
heating
in
much
of
the
D
world.
They
are
also
a
major
factor
in
the
green
revolution.
Mechanization,
diesel-‐
powered
irrigation,
the
capacity
to
double-‐crop,
and
agro-‐chemicals
(fertilizers
and
pesticides)
made
from
oil
and
natural
gas
account
for
79-‐96%
of
the
increased
yields
of
wheat,
rice
and
maize
production
since
1967
(Conforti
&
Giampietro1997,
Cassman
1999).
For
all
these
reasons,
some
analysts
argue
that
the
imminent
peaking
of
global
petroleum
production
(i.e.,
extraction)
represents
a
singular
event
in
modern
history
and
poses
a
greater
challenge
to
geopolitical
stability
and
urban
9. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
security
than
any
other
factor
(Duncan
and
Youngquist
1999,
Campbell
1999,
Laherrere
2003).
3. Other
analysts
see
climate
change
as
the
greatest
threat
to
modern
urban
civilization,
arguing
that
it
could
bring
the
planet
to
the
edge
of
anarchy
(e.g.,
Schwartz
and
Randall
2003,
CSIS
2007).
In
The
Age
of
Consequences,
Washington’s
Center
for
Strategic
and
International
Studies
(CSIS)
suggests
that
human-‐induced
climate
change
driven
by
burning
fossil
fuels
could
end
peaceful
global
integration
T
as
various
nations
contract
inwardly
to
conserve
what
they
need—or
expand
outwardly
to
take
what
they
need—for
survival.
In
the
event
of
“severe
climate
AF
change,”
corresponding
to
an
average
increase
in
global
temperature
of
2.6°C
by
2040
(now
deemed
to
be
increasingly
likely),
major
nonlinear
changes
in
biophysical
systems
will
give
rise
to
major
nonlinear
socio-‐political
events.
Shifting
R
climate
will
force
internal
and
cross-‐border
migrations
as
people
leave
areas
where
food
and
water
are
scarce.
Hundreds
of
millions
of
people
will
also
be
forced
to
flee
D
rising
seas
and
areas
devastated
by
increasingly
frequent
droughts,
floods,
and
severe
storms.
Dramatic
increases
in
migration
combined
with
food,
energy
and
water
shortages
will
impose
great
pressure
on
the
internal
cohesion
of
nations.
War
is
likely
and
nuclear
war
is
possible
(CSIS
2007).
Even
moderate
climate
change
could
undermine
resource
flows
to
dependent
urban
areas.
For
example,
shifting
weather
patterns
will
certainly
disrupt
historic
water
availability
and
distribution
and
could
reduce
agricultural
output
in
remaining
10. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
globally
significant
bread-‐baskets,
such
as
the
North
American
Great
Plains,
increasing
the
likelihood
of
food-‐shortages
in
distant
dependent
urban
regions
(Kissinger
and
Rees
2009).
No
city
will
be
unaffected
by
global
change.
The
good
news
is
that
determined
action
to
address
climate
change
could
help
avoid
the
peak
oil
problem
and
vice
versa.
For
example,
if
the
world
were
to
take
the
action
necessary
to
reduce
CO2
emissions
by
several
percent
per
year,
the
drop
in
demand
for
oil
would
keep
pace
with
or
exceed
the
anticipated
T
decline
in
extraction
rate.
AF
Toward the ‘One Planet’ City
Ours
is
a
world
already
in
overshoot
yet
both
population
and
per
capita
consumption
continue
to
increase
and
material
expectations
continue
to
rise
all
over
the
R
world.
This
is
a
fundamentally
unsustainable
situation—to
raise
just
the
present
world
population
sustainably
to
North
American
material
standards
would
require
the
D
biocapacity
of
four
additional
Earth-‐like
planets
(Rees
2006).
The
really
inconvenient
truth
is
that,
to
achieve
sustainability
global
energy
and
material
throughput
must
decrease,
not
grow.
Techno-‐industrial
society
is
a
self-‐proclaimed
science-‐based
society
and
to
act
consistently
with
our
best
science
may
well
require
a
planned
economic
contraction.
To
avoid
severe
climate
change
the
world
will
have
to
decarbonize
by
at
least
80%
by
mid
century.
To
achieve
one
planet
living,
North
Americans
should
be
planning
now
to
reduce
their
ecological
footprints
by
almost
80%
from
the
current
level
of
9.2
gha
to
2.1
gha
per
11. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
capita.
(The
latter
represents
our
equitable
share
of
global
biocapacity.)
This,
in
turn,
will
require
dramatic
changes
in
prevailing
economic
beliefs,
values,
and
particularly
in
consumer
behaviour.
For
sustainability,
the
rich
may
have
to
learn
to
consume
less
in
order
to
create
the
ecological
space
necessary
for
needed
growth
in
the
developing
world
(Rees
2008).
(Fortunately,
‘managing
without
growth’
is
technologically
and
economically
possible
and
might
well
improve
quality
of
life
[see
Victor
2008]).
Regrettably,
there
is
scant
evidence
that
any
such
cultural
shift
is
underway.
Despite
T
repeated
warnings
that
staying
our
present
course
spells
catastrophe
for
billions
of
people
(USC
1992,
MEA
2005),
the
modern
world
remains
mired
in
a
swamp
of
cognitive
AF
dissonance
and
collective
denial
(Rees
2009a).
To
date,
most
mainstream
responses
to
our
ecological
conundrum
do
not
address
the
fundamental
problem
but
instead
seem
designed
to
reproduce
the
status
quo
by
other
means.
Such
‘innovations’
as
hybrid
cars,
green
R
buildings,
smart
growth,
the
new
urbanism,
green
consumerism
etc.,
assume
that
we
can
achieve
sustainability
through
technological
innovation
and
greater
material
and
economic
D
efficiency.
This
is
a
conceptual
error—historically
efficiency
has
actually
increased
consumption
by,
for
example,
raising
incomes
and
lowering
prices.
With
more
money
chasing
cheaper
goods
and
services,
throughput
rises.
In
effect,
improved
efficiency
simply
makes
industrial
growth-‐bound
society
more
efficiently
unsustainable.
The
urban
sustainability
multiplier
While
some
have
interpreted
the
consumptive
and
polluting
powers
of
cities
as
an
anti-‐urban
argument,
it
is
nothing
of
the
sort.
All
else
being
equal,
cities
actually
offer
12. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
several
advantages
over
more
dispersed
settlement
patterns
in
the
quest
for
sustainability.
The
very
factors
that
make
wealthy
cities
weigh
so
heavily
on
the
ecosphere—the
concentration
of
people
and
the
localized
intensity
of
energy/material
consumption
and
waste
generation—give
cities
considerable
economic
and
technical
leverage
to
address
global
change
by
shrinking
their
eco-‐footprints
(see
Newman
&
Jennings
2008).
To
enable
society
to
take
full
advantage
of
this
leverage,
state/provincial
and
municipal
governments
must
create
the
land-‐use
legislation
and
zoning
by-‐laws
that
urban
T
planners
need
to
eliminate
sprawl
and
consolidate
and
densify
existing
built-‐up
areas.
Compact
cities—particularly
car-‐free
compact
cities—are
vastly
less
energy-‐
and
material-‐
AF
intensive
than
today’s
sprawling
suburban
cities.
The
economies
of
scale
and
agglomeration
economies
associated
with
high-‐density
settlements
confer
a
substantial
‘urban
sustainability
multiplier’
on
cities.
For
example:
R
• reduced per capita demand for occupied land;
• more ways to reduce (mostly fossil) energy consumption, particularly by motor vehicles,
D
by promoting walking, cycling, and public transit;
• more opportunities for co-housing, car-sharing and other cooperative relationships that
lower capital requirements (consumption) per household and individual;
• lower biophysical and economic costs per capita of providing piped treated water, sewer
systems, waste collection, and most other forms of infrastructure and public amenities;
• greater possibilities for electricity co-generation, district heating/cooling and the use of
waste process heat from industry or power plants, to reduce the per capita use of fossil
fuel for water and space-heating;
13. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
• the potential to implement the principles of low throughput ‘industrial ecology’ (i.e., the
ideal of closed-circuit industrial parks in which the waste energy or materials of some
firms are essential feed-stocks for others).
• a greater range of options for material recycling, re-use, re-manufacturing, and a
concentration of the specialized skills and enterprises needed to make these things
happen;
• more ‘social contagion,’ facilitating the spread of such more nearly sustainable life-style
choices (e.g., ‘voluntary simplicity’);
T
As
noted,
however,
efficiency
gains
alone
will
not
achieve
‘one-‐planet
living’.
Sustainability
AF
and
security
demand
that
cities
everywhere
become
less
consumption-‐driven
and
more
materially
self-‐reliant.
Indeed,
cities
may
be
forced
down
this
unfamiliar
path
either
with
the
rising
cost
of
oil-‐based
transportation
or
the
needed
rapid
phase-‐out
of
fossil
fuels.
R
Urban
designers
must
begin
now
to
rethink
cities
so
they
function
as
complete
ecosystems.
This
is
the
ultimate
form
of
bio-‐mimicry.
D
The
least
vulnerable
and
most
resilient
urban
eco-‐system
might
be
a
new
form
of
regional
eco-‐city
state
(or
bioregion)
in
which
a
densely
built-‐up
core
is
surrounded
by
essential
supportive
ecosystems
(Rees
2009b).vi
The
central
idea
is
to
consolidate
as
much
as
possible
of
the
city’s
productive
hinterland
in
close
proximity
to
its
consumptive
urban
core.
In
effect,
this
would
internalize
the
currently
widely
scattered
external
eco-‐footprints
of
our
cities
into
more
compact
and
manageable
city-‐centred
regions
that
could
function
as
complete
human
ecosystems.
Such
a
transformed
homeplace,
“rather
than
being
merely
the
site
of
consumption,
[would],
through
its
very
design,
produce
some
of
its
own
food
and
14. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
energy,
as
well
as
become
the
locus
of
work
for
its
residents”
(Van
der
Ryn
&
Calthorpe
1986).
Eco-‐city
states
would
be
less
of
a
burden
on,
and
more
of
a
contributor
to,
the
life-‐
support
functions
of
the
ecosphere
than
contemporary
cities.
Significantly,
too,
the
bioregional
city
would
reconnect
urban
populations
both
physically
and
psychologically
to
‘the
land.’
Because
inhabitants
would
be
more
directly
dependent
on
local
ecosystems,
they
would
have
a
powerful
incentive—currently
absent—
to
manage
their
land
and
water
resources
sustainably
in
the
face
of
global
change.
(Ideally,
T
political
control
over
the
productive
land
and
resource
base
of
the
consolidated
region
would
pass
to
the
eco-‐city
state
governments.)
Less
reliant
on
imports,
their
populations
AF
would
be
partially
insulated
from
climate
vagaries,
resource
shortages,
and
distant
violent
conflicts.
Most
importantly,
if
the
world
were
organized
into
a
system
of
bioregions
that
managed
to
R
become
sustainable
(no
net
loss
of
natural
capital
on
a
per
capita
basis)
the
aggregate
effect
would
be
global
sustainability—which
is,
after
all,
the
purpose
of
the
exercise.
D
i
For
full
details
of
the
method,
including
inclusions,
e xceptions
and
l imitations,
s ee
Rees
(2003,
2006)
W WF
(2008)
and
various
links
at
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/
ii
EFA
o bviously
does
n ot
c apture
the
e ntire
human
impact
on
Earth,
o nly
those
dimensions
for
which
the
ecosphere
has
regenerative
capacity.
For
example,
various
wastes
such
as
ozone
depleting
chemicals
or
the
toxic
chemical
residues
accumulating
in
our
food
chain
cannot
be
converted
into
a
corresponding
ecosystem
area.
iii
To
enable
fair
comparisons
a mong
countries,
the
data
in
Figure
1
are
presented
in
terms
o f
‘ global
hectares’
(gha),
i.e.,
the
eco-‐footprints
and
biocapacities
of
each
country
are
represented
in
terms
of
an
equivalent
area
of
global
average
productivity.
iv
This
does
not
necessarily
mean
that
a
post-‐carbon
world
will
have
a
s maller
energy
e co-‐footprint.
For
example,
biofuels
have
an
even
larger
eco-‐footprint
than
the
fossil
fuels
they
allegedly
d isplace.
v
The
area
o f
Japan
is
only
a bout
37,770,000
ha
but
Japan’s
terrestrial
e cosystems
are
considerably
more
productive
than
the
world
average.
This
increases
the
country’s
biocapacity
to
almost
77,000,000
gha.
vivi
For
a
history
and
philosophy
o f
the
bioregional
movement,
see
Carr
(2005).
15. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of
Twenty-First Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities
in Transition: New Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
Cities After Oil: Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability
William
Rees
Figure
T
AF
R
D
Figure
1.
Per
Capita
Biocapacities
and
Ecological
Footprints
of
Selected
Countries
Compared
to
the
World
Averages.
Source:
2005
data
extracted
from
WWF
2008
16. Much of the content in this paper has been edited, expanded, and recently published as:
Rees, W.E. 2011. Getting Serious about Urban Sustainability: Eco-Footprints and the Vulnerability of Twenty-First
Century Cities. Chap 5 in: Trudi Bunting, Pierre Filion and Ryan Walker(eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: New
Directions in the Twenty-First Century, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press.
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