The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
Mediterranean Morphologies in Hot Summer
Conditions: Learning from France’s “Glorious
Thirty” Holiday Housing
* 1 M.Sc. Marjan Sansen , 2 Dr. Andrés Martínez , 3 Dr. Philippe Devillers 1,2 and 3 Montpellier National School of Architecture, France
1 Email: marjan.sansen@montpellier.archi.fr , 2 E mail: andres@andresmartinez.es 3 Email: philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 May 2020 Accepted 7 June 2020 Available online 1 July 2020
Keywords:
Morphology; Mediterranean; Environmental Assessment; Additive Architecture; Holiday Housing.
ABSTRACT
Climate change and rising temperatures lead to an air-conditioning proliferation in the summertime of the Mediterranean regions. This study links urban morphology to the microclimate. It claims that a lesson can be drawn from holiday housing morphologies designed with an additive approach during the “Glorious Thirty” French coastal development (1946- 75). It is based on a morphological analysis of four case studies, with on the one hand re-drawing and site visiting, on the other hand, assessment of environmental performance through key parameters: Absolute Rugosity, Compactness Ratio, Building Density, Mineralization, Sky View Factor (SVF) and Height/Width (H/W) Ratio. Compared to literature reference values of a traditional courtyard morphology, the case studies are less compact and with a lower H/W Ratio (higher SVF), but they are less mineral than a historic medieval city centre. This research contributes to the search for semi- collective alternatives (for example additive morphologies) to individual housing in peri-urban areas, with high environmental performance in the summertime.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 19-34.
This is the paper that was presented during the NESS Conference in 2011 in Stockholm Sweden by Daniela Patti.
For further information please contact d.patti@cetit.at
Mediterranean Morphologies in Hot Summer
Conditions: Learning from France’s “Glorious
Thirty” Holiday Housing
* 1 M.Sc. Marjan Sansen , 2 Dr. Andrés Martínez , 3 Dr. Philippe Devillers 1,2 and 3 Montpellier National School of Architecture, France
1 Email: marjan.sansen@montpellier.archi.fr , 2 E mail: andres@andresmartinez.es 3 Email: philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 May 2020 Accepted 7 June 2020 Available online 1 July 2020
Keywords:
Morphology; Mediterranean; Environmental Assessment; Additive Architecture; Holiday Housing.
ABSTRACT
Climate change and rising temperatures lead to an air-conditioning proliferation in the summertime of the Mediterranean regions. This study links urban morphology to the microclimate. It claims that a lesson can be drawn from holiday housing morphologies designed with an additive approach during the “Glorious Thirty” French coastal development (1946- 75). It is based on a morphological analysis of four case studies, with on the one hand re-drawing and site visiting, on the other hand, assessment of environmental performance through key parameters: Absolute Rugosity, Compactness Ratio, Building Density, Mineralization, Sky View Factor (SVF) and Height/Width (H/W) Ratio. Compared to literature reference values of a traditional courtyard morphology, the case studies are less compact and with a lower H/W Ratio (higher SVF), but they are less mineral than a historic medieval city centre. This research contributes to the search for semi- collective alternatives (for example additive morphologies) to individual housing in peri-urban areas, with high environmental performance in the summertime.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 19-34.
This is the paper that was presented during the NESS Conference in 2011 in Stockholm Sweden by Daniela Patti.
For further information please contact d.patti@cetit.at
• Hoi An Public Spaces Research ReportThành Nguyễn
In 2008, for the first time in history, more than half the world’s population is living in towns and
cities and by 2030 almost 5 billion people will be living in an urban setting (UNFPA, 2007). Much
of this urbanization will occur in Asian cities. Such high levels of growth have major implications
for the health and wellbeing of residents. How we build cities in the future, and how we shape
existing ones through policies and projects, will determine how liveable they are. As elsewhere,
so too in Vietnam, where the urban population is set to increase rapidly over the next 10 to 25
years - almost doubling by 2020. The Ministry of Construction predicts the urban population
will account for 45 percent of the national total by 2020.
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Land Use in Lushan City over the ...PriyankaKilaniya
In the past two decades, with rapid urbanization and economic development, the land use structure of Lushan City has undergone significant changes, posing challenges to ecological security and food supply. It is necessary to explore its spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors to optimize land management. This study is based on land use data from 2000 to 2020 and uses GIS to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and transfer status of land use types. The main method is to use the land use transfer matrix and the single land use dynamic degree to study the land use change and its driving forces. The results indicate that the land use change in Lushan City is characterized by the conversion of arable land into construction land and the conversion of wetlands into water bodies. The area of arable land and wetlands has significantly decreased, while construction land and water bodies continue to increase. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the increase in construction land is concentrated in the central part of Lushan City. The driving factors of land use change in the city include the policy of returning farmland to forests and lakes, rapid economic development, changes in population, and the continuous promotion of the tourism industry.
A B S T R A C T
The Chinese have lived in single-extended-family courtyard houses in many parts of China for thousands of years. The earliest courtyard house found in China was during the Middle Neolithic period (5000-3000 BCE). The courtyard form signifies Chinese quest for harmony with nature and in social relationships. However, the 20th century was a significant turning point in the evolution of Chinese courtyard houses; this paper provides an overview of this transition. It starts by briefly introducing traditional Chinese courtyard houses and their decline since 1949, it then examines the emergence of new courtyard housing in Beijing and Suzhou since the 1990s, and then it evaluates the new development of Chinese-style courtyard garden villas in/around these two cities since the 2000s, such as Beijing Guantang and Suzhou Fuyuan villa estates. They are explorations of a new way to honor Chinese architectural history and philosophy, meanwhile, incorporating Western interior design principles to meet modern living requirements. This architectural acculturation represents Chinese sustained quest for harmony in their art of living. The paper finally proposes four designs of new courtyard garden houses for future practice.
The main aim of this is to analyse the production of space and how human and non-human entities function as space producers or devices. The scope of this study is the Regent Street from 1818 to 1848. This paper aims to answer the following question: could space be a product that we can produce or what other things involved in this production process? Numerous theorists contribute to the spatial analyses of this historical research. This paper puts special emphasis on the Lefebvrian spatial triad as a methodological decoder along with the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to analyse the 19th century-Regent Street. The combination of the triad, as well as the ANT, will be deployed as an original tool to analyse spaces with their data; then they will be used to create a spatial map. To do so, visual and written sources will also be used as data to decode and re-map or re-paint the modern life of Regent Street during the Regency Period.
A B S T R A C T
Modernist architecture movement of the buildings in any city reflects the modernity of that city. Lefkoşa as a modern city faced many conflicts in the last century. The governmental buildings illustrate how modernism in architecture was defined and reflected in the buildings of the city. The aim of this paper is to explore the modernism movement in architecture influence on educational governmental buildings in Lefkoşa for first half in 20th century. The paper focuses on the ideas and experiences of modernist architects in first half of 20th century to apply modernism elements, and relationship between architecture form and functionalism in governmental buildings. Methodology frame work elucidated to conduct the subject. Two School buildings have been selected from the first half of twentieth century in Lefkoşa as case studies for modernist architecture. ‘Lefkoşa türk lisesi’ designed by ‘Ahmet vural Bahaedden’, which was the one of famous modernist architects in Cyprus and ‘Şehit Ertuğrul Ilkokulu’. The buildings architectural elements analyzed in both schools to demonstrate relation between site, interior space, functionality and environmental response, based on using their modern material and character. The paper concluded that the educational buildings hold strong elements of the modernist architecture in Lefkoşa and demonstrate how the elements of modernism were involved functionally in the design. The findings contribute useful evidence about the existence of modernism philosophy in architecture in Lefkoşa in the first half of twentieth century. CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 22-32. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3653
Assignment Help Moodle Monkey (9).docxZomakSoluion
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The Chinese Way of Building Cities: City Structure and the Shape of CommunityJoe Carter
An exploration of East-West urban spatial order and the transition in China from an extended family compound (the courtyard house) to a multi-family self-administered compound (modern housing estate); from an extended family community to an urban residential community.:
The courtyard is a deep-seated Eastern pattern, that is persisting and re-appearing - at a larger scale and higher density - in the residential compounds that are the basic building blocks of China’s recent urban explosion. The social scale has also expanded. The courtyard house was originally designed for the extended family; the new residential compound courtyards are for a neighbourhood, an emerging and increasingly self-managed urban territory and social unit.
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
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• Hoi An Public Spaces Research ReportThành Nguyễn
In 2008, for the first time in history, more than half the world’s population is living in towns and
cities and by 2030 almost 5 billion people will be living in an urban setting (UNFPA, 2007). Much
of this urbanization will occur in Asian cities. Such high levels of growth have major implications
for the health and wellbeing of residents. How we build cities in the future, and how we shape
existing ones through policies and projects, will determine how liveable they are. As elsewhere,
so too in Vietnam, where the urban population is set to increase rapidly over the next 10 to 25
years - almost doubling by 2020. The Ministry of Construction predicts the urban population
will account for 45 percent of the national total by 2020.
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Land Use in Lushan City over the ...PriyankaKilaniya
In the past two decades, with rapid urbanization and economic development, the land use structure of Lushan City has undergone significant changes, posing challenges to ecological security and food supply. It is necessary to explore its spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors to optimize land management. This study is based on land use data from 2000 to 2020 and uses GIS to analyze the spatiotemporal changes and transfer status of land use types. The main method is to use the land use transfer matrix and the single land use dynamic degree to study the land use change and its driving forces. The results indicate that the land use change in Lushan City is characterized by the conversion of arable land into construction land and the conversion of wetlands into water bodies. The area of arable land and wetlands has significantly decreased, while construction land and water bodies continue to increase. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the increase in construction land is concentrated in the central part of Lushan City. The driving factors of land use change in the city include the policy of returning farmland to forests and lakes, rapid economic development, changes in population, and the continuous promotion of the tourism industry.
A B S T R A C T
The Chinese have lived in single-extended-family courtyard houses in many parts of China for thousands of years. The earliest courtyard house found in China was during the Middle Neolithic period (5000-3000 BCE). The courtyard form signifies Chinese quest for harmony with nature and in social relationships. However, the 20th century was a significant turning point in the evolution of Chinese courtyard houses; this paper provides an overview of this transition. It starts by briefly introducing traditional Chinese courtyard houses and their decline since 1949, it then examines the emergence of new courtyard housing in Beijing and Suzhou since the 1990s, and then it evaluates the new development of Chinese-style courtyard garden villas in/around these two cities since the 2000s, such as Beijing Guantang and Suzhou Fuyuan villa estates. They are explorations of a new way to honor Chinese architectural history and philosophy, meanwhile, incorporating Western interior design principles to meet modern living requirements. This architectural acculturation represents Chinese sustained quest for harmony in their art of living. The paper finally proposes four designs of new courtyard garden houses for future practice.
The main aim of this is to analyse the production of space and how human and non-human entities function as space producers or devices. The scope of this study is the Regent Street from 1818 to 1848. This paper aims to answer the following question: could space be a product that we can produce or what other things involved in this production process? Numerous theorists contribute to the spatial analyses of this historical research. This paper puts special emphasis on the Lefebvrian spatial triad as a methodological decoder along with the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to analyse the 19th century-Regent Street. The combination of the triad, as well as the ANT, will be deployed as an original tool to analyse spaces with their data; then they will be used to create a spatial map. To do so, visual and written sources will also be used as data to decode and re-map or re-paint the modern life of Regent Street during the Regency Period.
A B S T R A C T
Modernist architecture movement of the buildings in any city reflects the modernity of that city. Lefkoşa as a modern city faced many conflicts in the last century. The governmental buildings illustrate how modernism in architecture was defined and reflected in the buildings of the city. The aim of this paper is to explore the modernism movement in architecture influence on educational governmental buildings in Lefkoşa for first half in 20th century. The paper focuses on the ideas and experiences of modernist architects in first half of 20th century to apply modernism elements, and relationship between architecture form and functionalism in governmental buildings. Methodology frame work elucidated to conduct the subject. Two School buildings have been selected from the first half of twentieth century in Lefkoşa as case studies for modernist architecture. ‘Lefkoşa türk lisesi’ designed by ‘Ahmet vural Bahaedden’, which was the one of famous modernist architects in Cyprus and ‘Şehit Ertuğrul Ilkokulu’. The buildings architectural elements analyzed in both schools to demonstrate relation between site, interior space, functionality and environmental response, based on using their modern material and character. The paper concluded that the educational buildings hold strong elements of the modernist architecture in Lefkoşa and demonstrate how the elements of modernism were involved functionally in the design. The findings contribute useful evidence about the existence of modernism philosophy in architecture in Lefkoşa in the first half of twentieth century. CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 22-32. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3653
Assignment Help Moodle Monkey (9).docxZomakSoluion
We are providing the assignment help for all the subjects Globally. Our task specialists realize the fear that you experience when it comes to your Assignment Help For All Subjects. We providing solutions, PPTs, excel sheets and many more.
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https://www.moodlemonkey.com/solution/
https://www.moodlemonkey.com/power-point-presentation/
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The Chinese Way of Building Cities: City Structure and the Shape of CommunityJoe Carter
An exploration of East-West urban spatial order and the transition in China from an extended family compound (the courtyard house) to a multi-family self-administered compound (modern housing estate); from an extended family community to an urban residential community.:
The courtyard is a deep-seated Eastern pattern, that is persisting and re-appearing - at a larger scale and higher density - in the residential compounds that are the basic building blocks of China’s recent urban explosion. The social scale has also expanded. The courtyard house was originally designed for the extended family; the new residential compound courtyards are for a neighbourhood, an emerging and increasingly self-managed urban territory and social unit.
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
SIMURG_CITIES: Meta-Analysis for KPI's of Layer-Based Approach in Sustainability Assessment
1 * PhD Candidate. Burcu Ülker Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Alaattin Kanoğlu Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Özlem Özçevik Image result for research orcid
1 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Kırklareli University, Turkey
2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Turkey
3 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
E-mail 1: burcuulker@klu.edu.tr, E-mail 2: alaattin.kanoglu@alanya.edu.tr
E-mail 3: ozceviko@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 6 March 2020
Accepted 20 June 2020
Available online 5 July 2020
Keywords:
SIMURG_CITIES;
Performance-Based Design and Building;
Competitiveness;
Competition by Design;
Innovativeness;
Interoperability; KPIs;
Sustainability; Smart Cities;
Meta-Analysis.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
“SIMURG_CITIES” is the research and development project that is developed under the main project named SIMURG: “A performance-based and Sustainability-oriented Integration Model Using Relational database architecture to increase Global competitiveness of Turkish construction industry in industry 5.0 era”, is a relational database model that is currently being developed in a dissertation for performance-based development and assessment of sustainable and sophisticated solutions for the built environment. This study aims to analyze the key performance indicators (KPIs) at «Cities Level» for the smart city concept that is referred to as «Layers» in the master project. KPIs for the concept of a smart city are determined by using the meta-analysis technique. Hence, the three most reputable urban journals issued from 2017 through 2020 are reviewed in this study. In addition to this, models of smart city frameworks/assessment tools/KPIs are reviewed within the context of this paper; environment, economy, and governance were found to have domain themes on urban sustainability according to the literature review. Consequently, efficient and integrated urban management, environmental monitoring and management, public and social services of urban development, and sustainability are found to be the most important dimensions in urban and regional planning. SIMURG_CITIES evaluation models for urban projects can use the findings of this paper.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 59-76.
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 5(2), 183-196/ 2021
M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 184
(Do & Phan, 2018; Jones, 2002; Hong Nguyen,
2016). The Inconsistencies in the planning
orientation entailed many consequences
which include amongst others an uneven
population distribution, increased construction
density in the central areas and increased
urban pressure on the historical relic.
Boukhabla, et al. (2013), the open streets
promote air movement and enhance street
cooling better than the narrow streets. It was
reported that the technical parameters of the
micro-climate have a close connection to
energy consumption (Vallati et al., 2015) and
the physical shape of urban morphology (Wei
et al., 2016; Racine, 2019). Indeed, the leading
concern with housing projects in central of
Vietnam is to provide a comfortable
temperature environment for residents since, it
has a hot humid climate and high temperature
year-round (Privitera et al., 2018; Humphreys et
al., 2007). Therefore, research on urban
morphology in Hoi An and assessing its effects
on indoor thermal conditions is the subject of
this paper.
In this study, two (2) research areas in Hoi An
City have proposed: the old town area and the
old town buffer zone. Morphological analysis of
the 2 areas helps to understand the
characteristics and morphology of each area,
thereby also helping in making comments on
their advantages and disadvantages.
Secondly, attempts are made to conduct
surveys and measurements to estimate the
impact of surrounding urban morphology on
the housing indoor thermal condition in each
area. Two houses in each area have
temperature sensors installed to monitor the
indoor temperature. After a month survey, the
results show that indoor temperature in the
vernacular houses is higher than in modern
terraced houses. This is quite surprising because
vernacular houses have been proven to adapt
well to local climatic conditions through
solutions in materials, orientation, structure and
housing form. Therefore, in addition to
architectural elements, urban morphology also
plays an important role in affecting the housing
indoor temperatures. Based on the analysis of
the results obtained, the paper addresses
solutions to improve urban morphology to
lower housing indoor temperature.
2 . Materials and methods
The survey and measurement period for this
paper is within June 2019 (one month). The
work consists of two main phases. The first
phase is a survey of two (2) urban areas in Hoi
An City. The methods used during this period
include site surveys; measurements of road
widths, pavements, house height; and analyses
of the collected image data. The second
phase is the installation of indoor temperature
measuring devices and data collection on the
two houses selected in each of the urban
areas. In this phase, the research methods
include site survey, installation of measuring
equipment, making housing drawings with
AutoCAD and analysis of the temperature
data obtained.
2.1 The Urban morphology of Hoi An City
2.1.1 Positions of research areas and criteria of
their selection
Hoi An Ancient Town is located in Quang Nam
Province, Vietnam, a city that has developed
over time, captured opportunities and
adapted to new changes. Hoi An developed
significantly during the period of international
commerce in Southeast Asia from the 16th to
the 17th centuries with different names such as
Fayfo, Faifoo, Faifo, Hoai Pho, etc. Hoi An
survived after devastating wars in the late 18th
century and it is one of the few places in
Vietnam that retained most of the main urban
structure (National Committee for the
International Symposium on the Ancient Town
of Hoi An, 2006).
Hoi An is located on the geology of the
accretion area of the Thu Bon River, due to the
accretion of the river, which has shaped the
appearance of the ancient Town till now.
Before the 19th century, Hoi An was a city
running along Tran Phu Street. By 1841, the
accretion of the river was allowed to open
another road, paralleling Tran Phu street to the
south (Nguyen Thai Hoc Street today). By 1886,
the accretion of the river allowed to open a
new road, Bach Dang Street as it is called
today, parallel to the two roads. Thus, the old
Japanese street corresponds to Tran Phu street
now, while the west of the Japanese bridge
stretches to the end of Nguyen Thi Minh Khai,
which is the Guest Town (Chinese Town)
(Showa Women’s University Institute of
International Culture, 1996).
In fact, in the late 1980s, most of the relics in Hoi
An Ancient Town were seriously degraded and
in danger of collapsing at any time. Therefore,
the conservation project of the Ancient Town
of Hoi An was approved by the government in
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 185
1997. As a result of establishing the boundary of
Hoi An, the city can be divided into two areas:
the old urban area (Hoi An Ancient Town) and
the new urban area. (Figure 1)
Figure 1. City map of preserving the Ancient Town of Hoi An.
Hoi An Ancient Town belongs to three wards:
Minh An, Son Phong and Cam Pho with its
length and width being 1000 meters and 300
meters respectively. The town is small but dense
with historical buildings, antiquities and a
traditional pattern of the street networks of
commercial port towns (Hong Nguyen, 2016).
Until now, many building types in Hoi An
Ancient Town are still used and conserved. The
buildings are located on main streets running
along with the old town in an East-West
direction and on cross streets in a North-South
direction. The limits are: East by Hoang Dieu
street, West by the intersection between Phan
Chu Trinh street and Nguyen Thi Minh Khai
street, South by Bach Dang street and Cong Nu
Ngoc Hoa street, and North by Phan Chu Trinh
street. New urban areas are also formed by
urban expansion due to urban pressures and
they are divided into two parts. Part 1, called
an old town buffer area, is an urban area with
direct access to the old town. This buffer zone
has the function of preserving and connecting
the old town area with the remaining urban
areas. Part 2 is the whole new city on the
outside. In addition, there are areas of
agriculture (rural area) located nearby but in
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 186
the control and joint activities of the whole
(Figure 1).
There are two areas selected for surveying: the
old town area (Hoi An Ancient Town) and the
old town buffer area. In every two areas, a
typical road is selected to survey. The first area
is the old town area, the road chosen is Tran
Phu — the oldest street in Hoi An. On this street,
there are two selected vernacular houses for
measurements: 80 Tran Phu (House A) and 129
Tran Phu (House B). The second area is the
buffer zone of the old town and Nguyen Duy
Hieu street is selected. Nguyen Duy Hieu street
is a continuation road of Tran Phu street and
runs to the East of Hoi An. Two modern terraced
houses located at 259 Nguyen Duy Hieu (House
C) and 296 Nguyen Duy Hieu (House D) have
also been selected. The characteristics of the
two urban areas are reflected through the two
selected streets, so the morphology of the
street is carefully investigated. The
measurement of housing indoor thermal
conditions of the four selected houses was also
conducted with the detailed measurements in
section 2.2. The location of the survey and
measuring was based on the following three
parameters (Figure 2):
● Geographical location: the distances
between these two surveyed areas to existing
river surfaces are similar. Therefore, they will be
able to receive the same impacts of river wind
and moisture from the river. Moreover, the
locations of the surveyed areas are in the
centre of the city and adjacent to each other,
so the differences in weather (temperature,
humidity, wind, etc.) are not too far apart.
● The contrast between ancient and modern:
the two adjacent areas are without any
physical barriers but the differences in age and
the planning orientation create different
morphologies in the areas. Tran Phu Street is the
oldest street in Hoi An Ancient Town, so it brings
out most of the characteristics of the old town
while Nguyen Duy Hieu street has a modern
trend.
● The characteristic of building: the selected
streets are in the East-West direction, so the
selected houses will have the same directions.
House A and House B are the typical
vernacular houses in Hoi An Ancient Town in
layout, facade form and roof material while,
House C, and House D, are modern houses with
the common layout and form.
Figure 2. Diagram of research areas.
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 187
2.1.2 Hoi An Urban Morphology
The study of urban morphology focuses on the
analysis of the panoramic map and analysis of
building shapes in the process of urban
formation and development (Doan, 2017). In
this research, both study areas (old town and
the old town buffer zone) are in a relatively flat
area with their topography generally lowered
from the North West to the South East and
having an average slope of 0.015°. Therefore,
analysing urban morphology is based on the
analysis of the general plan, front facades and
cross-sections of two selected streets in this
study (Tran Phu St. and Nguyen Duy Hieu St).
Analysis of the general plan
Hoi An Ancient Town is located in the three
wards Son Phong, Minh An and Cam Pho. They
are also the three wards identified as having
the highest population density in Hoi An City.
Besides, Do and Phan (2018) showed that the
construction density of Hoi An gradually
decreased from the historical nuclear zone to
its buffer zone. Therefore, the construction
density and population density in the old town
area are higher than the old town buffer zone.
In the old town, there are small alleys whose
width is only one meter to nearly two meters.
They start from Bach Dang street (waterfront
road) crossing the old town and into the
residential areas behind Tran Phu street. These
alleys are not only for moving purposes, they
also provide the cool breeze from the river to
the buildings deep inside the old town (Figure
2).
The map below shows the distribution of
canopy trees and climbing plants in the two
surveyed areas (Figure 3). Data of the tree was
collected by the author based on in situ
surveys. The size of dots represents the relative
size of trees in the general map.
Figure 3. Map of tree position within a radius of 50 meters around the survey houses.
Based on the map, it was realized that the old
town area has fewer canopy trees than the
buffer area. There are very few canopy trees
on both sides of Tran Phu street, mainly
climbing plants. The tree density of the old
town increases when going to the edge of the
old town (some locations have many trees as
Hoi An market, Phan Chau Trinh street, Nguyen
Thi Minh Khai street). On Nguyen Duy Hieu
Street, there are many canopy trees along
both sides of the road, the trees here have
wider coverage than the trees on Tran Phu
Street. In Figure 3, the radius of 50 meters
around the four surveyed houses was enlarged
to show the amount and location of trees
around them. The direction of the main facade
of the housing is also stated (Figure 3).
Analysis of the street facade
The images of the street facades around
surveyed houses were taken separately and
put together to visualize the street where the
surveyed house was located. Figure 4 shows
that in all cases, the vernacular houses have
front porches and that there are not too many
canopy trees around the surveyed houses. At
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 188
the same time, there are only some few
climbing and ornamental plants. However, the
large front porches reduce the direct sunlight
into the houses. The common form of roof in the
old town is the sloping roof, which is covered
with yin-yang tile. Facades of vernacular
houses are usually built of bricks or wood, and
the walls on both sides of these houses are
bricks. The wooden houses are usually older
than the brick houses. Houses A and B dated
from about 1858 and 1837 respectively. Most of
the vernacular houses in this old town are
trading local goods for visitors or making
restaurants, coffee shops. Nonetheless, the
activities of trading and displaying products
inadvertently shield all spaces in front of the
house, restricting access and circulation of air.
Some houses are famous because of their
histories, age, and architectural form. To visit,
they are organized into historical sites (House A
and B are included).
Figure 4. Street facade around House A (80 Tran Phu St.) and House B (129 Tran Phu St.)
Figure 5 indicates that most of the houses
shown for the modern areas do not have front
porches. Awnings are added after
construction; the main material of the awnings
is the canvas and corrugated iron. Particularly,
for House D, there is no porch and awning, the
front part of this house is used as a shop. There
are many canopy trees around House C and
House D; these trees create shade for the main
façade of the building, replacing the porch.
The roof form of two-story houses or more
around houses C and D is the slopping tile type.
However, for the one-story houses in these
pictures, they mainly use the corrugated iron
roof. This can cause an increase in heat in the
area because of the heat reflection
characteristics of the corrugated iron roof.
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 189
Figure 5. Street facade around House C (259 Ng. Duy Hieu St.) and House D (296 Ng. Duy Hieu St.)
Analysis of the street cross-section
Figure 6 shows the street cross-section at the
houses where the temperature measuring
sensors were installed (vernacular houses A, B
and modern terraced houses C, D). It is
recognized that the width of Nguyen Duy Hieu
street is larger than Tran Phu street. As
mentioned in the introduction, the open streets
will promote the movement of the air which
enhances streets cooling better than narrow
streets. In the old town, the movement of
people on Tran Phu Street is basically by
walking. With the number of tourists visiting Hoi
An Ancient Town, it has become very
crowded, so much so that the release of heat
in the old town area is quite enormous.
Conversely, the width of Nguyen Duy Hieu
street is large, the sightseeing activities are not
strong on this street and people use vehicles to
travel, so that congestion is minimized and
vehicles are rare on street. The Figure also
provides information on the dimensions and
relative proportions between the height of
surveyed houses and the width of the road.
Figure 6. Cross-section of Tran Phu Street and Nguyen Duy Hieu Street
2.2 Field measurement work
The assessment of the impacts of urban
morphology on indoor thermal conditions in
this study is mainly based on indoor air
temperature. Measurements were made by
installing temperature sensors at similar
locations in the four surveyed houses. These
sensors are connected and transmitting data
to an Arduino circuit. This Arduino is connected
to Wi-Fi and continuously records the
measurement parameters every two hours. The
measurements were performed for one month.
The temperature data obtained were
compared with each other and with
meteorological weather data, obtained from
the Da Nang weather station (the nearest
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 190
meteorological station to Hoi An city, about 30
km away), in the same period. Da Nang
meteorological station is located in Hoa Thuan
Ward (near Da Nang International Airport). The
location map of the measurement points is
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 7. Instrumentation and their principle of operation.
The temperature sensor used is the AOSONG
AM2301 sensor. The temperature range of the
device is from -40 °C to 80 °C with a precision
of ±0.5 °C. The Arduino microcontroller board
used is Arduino Uno R3. The principle of
operation of the temperature measurement
works is described in Figure 7. In case of a
power outage or loss of Wi-Fi connection, the
data will be stored in Arduino's memory and
updated later.
2.2.1 Positions of measurement stations
As mentioned earlier in section 2.1.1, there are
four houses selected for installation and
instrumentation. The first house is House A,
located at 80 Tran Phu street in the old town
area. This house was built in 1858 with a two-
story. The house is 7.7 meters wide and 32.8
meters long. The main material of House A is
wood including the main facade, pillars and
frames. Particularly, the walls on both sides of
House A are made of bricks. The roof is covered
with yin-yang tile, a popular roof in Hoi An
Ancient Town. House A is now the Museum of
Trading Ceramics in Hoi An. The second house
in the old town is House B at 129 Tran Phu street.
House B dates over 180 years. The front part of
House B (main building) is one-story with the
wooden facade, while the rear part is two-
storey building. The house is 7.2 meters wide
and 44.2 meters long. Materials of pillars,
frames, roofs, sidewalls are similar to those of
House A. Due to the cultural influence of
Chinese merchants migrating to live in
commercial ports, these shophouses have a
spatial organization similar to the traditional
Chinese courtyard buildings (Han & Beisi, 2016).
Vernacular houses A and B in Hoi An
commercial port are examples of such
shophouse cases.
House C is located at 259 Nguyen Duy Hieu
street in the buffer zone old town. This is a three-
story house built-in 2003. The size of the house is
small with 5.6 meters wide and 11.6 meters
long. The house was built entirely of bricks. The
roof form is sloping and tiled according to the
regulations of the Hoi An government for
buildings located in the buffer zone. House D at
296 Nguyen Duy Hieu was built in 2014. This is a
two-story house with dimensions of 4.3 meters in
width and 24 meters in length. This house is built
with bricks, sloping roof with tiles.
The temperature measuring device is located
3 to 7 meters away from the main door and at
a 1.2-meter height above the ground. The main
reasons for choosing this position are the
following:
● The structure of a vernacular house in Hoi An
is different from that of a modern terraced
house. Vernacular houses, which have a long
length, are divided into 3 building blocks along
the length of houses. Conversely, the length of
modern terraced houses is shorter. It is,
therefore, necessary to find the device's
locations so that they are equivalent between
the two kinds of houses. In the vernacular
house, measuring devices are put within the
main building and in the modern house, they
are put in the living room. The distance of 3 to
7 meters for the main door to avoid direct
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 191
sunlight on the device causes deviations when
measuring the temperature. Another important
reason is that the device needs to be mounted
near the power supply.
● Temperature measuring device is located
about 1.2 to 1.5 meters from the ground
because if placed too close, the instrument will
report the ground temperature. If placed too
high, the temperature recorded will be skewed
by height.
Figure 8. Location of temperature measuring devices in four surveyed houses
2.2.2 Measurement period
The measurement operation took place in
June 2019 as earlier pointed out. June is
recorded as one of the months with the highest
average temperature in Vietnam. Therefore,
the month of June is appropriate for monitoring
indoor air temperature conditions as the
outside air temperature rises significantly.
Besides, 27th June has the highest average
temperature in June (according to data from
the Da Nang Meteorological Department).
Hence, it is selected to investigate temperature
variation every two hours at the surveyed
houses.
3. Result and discussion
3.1 Variability of indoor air temperature at four
measurement stations for one month
According to the measured data, this study
introduces the average air temperatures at the
four stations within one month. Figure 9 and
Table 1 illustrate this measurement.
Accordingly, numerical values in Table 1
include the measured average air
temperatures at four stations, average air
temperatures at Da Nang meteorological
station, and their mean values (Tm). Observing
Figure 9 shows that of the four temperature
measurement stations, the average air
temperature data at House A is the highest
compared to the remaining houses and it is
higher than the data obtained from the
meteorological station from 1.5 °C to 3 °C.
Following House, A is House C with
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 192
approximately the same temperature as House
A. House B is the third-highest average house
temperature and most of the days, it is lower
than Houses A and C by about 1.5 °C. In
particular, it can be seen that the air
temperature variation for houses A and B are
the same as those in the meteorological
station. House D is the house with the lowest
average temperature background and the
lowest temperature fluctuation range amongst
the four houses.
Nguyen, et al. (2011), pointed out that
vernacular houses have adjusted quite well to
the local climate conditions where they are
located. Utilizing natural ventilation, shading
solutions, construction orientations and
building shapes are important criteria to
decrease indoor temperatures. Vernacular
houses A and B with a courtyard in the center
of the house contribute to the horizontal
natural ventilation. Besides, using traditional
materials such as wood and yin-yang roof tiles
will limit the absorption of heat for the building
envelope more than other materials such as
concrete, bricks, and glass used for modern
houses. In terms of architectural form,
vernacular houses have an advantage over
modern houses in creating a comfortable
indoor temperature environment. However,
this temperature survey showed the opposite
result. It can be explained that, in addition to
the impact of architectural form, indoor
temperature conditions are also affected by
urban morphology. According to the analysis
in section 2.1.2, there are some disadvantages
in the old urban area such as narrow streets
that restrict air circulation, lack of greenery that
increase the ground temperature and display
goods that take up horizontal ventilation space
for housing. On the contrary, modern houses C
and D are located on an open road with many
trees, reducing the impact of sunlight on the
roof and road surface showing that limiting
heat build-up increases the air temperature.
Figure 9. Graph of measuring the average air temperature at four stations compared to the temperature recorded by the Da
Nang Meteorological Station in one month.
3.2 Variability of indoor air temperature at four
measurement stations for one day
It is easy to see that the air temperatures
obtained at the four survey stations is higher
than the temperatures recorded at the
meteorological station from after the 18h to
07h next day (Figure 10). For station at House A,
the measured air temperatures are higher than
those recorded by the Da Nang Meteorology
Station from 17h to 07h30 the next day. For
station at House B, the increase in
temperatures appears from 15h to 08h. For
Station at House C, the observed increase in
temperature is from 17h to nearly 09h the next
day. For station at House D, the increase in
temperature is from 18h to 07h. Looking at
Table 2, we see that the 24 hours mean values
of temperature (Tm) of the meteorological
station is lower than the mean values of
temperature of houses A, B and C from 1.2 °C
to 1.4 °C, and higher than the mean values of
temperature of House D is about 0.5 °C.
Discrepancies in temperature after 17h to 07h
the next day at four houses and the
meteorological station fluctuated between 1.3
°C and 5.1 °C (as shown in Table 3). This can be
explained by the increase in traffic activity
(working time off in the afternoon is from 16h30
to 18h) and the temperature absorption
characteristics of surfaces such as roads,
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M.A. Thien Huong Luu, Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias & Dr. Dominique Laffly 193
pavements, walls, and roofs. The amount of
heat absorbed by the building materials during
the day dissipates heat to the surrounding air
at night, resulting in the increase in indoor
temperature.
Figure 10. Comparison of temperature variation in 27th
June 2019 between four temperature station and the
meteorological station
According to Table 2, the maximum
temperature obtained by a meteorological
station is 38 °C at 12h to 14h. Meanwhile, the
temperature at House A also increases sharply
from 14h to 16h and reaches its maximum at
22h. The maximum temperature at House B is
38 °C at 16h (both Houses A and B have a time
lag of two hours compared to the
meteorological station). When air
temperatures rise, the housing indoor
temperature also increased rapidly thereafter.
This can be explained by the fact that the
narrow road in front of houses A and B has
limited the movement of air and enhanced the
accumulation of long wave radiation that
increase the temperature of this area and
buildings. Meanwhile, with the open street, air
movement is enhanced but long wave
radiation is minimized; hence the indoor
temperature of House C reaches a maximum
of 37 °C at 20h, with a time lag of six hours
compared to the time of maximum
temperature at the meteorological station.
After reaching the maximum temperature of
the meteorological station (14h), the indoor
temperature in House D changes according to
the Sine graph and the difference between T
max and T min is only one degree Celsius. At
22h, when the meteorological station
temperature has dropped significantly and the
indoor temperature of surveyed houses still high
at the same time. House A has a temperature
of 37 °C, which is higher than House D (4 °C).
House B and House D have the same
temperature of 35 °C. This is due to the impact
of heat radiation which has been absorbed in
the daytime from buildings and roads. From 0h
to 6h the temperature at the meteorological
station decreases by about two degrees
Celsius. However, at the four surveyed houses,
the indoor temperature is stable or reduced by
one degree Celsius from 00h to 02h and
continues to maintain this temperature
thereafter.
Table 1. Measured air temperatures for Figure 9 and their
mean value Tm.
DAY House A House B House C House D METEO
1/6 31,5 30,5 31,5 30,9 28,7
2/6 31,7 30,8 31,5 30,7 30,0
3/6 32,4 31,8 32,0 31,1 30,7
4/6 32,6 31,8 32,5 30,9 30,5
5/6 32,4 31,6 32,2 31,0 30,3
6/6 32,3 31,8 32,3 31,2 30,4
7/6 32,2 31,9 32,1 31,1 30,2
8/6 32,8 32,0 32,0 31,1 30,7
9/6 33,0 32,2 32,3 31,2 31,1
10/6 33,9 33,3 32,8 32,0 32,4
11/6 34,3 33,4 33,9 32,3 32,9
12/6 34,5 33,6 34,2 32,8 32,7
13/6 34,5 33,5 34,6 32,5 31,7
14/6 34,3 33,0 34,3 32,7 32,1
15/6 34,2 32,7 34,0 32,5 31,8
16/6 33,7 32,8 33,6 32,5 31,0
17/6 34,1 32,9 33,9 32,1 32,0
18/6 33,5 31,8 33,3 32,3 30,2
19/6 33,2 32,5 33,1 32,1 31,3
20/6 33,6 33,0 33,1 32,1 31,3
21/6 33,7 33,0 33,3 32,2 31,4
22/6 33,1 32,6 33,0 31,7 30,9
23/6 33,6 33,1 32,9 32,0 31,8
24/6 33,8 33,5 33,6 32,2 32,3
25/6 33,7 32,9 33,8 32,3 31,9
26/6 34,5 34,2 34,3 32,5 32,9
27/6 35,0 34,9 34,8 33,2 33,6
28/6 35,3 35,1 35,2 33,5 33,6
29/6 35,0 34,4 35,0 33,4 33,1
30/6 34,8 34,1 34,7 33,0 33,1
Tm 33,6 32,8 33,3 32,0 31,6
Table 2. Measured air temperatures for Figure 10
Hour
(h)
House A House B House C House D METEO
00 35 34 34 33 31,7
02 34 33 34 33 30,4
04 34 33 34 33 30,1
06 34 33 34 32 30,5
08 33 34 35 32 33,5
10 35 34 34 33 36,4
12 35 35 35 34 37,8
14 36 37 35 34 38,0
16 36 38 35 33 37,2
18 35 37 36 34 33,1
20 36 36 37 33 32,0
22 37 35 35 34 31,9
Tm 35,0 34,9 34,8 33,2 33,6
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Table 3. Temperature discrepancies between the air in four surveyed houses (TsA, TsB, TsC and TsD) and meteorological
temperatures (Tmt)
Hour (h) TsA - Tmt TsB - Tmt TsC - Tmt TsD - Tmt
00 3,3 2,3 2,3 1,3
02 3,6 2,6 3,6 2,6
04 3,9 2,9 3,9 2,9
06 3,5 2,5 3,5 1,5
08 -0,5 0,5 1,5 -1,5
10 -1,4 -2,4 -2,4 -3,4
12 -2,8 -2,8 -2,8 -3,8
14 -2,0 -1,0 -3,0 -4,0
16 -1,2 0,8 -2,2 -4,2
18 1,9 3,9 2,9 0,9
20 4,0 4,0 5,0 1,0
22 5,1 3,1 3,1 2,1
4. Conclusions
Through field surveys, it can be seen that the
urban morphology in the old town and the old
town buffer zone has its advantages and
disadvantages. Experimental work was
conducted to evaluate the impact of different
urban morphologies on indoor temperature
conditions. Vernacular houses A and B are
rated as environmentally adaptable, providing
comfortable indoor temperature conditions.
Modern terraced houses, especially House C is
small, not well-ventilated, and the temperature
measuring device is located near the kitchen
area. However, the temperatures inside
vernacular houses A and B are approximately
the same as those in modern terraced Houses
C and significantly higher than House D in a
monthly survey. For a day temperature survey,
at the time the temperature of the
meteorological station reaches the highest
value (from 10h to 16h), the indoor
temperature of House C and House D will only
increase slightly then stabilize or decrease. In
contrast, the temperature at houses A and B is
increasing sharply, at this time, the
temperature discrepancies between the two
old houses and the two modern terraced
houses are from 1 to 5 degrees Celsius. From
these shreds of evidence, it can be stated that
urban morphology forms the street pattern that
influences the variation of indoor temperature.
Open streets will promote air movement that
lowers the temperature of horizontal surfaces
such as roofs and road surfaces. Road
covering material in the old town area and the
old town buffer zone are both asphalts.
Therefore, the shading should be enhanced
such as with canopy trees, vegetation to limit
the absorption of heat and radiation back to
the surrounding. Limiting construction density is
also a factor contributing to better regional
temperature control. Likewise, increasing the
use of traditional local materials with good
thermal performance instead of modern
materials such as corrugated iron, concrete
and glass improves indoor temperature.
The drawback to this study is reflected in the
fact that there is no specific statistic of cooling
devices (fans) used at measurement locations
in the 4 surveyed houses. Also, the
measurement of outdoor air temperature at
the surveyed housing locations would have
enhanced the credibility of this paper. Future
studies can improve on this.
Acknowledgement
This research did not receive any specific grant
from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Luu, T. H., Rojas-Arias, J., & Laffly, D. (2021). The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City,
Vietnam. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 5(2), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2021.v5n2-4