Loreto, the largest Amazonian region in Peru, is home to more than 200,000 inhabitants that live in traditional
riverside rural communities adapted to an amphibious lifestyle, with houses that rise or float on the river in times of
flooding and perch on the dried riverbed in low water times. Nevertheless, these amphibious communities are not
exclusive to rural areas. Iquitos, the largest city of Loreto, is surrounded by alluvial plains, where more than 90,000
people live on the water and bring a rich social, cultural, and environmental vibrancy to the regions. However, poor
infrastructure conditions and limited resources in this communities affect the ecosystem and the population's health.
The objective of this qualitative study was to understand the physical, sociocultural, and environmental conditions
in which these amphibious communities live and identify the political, legal, and cultural barriers that prevent their
healthy urban development. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, surveys, and
observation of physical and environmental conditions. The results suggest conflicts in the formalization processes
of theses informal communities, from administrative and legal aspects to a limited definition of habitable territory.
We identified the benefits of the current urban-architectural conditions of these communities, whose housing
typologies, adapted to the seasonal change of the rivers, may provide a alternative model to adapt with resilience to
the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. We also identified challenges in sanitation, accessibility, public
space, and strengthe of community networks, as well as challenges in the response of the government whose
proposals for relocation of the amphibious communities have not fully considered these communities' economic,
social, and cultural values.
Riverside Population in Amazon: Culture, Environment and Construction TechniqueIJERA Editor
This article´s objective is to study the construction techniques of the riverside dwellers in the Amazon rainforest. The studied communities are located in the banks of the Solimões River, and suffer with the constant floods and physical phenomena related to the region environment. An ecosystem of thunderous natural forces, which makes it harder the importation of approaches from other regions as alternatives to the Amazon rainforest. As a method of research and understanding of the problematics, an assessment of the riverside communities in the city of Manacapuru and in two rural communities was carried out, surveying the cultural, social, and environmental characteristics of each community, and surveying the local constructive characteristics, materials and vernacular techniques. In the conclusion, we observed that: the relevance of a joint action to understand the wood and the housing durability, expanding the life cycle of the river buildings and reducing the impact on the rainforest. Regarding thermic comfort, it is important to redeem the bioclimatic techniques of crossed ventilation and to highlight the relevancy of sustainable techniques that work with local materials, such as natural fibers.
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Brian boney middle rio grande cottonwood tree midterm project unm crp 275 com...Dr. J
Through permanently altering the Rio Grande, humans have placed this river, and the Rio Grande Cottonwood trees surrounding it, in a state of insecurity.
Rio Grande Cottonwood trees are not only a “keystone species,” meaning that they play an important ecological role in the Bosque and Middle Rio Grande ecosystem, they are also a culturally significant and generally beloved species of tree that have touched the hearts and minds of indigenous peoples, famous environmental writers, and countless others who bask in the shade of their instantly recognizable leaves on a stroll through the Bosque.
Inadequacy of Safe Domestic Water Supply in Small Urban Centre’s in Kenya: A ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Urbanization and subsequent creation of urban sprawl have become a major concern to many countries worldwide and particularly, developing countries that experience a rapid rate of urbanization. This situation is pronounced more in Africa where the annual growth rate were 4.7% and 4.6% between 1960 - 1980 and 1980 - 2000 respectively. (UN 1969). In Kenya the big numbers of small urban centres such as Ahero indicate the trend where urbanization is spreading. This influx of people into specific settlements creates high demand for water. This situation implies that no provision of safe water for domestic use can be expected. In Ahero town, the provision of adequate supply of safe water for domestic use is lacking. This has led to other environmental problems including high health risks for the inhabitants. This study examines the state of and the adequacy of supply of safe domestic water in Ahero town. A survey was conducted that made use of the existing physical development plan for Ahero town. A still camera was used to capture the state of the subject of study and 199 close ended questionnaires. Discussions were held with key informants and non-governmental organizations in relation to water supply in the town. The data collected was analyzed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). The study established that there is one water point constructed by the Catholic Mission church. The facility is situated in the mission compound and run by the same church that supplies water at a fee. Other sources include wells and nearby River Nyando. The study concludes that environmental problems relating to poor and inadequate supply of safe domestic water exists in Ahero town. It recommends that proper strategy and planning for provision of these essential services is made.
Cameron calhoun make the bosque great again midterm project unm crp 275 commu...Dr. J
In the past decades, the Rio Grande bosque in Albuquerque has been under significant stress due to drought, invasive species, climate change, wildfire, and other anthropogenic influences.
The bosque is a huge part of the local community, as it is home to a huge network of trails and attractions and visited regularly by hundreds of people year-round.
The preservation and restoration of urban forests around the globe such as this one is critical for conserving biodiversity in cities, providing access for people to enjoy natural beauty, and producing clean air and water.
A Review on Integrated River Basin Management and Development Master Plan of ...Mark Jaeno P. Duyan
River basins appear to be important in the Philippines due to rising water demand for residential needs, agriculture, commerce, and industry. While the country has a total available freshwater resource of 145,900 million Cubic Meters per year based on an 80% probability for surface water and 20,000 million Cubic Meters per year for groundwater recharge or extraction (ASEAN, 2005), the concern for sustainable water supply continues to be a major concern due to the continued degradation of river basins and watersheds.
Riverside Population in Amazon: Culture, Environment and Construction TechniqueIJERA Editor
This article´s objective is to study the construction techniques of the riverside dwellers in the Amazon rainforest. The studied communities are located in the banks of the Solimões River, and suffer with the constant floods and physical phenomena related to the region environment. An ecosystem of thunderous natural forces, which makes it harder the importation of approaches from other regions as alternatives to the Amazon rainforest. As a method of research and understanding of the problematics, an assessment of the riverside communities in the city of Manacapuru and in two rural communities was carried out, surveying the cultural, social, and environmental characteristics of each community, and surveying the local constructive characteristics, materials and vernacular techniques. In the conclusion, we observed that: the relevance of a joint action to understand the wood and the housing durability, expanding the life cycle of the river buildings and reducing the impact on the rainforest. Regarding thermic comfort, it is important to redeem the bioclimatic techniques of crossed ventilation and to highlight the relevancy of sustainable techniques that work with local materials, such as natural fibers.
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Brian boney middle rio grande cottonwood tree midterm project unm crp 275 com...Dr. J
Through permanently altering the Rio Grande, humans have placed this river, and the Rio Grande Cottonwood trees surrounding it, in a state of insecurity.
Rio Grande Cottonwood trees are not only a “keystone species,” meaning that they play an important ecological role in the Bosque and Middle Rio Grande ecosystem, they are also a culturally significant and generally beloved species of tree that have touched the hearts and minds of indigenous peoples, famous environmental writers, and countless others who bask in the shade of their instantly recognizable leaves on a stroll through the Bosque.
Inadequacy of Safe Domestic Water Supply in Small Urban Centre’s in Kenya: A ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Urbanization and subsequent creation of urban sprawl have become a major concern to many countries worldwide and particularly, developing countries that experience a rapid rate of urbanization. This situation is pronounced more in Africa where the annual growth rate were 4.7% and 4.6% between 1960 - 1980 and 1980 - 2000 respectively. (UN 1969). In Kenya the big numbers of small urban centres such as Ahero indicate the trend where urbanization is spreading. This influx of people into specific settlements creates high demand for water. This situation implies that no provision of safe water for domestic use can be expected. In Ahero town, the provision of adequate supply of safe water for domestic use is lacking. This has led to other environmental problems including high health risks for the inhabitants. This study examines the state of and the adequacy of supply of safe domestic water in Ahero town. A survey was conducted that made use of the existing physical development plan for Ahero town. A still camera was used to capture the state of the subject of study and 199 close ended questionnaires. Discussions were held with key informants and non-governmental organizations in relation to water supply in the town. The data collected was analyzed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). The study established that there is one water point constructed by the Catholic Mission church. The facility is situated in the mission compound and run by the same church that supplies water at a fee. Other sources include wells and nearby River Nyando. The study concludes that environmental problems relating to poor and inadequate supply of safe domestic water exists in Ahero town. It recommends that proper strategy and planning for provision of these essential services is made.
Cameron calhoun make the bosque great again midterm project unm crp 275 commu...Dr. J
In the past decades, the Rio Grande bosque in Albuquerque has been under significant stress due to drought, invasive species, climate change, wildfire, and other anthropogenic influences.
The bosque is a huge part of the local community, as it is home to a huge network of trails and attractions and visited regularly by hundreds of people year-round.
The preservation and restoration of urban forests around the globe such as this one is critical for conserving biodiversity in cities, providing access for people to enjoy natural beauty, and producing clean air and water.
A Review on Integrated River Basin Management and Development Master Plan of ...Mark Jaeno P. Duyan
River basins appear to be important in the Philippines due to rising water demand for residential needs, agriculture, commerce, and industry. While the country has a total available freshwater resource of 145,900 million Cubic Meters per year based on an 80% probability for surface water and 20,000 million Cubic Meters per year for groundwater recharge or extraction (ASEAN, 2005), the concern for sustainable water supply continues to be a major concern due to the continued degradation of river basins and watersheds.
Isaiah Ochieng Abillah
Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Murang‟a University of
Technology, Kenya
Abstract: Wetlands, all over the world, offer many livelihood support services to riparian communities and beyond
but are currently severely threatened with decimation. In Murang’a County, Kenya, wetlands are a key life
support system for many communities but their survival is currently uncertain due to extensive encroachment,
filling up, pollution and weak legislation. Our study aimed at investigating the impact of riparian community’s
livelihood strategies on wetlands conservation and restoration in Murang’a County, Kenya. Data was collected in
4-sub counties of the County using household’s survey questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group
discussion. A randomly selected sample of 404 respondents were recruited for the study. Data was analyzed using
SPSS software version 26.0. Results showed an encroachment rate into the wetlands by the riparian communities
of 60.4%. A highly significant and positive correlation was obtained between livelihood strategies and impacts on
wetlands ((r=0.184, p value =0.001). Members of the riparian communities were poorly informed about the roles of
wetlands, with 70% unaware of any wetland’s conservation efforts. A whopping 73.7% had not participated in any
wetland conservation effort. Hence, there is need for community sensitization and empowerment on wetlands wise
use as well as sustainable wetland utilization, conservation and management.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Globally, wetlands cover about 6% of the 5.7 million km2 of the Earth‟s surface and they support millions of livelihoods
as they act as „‟water banks‟‟ where water may be drawn and ground water replenished (Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment, 2005). Wetlands are as old as the Earth itself. By 20th century, the increased use of wetlands attracted the
attention of the world and a global meeting was held in Iran on 2nd February, 1971 to discuss wise use and conservation
of lands that were wet (wetlands), the meeting was named the Ramsar Convention and it has been the foundation of
wetlands conservation (Ramsar, 2017).
Wetlands have been places of interest since civilization as many towns and cities are built along the blue economy. They
have also served as transport corridors, source of wildlife, fish and seeds (Fisher, K. and Morling, P.). However, due to
population pressure, wetlands have been encroached into and converted to different agricultural land use and degraded
Davidson, C. (2014), observes that 87% of the world‟s wetlands have been lost since 1700 AD as a result of human
activities.
In the Kenyan economy, Lakes such as Lake Naivasha contributes 5.3 billion and over 30,000 people draw their
livelihoods from wetlands ecosystem but due to climate change, these lakes are contemporarily facing rising water levels
which in turn affects ...
En todos los rincones del mundo las personas se enfrentan a las oportunidades y la tragedias relacionada con el agua. A veces, el exceso de agua, a veces la escasez. Hoy, cada vez más, la presencia o ausencia de agua es caótica, con los patrones menos predecibles que producen desastres locales de todo tipo.
El agua es el lazo que une a todas las cosas, tanto animadas como inanimadas. No es una exageración señalar que el agua refleja el río de la vida y la memoria de cada país o área. El agua es mística, religiosa, de gran alcance.........
Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, delta systems, and coral reefs are increasingly at risk due in large part to
settlement and development along rapidly urbanizing coasts. The resulting degradation of these ecosystems,
especially the degradation of natural infrastructure, increasingly exposes coastal cities and their inhabitants to
more frequent and severe natural hazards and disproportionately impacts poor populations who often rely on these ecosystems for livelihoods, food, and other essential benefits.
A B S T R A C T
Taking plants from their original habitat and keeping them in pots is an illustrative example of manmade, power-oriented and unnatural habitation. Naturally, a plant cannot survive in a segregated environment of a pot. For this reason, diverse supportive activities such as watering, feeding or protecting must be planned. These supplying infrastructures create a great power for the caretaker over the life of the potted plant. Using the example of potted plants, this article tries to shed light on social and ecological problems of urbanization.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(2), 122-129. Doi:10.25034/ijcua.2018.3676
www.ijcua.com
Abstract
Grazing of livestock is the most widespread land-use practice in Northern part of Nigeria,
occupying about 60% of the land surface. These activities are usually carried out along
river channels and therefore, impact to a considerable extent on the riparian ecosystem.
This study assesses the effects of livestock grazing on riparian ecosystem along Gongola
River at Dadin Kowa, Yamaltu Deba LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. Water samples and
laboratory test, field measurements and observation of vegetation species were employed
in the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics i.e. T-test was used to analyze the data.
The findings revealed that, shrubs are the dominant plant species with 23.17%, followed
by neem (Azadiractha indica) 18.30%, Herbs dominating 17.07%, and Mango (magnifera
indica) 13.41%. A t-test analysis reveals that there is significant difference in the height
and diameter of trees with t-value of 9.087. Plant species that are palatable to animals
have witnessed degradation through looping and trampling hence their survivals are at
risks. While the largest livestock composition are mainly cows constituting about
52.72%, followed by sheep 40%. Apart from polluting the water, the livestock routes and
riparian corridors are characterized by erosion thereby increasing to the
siltation/sedimentation of the Gongola River valley. Also, result of water quality analysis
revealed an uneven distribution in all the selected parameters. Mean pH value obtained
was 8.22, while calcium, magnesium, chloride, turbidity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand
were 10.88 mg/L, 0.23 mg/L, 21.26 mg/L, 564.00NTU and 11.29mg/L, respectively. This
implies that the water quality is not safe for human consumption and to a larger extent the
livestock. The study, therefore, recommends the need for creation of ranches in the area
by the Federal or State Government to preserve the natural environment from biodiversity
lost.
Green infrastructure: Reconnecting Agriculture and Communities
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIAMunira Shahbuddin
The moral argument and ethical challenges and framework for sustainability through holistic water management in Malaysia. Should we confine to standard approach that only measures cost benefit analysis of social policies to serve the majority of the public and deprive basic rights (water, food, air and life) of the indigenous and rural communities.This lecture combines technical approaches in sustainable water management and philosophical views - to address problems and challenges in climate change and global warming.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
More Related Content
Similar to Living on water and land: Challenges and opportunities for the development of Amphibious Communities in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest
Isaiah Ochieng Abillah
Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Murang‟a University of
Technology, Kenya
Abstract: Wetlands, all over the world, offer many livelihood support services to riparian communities and beyond
but are currently severely threatened with decimation. In Murang’a County, Kenya, wetlands are a key life
support system for many communities but their survival is currently uncertain due to extensive encroachment,
filling up, pollution and weak legislation. Our study aimed at investigating the impact of riparian community’s
livelihood strategies on wetlands conservation and restoration in Murang’a County, Kenya. Data was collected in
4-sub counties of the County using household’s survey questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group
discussion. A randomly selected sample of 404 respondents were recruited for the study. Data was analyzed using
SPSS software version 26.0. Results showed an encroachment rate into the wetlands by the riparian communities
of 60.4%. A highly significant and positive correlation was obtained between livelihood strategies and impacts on
wetlands ((r=0.184, p value =0.001). Members of the riparian communities were poorly informed about the roles of
wetlands, with 70% unaware of any wetland’s conservation efforts. A whopping 73.7% had not participated in any
wetland conservation effort. Hence, there is need for community sensitization and empowerment on wetlands wise
use as well as sustainable wetland utilization, conservation and management.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Globally, wetlands cover about 6% of the 5.7 million km2 of the Earth‟s surface and they support millions of livelihoods
as they act as „‟water banks‟‟ where water may be drawn and ground water replenished (Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment, 2005). Wetlands are as old as the Earth itself. By 20th century, the increased use of wetlands attracted the
attention of the world and a global meeting was held in Iran on 2nd February, 1971 to discuss wise use and conservation
of lands that were wet (wetlands), the meeting was named the Ramsar Convention and it has been the foundation of
wetlands conservation (Ramsar, 2017).
Wetlands have been places of interest since civilization as many towns and cities are built along the blue economy. They
have also served as transport corridors, source of wildlife, fish and seeds (Fisher, K. and Morling, P.). However, due to
population pressure, wetlands have been encroached into and converted to different agricultural land use and degraded
Davidson, C. (2014), observes that 87% of the world‟s wetlands have been lost since 1700 AD as a result of human
activities.
In the Kenyan economy, Lakes such as Lake Naivasha contributes 5.3 billion and over 30,000 people draw their
livelihoods from wetlands ecosystem but due to climate change, these lakes are contemporarily facing rising water levels
which in turn affects ...
En todos los rincones del mundo las personas se enfrentan a las oportunidades y la tragedias relacionada con el agua. A veces, el exceso de agua, a veces la escasez. Hoy, cada vez más, la presencia o ausencia de agua es caótica, con los patrones menos predecibles que producen desastres locales de todo tipo.
El agua es el lazo que une a todas las cosas, tanto animadas como inanimadas. No es una exageración señalar que el agua refleja el río de la vida y la memoria de cada país o área. El agua es mística, religiosa, de gran alcance.........
Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, delta systems, and coral reefs are increasingly at risk due in large part to
settlement and development along rapidly urbanizing coasts. The resulting degradation of these ecosystems,
especially the degradation of natural infrastructure, increasingly exposes coastal cities and their inhabitants to
more frequent and severe natural hazards and disproportionately impacts poor populations who often rely on these ecosystems for livelihoods, food, and other essential benefits.
A B S T R A C T
Taking plants from their original habitat and keeping them in pots is an illustrative example of manmade, power-oriented and unnatural habitation. Naturally, a plant cannot survive in a segregated environment of a pot. For this reason, diverse supportive activities such as watering, feeding or protecting must be planned. These supplying infrastructures create a great power for the caretaker over the life of the potted plant. Using the example of potted plants, this article tries to shed light on social and ecological problems of urbanization.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(2), 122-129. Doi:10.25034/ijcua.2018.3676
www.ijcua.com
Abstract
Grazing of livestock is the most widespread land-use practice in Northern part of Nigeria,
occupying about 60% of the land surface. These activities are usually carried out along
river channels and therefore, impact to a considerable extent on the riparian ecosystem.
This study assesses the effects of livestock grazing on riparian ecosystem along Gongola
River at Dadin Kowa, Yamaltu Deba LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. Water samples and
laboratory test, field measurements and observation of vegetation species were employed
in the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics i.e. T-test was used to analyze the data.
The findings revealed that, shrubs are the dominant plant species with 23.17%, followed
by neem (Azadiractha indica) 18.30%, Herbs dominating 17.07%, and Mango (magnifera
indica) 13.41%. A t-test analysis reveals that there is significant difference in the height
and diameter of trees with t-value of 9.087. Plant species that are palatable to animals
have witnessed degradation through looping and trampling hence their survivals are at
risks. While the largest livestock composition are mainly cows constituting about
52.72%, followed by sheep 40%. Apart from polluting the water, the livestock routes and
riparian corridors are characterized by erosion thereby increasing to the
siltation/sedimentation of the Gongola River valley. Also, result of water quality analysis
revealed an uneven distribution in all the selected parameters. Mean pH value obtained
was 8.22, while calcium, magnesium, chloride, turbidity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand
were 10.88 mg/L, 0.23 mg/L, 21.26 mg/L, 564.00NTU and 11.29mg/L, respectively. This
implies that the water quality is not safe for human consumption and to a larger extent the
livestock. The study, therefore, recommends the need for creation of ranches in the area
by the Federal or State Government to preserve the natural environment from biodiversity
lost.
Green infrastructure: Reconnecting Agriculture and Communities
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIAMunira Shahbuddin
The moral argument and ethical challenges and framework for sustainability through holistic water management in Malaysia. Should we confine to standard approach that only measures cost benefit analysis of social policies to serve the majority of the public and deprive basic rights (water, food, air and life) of the indigenous and rural communities.This lecture combines technical approaches in sustainable water management and philosophical views - to address problems and challenges in climate change and global warming.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Revitalization Strategy for Historic Core of AhmedabadIEREK Press
In India, dense historic urban settlements were developed with the intention of provision of spaces for adequate engagement of the people. Public squares and streets became important places of interaction. ‘Historic core,’ especially had public spaces meant for various socioeconomic groups. Ahmedabad city is a blend of a harmonious past and a vivacious present. Number of historical and architecturally important buildings were built during Muslim and Moghul rules. One of the first built structures within the walled city is the Bhadra fort, a citadel founded by sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 with a huge public square in front, developed for purpose of procession and gathering. This Bhadra precinct went through various layers of transformation in different eras and now have become vulnerable due to congestion and encroachment. Though, a need for intervention was felt to bring back the lost vitality of the Bhadra precinct, it was realized that a comprehensive approach would be the necessity. Conservation and sensitive development approach was taken to tackle this problem through pedestrianization of the Bhadra precinct, rerouting of traffic and restoration of Bhadra fort. Larger level traffic and parking issues were also considered be-yond the site. Alternative use of Bhadra fort as tourist information center was considered. Urban design guidelines were proposed for harmonious development in the surrounding area. This proposal was considered for funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JnNURM)and was implemented. Many issues were faced during implementation of Bhadra project due to contextualization of informal commercial, religious and other cultural activities. Political, social and administrative factors also played immense role in implementation of proposal. Now since Ahmedabad has achieved the status of World Heritage City through UNESCO certification further implementation of this project will be relatively easy due to envisaged strong political and administrative support.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing theQuality of Urb...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
The Sinkhole Occurrence Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas for the Historic Salt ...IEREK Press
The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the Wieliczka salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with geotechnical analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
Estimation of Coating Materials Contribution to the TVOCsEmissions of Wood Fl...IEREK Press
Based on the increasing concern about the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor finishing materials, industrial companies are called to meet the growing demand for more sustainable products. Recently, most designers and consumers have more environmental considerations while selecting the finishing materials. These considerations are related to the VOCs content of the finishing material itself regardless of its coating layers. Nowadays, interior wood coatings are commonly applied to large surfaces (ceilings, walls, floors) and many types of furnishing, leading to a high loading factor (surface-to-volume ratio). These coatings might contribute significantly to the VOCs emissions due to repeatedly and periodically use during maintenance, remodeling, and renovation of interior spaces. The aim of this study is to estimate the wood coating materials contribution to the TVOCs emissions of wood product in the indoor environment to shed light on the importance of comprehensive analysis of wood material with all treatment coatings. So, a small interior space with controlled temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate was simulated using IA-Quest program to investigate the influence of three wood coating materials; stain, wax, and varnish which were applied to an area of natural hardwood Oak floor. The TVOCs emission data resulted from the different coated wood floor was compared with VOCs emissions caused by the natural wood floor to find out the coating material contribution in TVOCs emissions of a wood flooring material
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
A Model Proposed for the Prediction of Future Sustainable Residence Specifica...IEREK Press
In Egypt, people are unable to determine the qualities of appropriate residence that achieves quality and occupant satisfaction, and contributes to sustainability of residential conglomerations. In general, developing countries lack housing information which can be used to enhance quality of residence. Also, the methods of assessing and identifying the appropriate criteria for future residence quality remain traditional ones that cannot address the multiple, conflicting, overlapping aspects to reach a good decision. This calls for using the Analytical Network Process (ANP), an effective tool for specifying the relative importance of all factors impacting a specific issue for making an appropriate residential decision. In addition, this method provides results for the decision element impacts network within the decision structure; thus contributing to more understanding of the mechanisms and requirements of residence selection. The proposed decision structure comprises a two-level network: main clusters, main elements, and sub-elements included in the demographic characteristics group, the residence criteria group, the demand parameters group, the supply parameters group, the residence specifications group, and the alternatives group which representing, in total, the decision and specifying the percentage needed for each housing level. Results of the model showed complete capacity in smoothly addressing complexities and overlapping in the decision structure. The decision structure showed that 52% chose luxury residence, 28% chose middle-class residence, and 19.5% chose the economic residence. Mechanisms of decision making were analyzed; particularly in terms of relationship to demographic characteristics and residence specifications. Also, the importance and impact of demand / supply parameters in reaching decision were analyzed
Development of an Open-Source Water Consumption Meter for HousingIEREK Press
This article reports on the project "Design and development of water and gas P.L. measurement devices in the housing: an approach to sustainable consumption in Mexico", prepared at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in the Department of the Environment, whose objective was to develop a device to measure water consumption in the housing, which allows users to know their spending and can make decisions in favor of efficiency through the reduction of water use in household activities. The meter is made up of open source, programmable or reconfigurable software, which receives the signal from a water flow sensor and a casing designed to contain the hardware and facilitate the user's installation. Both the hardware and the casing can be purchased, downloaded, manufactured and assembled at home (Do It Yourself). As specific results were obtained: hardware programming and housing design and as a final result: the assembly of the functional prototype with which measurements of water consumption were made in a housing in Mexico. With this work we conclude that through the development of new accessible and common measurement technologies for the users of a house, it will be possible to promote efficiency in the use of natural resources in cities, increasing availability and promoting a more sustainable urban development.
Multi-Scale Assessment of Urban Gardens as Constructed Habitats for Biodivers...IEREK Press
Biodiversity in arid urban environments depends upon habitat formation that balances both bioclimatic and biophysical environment needs. There is the potential for urban gardens to establish symbiotic ecosystem services from microhabitat formation that collectively form an assemblage of ecological patches to connect a diverse range of flora and fauna, and establish community driven nursery and seed collection initiatives. This study of urban garden habitats situated within a new urban district of Jeddah Saudi. The analysis concentrates on the ability of garden spatial formations to construct a heterogeneous spatial morphology of sub-patch within the larger urban landscape patch. Patch and subpatch formations are examined based on the criteria of (I) assemblage of the spatial habitat (characterized by shape and spatial organization); (II) integration of spatial, functional and vegetation plantation patterns; (III) connectivity. Findings reveal that garden layout is structured by the integration and layering of plant types to generate cool understory habitat with seedling establishment, and water conservation. Designed layout of the garden as a spatial pattern is augmented with a range of microclimate mediators to dim solar exposure within the plantation habitat. A strong heterogeneity in plant formations and combinations is seen to dominant the garden formations.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Lessons Learned from the First Passivhaus Building in QatarIEREK Press
Energy efficient models have become the path to reduce energy consumption and Greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment in many developed countries. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), new buildings constructed within the European Union (EU) countries are expected to be nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) by 2020, while new public buildings are expected to adhere to this target by 2018. The Passivhaus approach has been identified by several researchers as a possible roadmap to achieve nZEBs. The meticulous engineering and high standards of the Passivhaus building fabric, in addition to the high comfort levels, are the main reasons behind the success and widespread of the standard. Recently, in 2013 the Passivhaus principles have been applied to an experimental residential project in the hot and arid climate of Qatar. The project is composed of two identical buildings, one built according to the Passivhaus standard and the other according to normal practices in the country. The thermal performance and comfort levels of both buildings were assessed through dynamic simulation and on-site measurements. Results indicated that at least 50% reduction in annual operational energy, water consumption, and CO2 emissions were achieved in the Passivhaus model in comparison to the standard model. This paper aims to highlight the lessons learned through the Passivhaus project; first by exhibiting the Passivhaus criteria that have been met, second by showcasing the outcomes of the project, and third by displaying the barriers and difficulties that have been associated with building according to the standard in Qatar. Finally, recommendations and general guidelines are suggested towards a possible adoption of the Passivhaus standard in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
Optimal Sizing and Design of Isolated Micro-Grid systemsIEREK Press
Micro-grid and standalone schemes are emerging as a viable mixed source of electricity due to interconnected costly central power plants and associated faults as well as brownouts and blackouts in additions to costly fuels. Micro-Grid (MG) is gaining very importance to avoid or decrease these problems. The objective of this paper is to design an optimal sizing and energy management scheme of an isolated MG. The MG is suggested to supply load located in El-shorouk Academy, Egypt between 30.119 latitudes and 31.605 longitudes. The components of the MG are selected and designed for achieving minimum Total Investment Cost (TIC) with CO2 emissions limitations. This is accomplished by a search and optimization MATLAB code used with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. The use of Diesel Generators (DGs) is minimized by limiting the gaseous CO2 emissions as per targeted allowable amount. A comparison is accomplished for investigating the CO2 emissions constraints effects on the TIC in $/year and annual cost of energy in $/kWh. The obtained results verified and demonstrated that the designed MG configuration scheme is able to feed the energy entailed by the suggested load cost effectively and environmental friendly.
Regenerative Mobility: Disruption and Urban EvolutionIEREK Press
Mobility plays an important role in the cities by enabling people to carry out the most varied activities across the territory, as well as to ensure the city fully function. In addition, analogies to the human organism can be made by this urban dynamic, looking for solutions to specific issues. Moreover, this paper has been based by the premise that phenomena and urban elements could be conceptualized, explained and transformed from contemporary and innovative approaches applied in the medical field. For this reason, this paper aims to develop and present a new concept associated with urban mobility, based on the principles of regenerative medicine: the Regenerative Mobility, a concept with disruptive and evolutionary purposes. Furthermore, the structure of this paper is summarized by the introduction which contextualizes the theme, presents and characterizes the techniques used in the research. Additionally, the following chapters explore essential aspects of the city, explaining why it needs a mobility change and new concepts. Therefore, the concept of Regenerative Mobility is presented as a potential of mobility and cities improvement, followed by pragmatic cases, capable of illustrating some of its principles.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Ur...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
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CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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housing worldwide (UNSD, 2019). Acknowledging that adequate housing is a basic human right because of its
impact on health and safety, equity and inclusion, and livelihood opportunities, the UN calls for increased efforts to
address policy barriers and built environment investments to address this global emergency that likely has only
intensified with the recent global pandemic and climate change (UNSD, 2019).
Peru´s urban development and built environment conditions reflect these challenges. According to the 2017 census,
43.7% of the population lives in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate housing (INEI, 2018) and this number is
expected to grow in the coming decade. The main cities of the Peruvian Amazon, including Iquitos, have
additionally unique challenges with rapid Indigenous migration from the jungle leading to mass development of
amphibious slums communities built within the urban floodplains. These communities contain wooden houses that
float on the river or rest on stilts high above the floodplain. These designs, adapted from traditional houses design in
rural Amazonian areas where many residents have migrated from, adapt to the seasonal dynamics of the rivers in
times of flooding or dry spells, characteristics that may promote resilience to climate change and sea level rise.
However, these communities also suffer from poor infrastructure conditions and limited resources that affect
ecosystem and human health.
This article presents an overview summary of preliminary research findings on amphibian communities settled on
the alluvial banks of Iquitos, the most populous city in the Peruvian Amazon and capital of the department of
Loreto, the largest geographical region in Peru.
Objective: The study´s objective was to understand the physical, social, cultural, and environmental conditions in
which amphibious communities live and identify the political, legal, and cultural barriers that prevented their
healthy urban development.
Methodology: This study had a qualitative approach. Data collection was through semi-structured interviews,
surveys, and observation of physical and environmental conditions during the months of May to November 2021.
The team conducted 42 semi-structured interviews with officials, academics, and inhabitants of the amphibian
communities. The team also conducted an open online survey with 23 multiple-choice questions about perception
and conditions of amphibious communities, and received 147 responses from the general population living in the
non-flood-prone highlands of Iquitos. Lastly, observations of physical and environmental conditions was carried out
over five days in five different amphibious communities around the city.
2. The Context
Loreto, located in northwestern Peru, is part of the Amazon ecosystem and occupies almost a third of the Peruvian
territory (CEPLAN, 2019). Despite this large area, its population represents only 3.37% of the country's total and is
predominantly urban with 68.7%, concentrated in the capitals of the provinces, and with Iquitos being the most
populated. However, in four of its provinces, more than 61% of the population is rural, where more than 200,000
riverside inhabitants live in traditional rural communities adapted to an amphibious lifestyle, with houses that rise
or float on the river in times of flood and perch on the riverbed in times of low water (INEI, 2018; Desmaison,
Espinoza, Jaime and Gallardo, 2019).
According to the classification made by Jorge Burga (2018, p.116-117), traditional Amazonian housing can be: (1)
Settled on the ground, located in high areas that are not subject to flooding; (2) floating, based on wooden logs and
(3) elevated on stilts. The last two adapt to the changing water level of the rivers in the summer and winter seasons.
Wood predominates as a material for the structure and partitions and irapay leaves for the covers. He also indicates
that these houses are the ones that have had little influence from other cultures, maintaining over time most of their
original traditional characteristics. Currently, with increase urban influences, some of the houses´ materials are
being changed, such as Irapay leaves to metal or plastic corrugated sheets for roof coverage.
Amphibian communities are not only found in rural areas. More than 90,000 people live on the outskirts of the city
of Iquitos, on the alluvial plains whose landscape varies with the seasonal change in the water level of the rivers
surrounding the city. To adapt to this situation, the people build their houses in the likeness of rural and traditional
houses, floating or on stilts. Elevated wooden paths, made by the community, connect the houses during the river's
rising season. In other situactions, residentes have raised the level of their streets with fill material, gaining ground
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from the river. When built properly, many of these homes are resilient and can cope with extreme fluctuations in
water including the increasingly severe impacts of climate change. However, poor environmental conditions and
lack of infrastructure including water and sewer services have a negative impact on the health of these communities
and the ecosystems they live within. (Alarcón, et al, 2018).
Figure 1 Rural Yanamono Community, Figure 2 Salaverry urban amphibious slum in Iquitos
Indiana, Peru
3. Key findings
3.1 Physical conditions
Architectural typologies
Most amphibian communities use traditional architectural typologies, traditional construction approaches and
traditional materials. The houses are floating or rest on stilts. Their structures and partitions are made of wood.
Althougf, the traditional irapay sheet is still used, the materials and construccions systems are changing with urban
influences, and many roofs are zinc calamine, like the rest of the city. The neighbors express these changes:
“Previously, the roof was made of irapay leaves, almost most of the houses, and before the 2000s, the houses were
made of rafts, floating. Almost all the houses were floating because that's how they started."
Currently, there is a gradual change towards contemporary materials and construction techniques, such as concrete
columns, beams, and brick walls. Residentes express that they make these changes respond to maintenance and time
costs, durability and as a symbol of progress: "The house is emerging little by little. Previously, the columns were
made of horcones, that is, of sticks. And little by little, they are being built of concrete, column after column that has
required a long time. It is not finished yet. Because as we know, water grows in the area, so it means that the
horcones do not last long due to humidity".
There are some variants in houses on stilts. In stilted houses the first level is used for a warehouse, garage or shop
during the river's low season. In the high river season, the warehouse moves to another place, and the shops go up to
the second level. Some houses may also have an additional level for bedrooms.
Accessibility and mobility
Accessibility and mobility within amphibious neighborhoods are conditioned by the dynamics of the rivers. In times
of low water, when the riverbed dries up, residents may move between houses without inconvenience, either in
smaller vehicles or on foot albeit they may need to climb down long stairs to reach the ground if they live in stilted
houses. The most mobility difficulty is experienced in times of flood, when the water rises since it is necessary to
build floating or stilted wooden bridges to access the houses. In the past, the local governments has supported some
communities with materials for this bridges. However, for several years now, the local government supported only
access bridges to educational and health facilities, not personal residences. A resident reveals: "the handmade
bridges that are built when the water rises... the years began to pass and, the construction of the bridges was
stopped, that is, they only built up to a certain point, up to the school...". In the Belén amphibious area of Iquitos,
you have the alternative of using canoes to get around when the river rises, however, it demands an additional cost,
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harming the household budget that could support food, water, healthcare or other living expenses. A resident of the
AAHH Sachachorro states “the biggest problem is the issue of fares… you must have your [own] canoe or your
[own] boat so that you can move, if you do not have it, you have to pay, so, I will carry (canoe)… ”.
Public space
Public spaces exist during the river's low season. Soccer fields and recreation spaces are improvised in the dry
riverbed and become vibrant communities places. A resident describes: “…when the river goes down… their
activities are carried out at ground level, there are spaces where they set up their sports fields, or suddenly there
are some [community] meetings, we have a slab that is exactly where it is going to be. the boardwalk, where they
also hold their meetings”. The drawbacks to these succesful public spaces occur when the water level rises. These
spaces disappear and the most affected are children and adolescents. As stated by a resident: "...children begin to
swim in the water... and young people and adults begin to look for sports spaces, for example, visit [other]
communities that have a space that is not subject to flooding and start playing sports, Normally the school field is
used…”
Access to public services
In amphibious neighborhoods, the electricity service is communal and may be installed precariously above water
level. Usually, community organization pay for a conecction on highlands and they extend cords to the households
living on the floodplain. In some cases, electric companys will install direct conecctions to the household when
electric post can be secure and communities have some preliminary land tenure documentation. There are problems
accessing clean running water the supply either lasts for only a few hours and may have contamination issues, or is
lacking entirely and residentes need to purchase water form a neighbor. A resident states: "The neighbor supplies us
with little water... she has acquired her little water, I think she has bought the water line." There is a discourse that
the service is achieved equitably because residents describe that they “fight for it”, as indicated by the daughter of a
villager: "If we have water... not all of them, for example, in my case, my father was the first to have water, as
always when they seek to improve him, there are only a few...". Few have sewage drains. The property title, or lack
of it, impacts access to services, and, in most cases, a sanitation system. There are also problems with the
municipal collection of solid waste and trash in the communities, especially in times of rising rivers. The
neighboors reported that some of the options for waste management are burning trash, hiring local transportation to
send it to areas where the municipal service is more reliable.
3.2 Sociocultural conditions
Worked
Most of the inhabitants of the amphibious neighborhoods dedicate their lives to fishing, agriculture and trade,
transport, and construction. The type of work may vary depending on the season when the river is low or high.
There is a strong link between the river and employment and so families seek to live on the riverbank, with most of
amphibious communities living in the lower area of Belén, which allows them to access the Belén market where
resindest may have a stall, work at the port, or in related businesses. As a resident expressed: “This settlement, the
lower area of Belén, drives the city of Iquitos, it is the driving force… because everything comes from Belén, from
the market… the market is so big, they all come from San Juan or Punchana… because of the things at lower prices.
That is what attracts people…”. Another neighbor confirms "My dad came to live here [in the floodplain], because
it is accessible to the Market, because they are from the daily bread, they work here in the port, and from here we
make a living, and with which he has educated us."
Cultural
Life in the water parallels the traditional Amazonian culture of rural areas because the initial settlers of amphibious
communities comes from the riverside communities in the jungle. These communities have adapted to live in
different ways depending on the season and the dynamics of the rivers. Likewise, their ways of living are more
communal. To most residents living in a flood zone is not always conceived as wrong or risky, rather it is
traditional. "…and in that Amazonian world, water, the forest and the rain, are an essential part... which implies the
abundance of resources and creativity, in times of drought it is planting, it is living the forest, the land, they are
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new sources of food. It is landscape beauty; In times of flood, water is an extraordinary source of life, water is
pleasure for the Amazon, it is an enormous pleasure.”
Organizational Structure
Amphibious communities have representatives who are elected in community assemblies. Theses representatives
manage solutions to social and physical problems, and contact elected representatives such as congressmen,
mayors, and governors, depending on the issue. As a representative says, “We have recently met with the high-level
commission of the presidency of the current president… that until December they must build the educational and
health buildings… and we are also coordinating with the Ministry Housing...".
Independetly of what is the organization structure, community organize mingas (collaborative work practices) to
address community needs, such as cleaning the landscape of trash and weeds, dealing with citizen insecurity and
crime, and solving built environment problems such as the construction of access bridges, elevation of grades, and
water services. As one member of the community expressed "I did my things as an authority, I managed to have
communal electricity, water with the neighbor, and so on..."
Interpersonal networks
The neighbors thet were interviewed highlighted that community structure and collaborative work are fundamental
for neighborhood, community and families development. Mingas are developed to improve and clean the place and
build wooden bridges but there are other dynamics to provide interpersonal sopports. For example, neighboords
always collectivly save funds to support community projects. As a neighbor said, “We all collaborate with two
soles, three soles, five soles. We have made a little bag to build our bridges, so as not to be bothering our
authorities, we collaborate among neighbors ..."
Likewise, groups of young activists have been formed in the Belén neighborhood in Iquitos to carry out activities in
favor of the community, environment, education, and culture. One of its members said, “…since 2016 [they have]
been working in an articulated manner with the population [that gathers to form] community mingas, based on
cultural festivals [and] participation among young people, that is why now you are currently seeing committed
young people.” However, according to residents, in some cases, interpersonal relationships are affected during the
time of rising rivers. Living in confined spaces and limited access to public spaces for recreation may promote acts
of domestic violence, "...but because of that (non-existence of public spaces) there are many problems. Of course,
the level of violence in the houses increases, the stress in the family, because it is a closed space."
3.3 Environmental conditions
The changes that are taking place in the houses, such as the change of materials or construction systems, were
observed to not be very adaptive to the Amazonian climate. Corrugated sheets for roof coverage, without a ceiling,
generate great heat and poor air circulation in an already hot location. Traditionally the houses have been open and
spacious with leaf roofs to face the heat. On the other hand, if this houses are built too high, they are negatively
impacted by winds, with climate change making weather events more intense, more frequent, and more difficult to
predict with certainty. These urbanization techniques avoid being able to prevent, adapt and plan with confidence.
The neighbors also report that the flood usually brings snakes, and there are problems when water accumulates and
stagnates for long periods of time because the puddles become breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Without formal
utility infraestructure, the contamination of rivers by dumping sewage and solid waste is a problem, affecting not
only people but also the animal population and the ecological environment (wetlands, flora, and fauna).
3.4 Barriers in the formalization process
According to the interviews in this study, it was identified some of the reasons why the population settles in risky or
non-authorized areas are the lack of a housing policy, the lack of urban planning, and the lack of urban land. “I
imagine that what leads people to settle in these areas is the need for housing. It has not been adequately addressed
by the government”. Likewise, the lack of a territorial approach that considers traditional Amazonian lifestyles
adapted to the Amazonian floodplain and its rivers does not allow exploring urban-architectural alternatives to
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improve the habitat in Amazonian amphibian neighborhoods. An interviewee states, “The laws are made from a
mentality that does not reflect the lifestyle of the people. So, there is a large gap between what the laws say and
what people do."
This also critically means that the communities settled in the alluvial plain cannot be formalized because the law
qualifies this territory as a "non-mitigate risk zone" due to the flooding caused by the increase in its waters during
the Amazon winter season. Despite great efforts, many communities remain informal preventing or limiting public
investment in services and infrastructure in amphibious neighborhoods.
Because of all these challenges, the State's proposal is to relocate these communities to high ground that is not
prone to flooding along the Iquitos – Nauta highway, more than 14 km (or one hour by bus) from the amphibious
neighborhoods. While well intentioned, this solution has not been optimal. Of the four relocated experiences
reviewed within this investigation, it was identified that three of theses neighborhoods do not have physical
sanitation, water or property title. Only one have lectricity. In other case,housing modules with light materials were
inlcuded but not electricity hooh up. One resident of these relocated communities explains, “We have proof of
possession, not title. There is a problem of overlapping land that is not solved. Because of the slowness of the
regional government office and the passivity of the president of urban empowerment”.
The most recent development plans carried out by the Ministry of Housing faimed to relocate 2,600 families to the
so-called New City of Belen. After six years, the Ministry has only managed to relocate 397 families. And it still
does not have water and sewer services or equipment. One of the problems reported by residents is the distance to
their work centers related to the Belen market and the river since it requires more time and money. “I do not work,
because I cannot work as the market is far from me, the [bus] ticket, coming and going, now if you have mobility,
gasoline has risen in price, you have to invest fifteen soles in gasoline and, all that remains for us is a little awkward
for us…”. Another problem is housing, whose concrete and small living corridors has not considered the climate or
culture of the families living within them.
Over the last decade, in order not to be relocated, some amphibious communities have asked the authorities to raise
the level of the streets to access formalization and water and sewer and sanitation services. This avenue is not
regulated but is faily accepted by the entity that performs the formalization process. Some interviewees, mainly
academics, do not believe that ground elevation is an adequate solution since it affects environmental health and
causes ecological damage. While, most municipal officials interviewed do not agree with this practice, they
sometimes accept it because they cannot think of another alternative, some residents demand these approach since
they see the opportunity to access the benefits of formalization, such as access to the property title, services, and
equipment.
Another barrier identified in the formalization processes of amphibious communities is the physical sanitation of
the land because they are privately owned land or in the process of being reverted to the State. Therefore, these
processes usually last more than ten years.
4. Conclusions
The urban and architectural typologies of amphibious communities adapting to seasonal changes in floodplains can
be strategies for the development of resilient housing and neighborhoods adapted to climate change. However, the
lack of a territorial approach that incorporates the traditional and urbanizing Amazonian ways of inhabiting, added
to the relocation processes as the only currently proposed alternative solution for these communities, limits the
exploration of technical alternatives to improve the living conditions of the amphibious communities.
Different barriers were identified in the formalization processes of the amphibian communities. Which include the
qualification as a non-mitigate risk area and, limiting the definition of habitable land. Other obstacles are
administrative processes, existing owners, and jurisdiction of floodplains. However, the communities have found
some strategies to access formalization themselves, such as raising the street level.
City planning must incorporate proposals for the sustainable and healthy development of amphibious and slums
communities, as these communities continue to grow ans expand cities. For this, it is necessary to consider the
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challenges identified in this research, such as water and drainage sanitation, accessibility and mobility, public space
and recreation, improvement of construction systems, strengthening of community networks and cultural values,
preservation of ecological resources and environmental responsiveness.
5. Acknowledgements
Research reported in this publication was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of
Health under grant #D43TW009345 awarded to the Northern Pacific Global Health Fellows Program. The content
is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National
Institutes of Health. The authors express their gratitude to the NIH Fogarty International Center and Joe Zunt of the
University of Washington, who leads the Northern Pacific Global Health Research Fellows Training Consortium.
To the architecture graduates Wendy Tresierra and Selva Sanjurjo; to all participants in the interviews:
professionals, academics, officials, and members of the amphibian communities. Without their collaboration, this
research would not have been possible.
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