This document summarizes a study on the sustainable practices of tribal settlements in Central India.
The study identifies three main typologies of tribal settlements based on size and structure: 1) Larger villages of 1000-1500 houses located on plains where tribes live on the outskirts, 2) Smaller linear settlements of 150 houses located near larger villages, and 3) Scattered clusters of 3-4 houses in hilly forested areas.
The study also identifies four main typologies of tribal housing based on spatial configuration: 1) Larger farmhouse style with enclosed yards, 2) Elongated houses arranged linearly along streets, 3) Clustered rectangular structures with internal partitions, and 4) Elongated structures under a
This paper depicts a vast knowledge on vernacular architecture of India. Vernacular architecture refers to the buildings which are constructed by the knowledge of local technology and craftsmanship, using locally available building materials; simultaneously, ensuring climatic comforts to the users. Thus vernacular architecture is related to the climatic issues, cultural and socio-economic conditions of different regions of any country. Hence, India is a country with diversified climate and socio-cultural conditions. Here, each region has its own unique characteristics of building design in the form of climate-responsive vernacular architecture. The aim of this paper is to assemble all those different types of vernacular practices throughout the different climatic regions of India.
Many building materials are used for construction and different methods are followed. Each of these building materials has a unique embodied energy. Out of these materials, Roofing material constitute one of the major energy consuming components of the building. Effective utilization of available energy and its conservation is global challenge. For a developing country like India, the increasing demand of energy has created a scope for the study embodied energy of alternative roofing technique and their advantages for the sustainable building construction. The total embodied energy of a building can be reduced significantly by using alternate roofing technique such as RCC Filler slab which has lower embodied energy value.
Filler slab technology is a simple and a very innovative technology for a slab construction. The filler slab is based on the principle that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is subjected to compressive forces and the lower part of the slab experience tensile forces. Concrete is very good in withstanding compressive forces and steel bears the load due to tensile forces. Thus the lower tensile region of the slab does not need any concrete except for holding the steel reinforcements together. Hence concrete in the bottom region of solid RCC slab is replaced by an energy efficient and cost effective material. With reduced consumption of building material for roofing, the cost of the building can be reduced predominantly.
This paper depicts a vast knowledge on vernacular architecture of India. Vernacular architecture refers to the buildings which are constructed by the knowledge of local technology and craftsmanship, using locally available building materials; simultaneously, ensuring climatic comforts to the users. Thus vernacular architecture is related to the climatic issues, cultural and socio-economic conditions of different regions of any country. Hence, India is a country with diversified climate and socio-cultural conditions. Here, each region has its own unique characteristics of building design in the form of climate-responsive vernacular architecture. The aim of this paper is to assemble all those different types of vernacular practices throughout the different climatic regions of India.
Many building materials are used for construction and different methods are followed. Each of these building materials has a unique embodied energy. Out of these materials, Roofing material constitute one of the major energy consuming components of the building. Effective utilization of available energy and its conservation is global challenge. For a developing country like India, the increasing demand of energy has created a scope for the study embodied energy of alternative roofing technique and their advantages for the sustainable building construction. The total embodied energy of a building can be reduced significantly by using alternate roofing technique such as RCC Filler slab which has lower embodied energy value.
Filler slab technology is a simple and a very innovative technology for a slab construction. The filler slab is based on the principle that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is subjected to compressive forces and the lower part of the slab experience tensile forces. Concrete is very good in withstanding compressive forces and steel bears the load due to tensile forces. Thus the lower tensile region of the slab does not need any concrete except for holding the steel reinforcements together. Hence concrete in the bottom region of solid RCC slab is replaced by an energy efficient and cost effective material. With reduced consumption of building material for roofing, the cost of the building can be reduced predominantly.
This portfolio represents a selected group of work done as graduate student in Master in Environmental Building Design at University of Pennsylvania and at Hunnarshala - Foundation for Building Technology and Innovations.
hello! find the details about composite climate and aurabindo ashramam here. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
Conceptualising Framework for Local Biodiversity Heritage Sites (LBHS): A Bio...Vishwas Chavan
India’s Biological Diversity Act 2002 is now 18 years old, and
it has made it possible for the local communities to actively engage in the
management of biological resources in various manners. One of the important
provisions empowers the local communities to designate biodiversity rich
areas as a Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS). However, our national progress
in designating BHS has been snail-paced and far away from optimal use of
such a provision for the benefit of nature itself. This calls for strategies and
measures that empowers local communities to assess and designate the potential
of a socio-ecological landscape as a Local Biodiversity Heritage Site (LBHS).
Here we propose a conceptual framework for establishing Local Biodiversity
Heritage Sites that represent the richness of the social-cultural landscape of
Maharashtra state. Steps required to identify and establish a LBHS are listed
based on the examples Sacred Groves and Rocky Plateaus, two habitats of
high conservation importance in Maharashtra. In our opinion such sites are the
humanities last chance to preserve the gene, species, ecosystem, its services,
associated knowledge, culture, traditions and thereby natural heritage. It is
our belief that LBHS can be a true legacy for future generations and a lasting
reminder of the indelible connection of human beings with Mother Nature.
This portfolio represents a selected group of work done as graduate student in Master in Environmental Building Design at University of Pennsylvania and at Hunnarshala - Foundation for Building Technology and Innovations.
hello! find the details about composite climate and aurabindo ashramam here. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
Conceptualising Framework for Local Biodiversity Heritage Sites (LBHS): A Bio...Vishwas Chavan
India’s Biological Diversity Act 2002 is now 18 years old, and
it has made it possible for the local communities to actively engage in the
management of biological resources in various manners. One of the important
provisions empowers the local communities to designate biodiversity rich
areas as a Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS). However, our national progress
in designating BHS has been snail-paced and far away from optimal use of
such a provision for the benefit of nature itself. This calls for strategies and
measures that empowers local communities to assess and designate the potential
of a socio-ecological landscape as a Local Biodiversity Heritage Site (LBHS).
Here we propose a conceptual framework for establishing Local Biodiversity
Heritage Sites that represent the richness of the social-cultural landscape of
Maharashtra state. Steps required to identify and establish a LBHS are listed
based on the examples Sacred Groves and Rocky Plateaus, two habitats of
high conservation importance in Maharashtra. In our opinion such sites are the
humanities last chance to preserve the gene, species, ecosystem, its services,
associated knowledge, culture, traditions and thereby natural heritage. It is
our belief that LBHS can be a true legacy for future generations and a lasting
reminder of the indelible connection of human beings with Mother Nature.
This is a theoretical and practical review of Landscape Conservation approach now in practice for over a decade and hailed as a great successful approach to integrate the needs of biodiversity and wildlife as well the needs of sustainable development and conservation for people interacting with wildlife and biodiversity in landscapes
Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity and a large number of endangered plant species
many of which are ecological indicators of those specific habitats. The Himalayas are the world’s youngest,
highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. People living in this region
use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilize local natural resources and hence have valuable
understanding about their surroundings. Many areas within this region still remain poorly known for
their floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem services, yet the indigenous
people depend heavily upon local plant resources and, through unsustainable use, can cause an
irreversible loss of plant species. The valley used in this study is typical of such areas and occupies
a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the western Himalayan range, close to the Hindu
Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on geological
and climatic divides, which further add to its ecological interest. This paper focuses on (i) identification
of ecological indicators at various elevation zones across an altitudinal range of 2450–4100 m and
(ii) recognition of social perceptions of plant species populations based on the ecosystem services that
they provide. We used robust approaches to identify the plant indicator species of various elevation
zones. Using phytosociological techniques, Importance Values (IVs) for each plant species were calculated.
The statistical package PCORDS was used to evaluate the species area curves and indicator species
for each elevation zone. Data attribute plots derived from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using
CANOCO were deployed to illustrate the location of indicator species in each habitat type. Furthermore,
the social perceptions of the local inhabitants as to whether the populations of the recorded species
were increasing or decreasing over the recent past were recorded. We argue that the assessment of
ecological indicators combined with the ecological knowledge of the indigenous population can assist
in developing priorities for local and regional conservation strategies, especially for fragile mountain
ecosystems.
The Phenomenology of Lamban Tuha: The Local Wisdom of South Sumatra Tradition...drboon
Local wisdom of traditional architecture is towards extinction along with the existence an increasingly neglected traditional house, including the one who understands it reduced drastically. Lamban Tuha in South Sumatra has demonstrated the ability to adapt to its environment and able to withstand natural catastrophes. The study used phenomenological method to reveal information from the first person who is considered experts on the local wisdom of Lamban Tuha. This study shows the construction of kalindang provide an excellence effect of providing high flexibility in case of earthquakes. The separation structure between lower, middle and upper parts is done to give building more flexible. Local wisdom is reflections of valuable experience which can be utilized as the concept of a sustainable housing development in the context of anticipate natural disasters. The existence of Lamban Tuha is an interesting experience that can be used as thoughts on designing earthquake resistant buildings.
Integrated bamboo + pine homegardens: A unique agroforestry system in Ziro Va...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Numerous “indigenous” and “traditional” land-use systems that exist in different parts of the world have not yet been properly documented. Considering that many agroforestry systems of today have evolved from such systems, it is important to understand the wisdom of the indigenous communities that have continually been experimenting in their own ways to improve and adapt them for their livelihood. The Apatani eco-cultural landscape in Ziro Valley of Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India signifies an excellent example of such a uniquely distinct natural resource management practice. This agroforestry system developed over the years by innovative efforts involves growing bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc.) or pine (Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks.) or a mixture of both on their fields. The Apatani is the only tribes in the states that manages such a unique land-use system and are highly conscious of maintaining their heritage and commitment to safeguarding nature and natural resources. By enhancing livelihood security and quality of life, conserving ecosystems, and fostering economic growth, this farmer-developed indigenous agroforestry system stands out as an example of ecosystem protection and natural-resource conservation in Arunachal Pradesh where resource-depleting shifting cultivation is still the mainstay of livelihood. Scientific analyses of the experience gained from this system – could offer lessons of valuable traditional ecological knowledge, which when properly assimilated could be useful in the design of sustainable agroforestry land-use systems.
This paper is a concise discussion on the classical Indian Architecture. The history of architecture in India is defined by the strong and deep rooted history, traditions, religion and culture. India, over the years has seen riches beyond imagination as well as destruction like no other country. India is the only country to have such a varied picture of annexations by such a diverse list of dynasties ruling and assimilating their cultures with the traditions of India. A mixture of cultures, dynasties and kingdoms defined the architecture of India. The western influence of the British raj further contributed to the diversity of the Classical Architectural style. Moulded and nurtured by time, Indian Architecture ha s evolved into the vast style of architecture it is today.
This paper is a concise discussion on the classical Indian Architecture. The history of architecture in India
is defined by the strong and deep rooted history, traditions, religion and culture. India, over the years has
seen riches beyond imagination as well as destruction like no other country. India is the only country to
have such a varied picture of annexations by such a diverse list of dynasties ruling and assimilating their
cultures with the traditions of India. A mixture of cultures, dynasties and kingdoms defined the
architecture of India. The western influence of the British raj further contributed to the diversity of the
Classical Architectural style. Moulded and nurtured by time, Indian Architecture ha s evolved into the vast
style of architecture it is today.
What has redefined Indian Architecture in modern times is the use of Indigenous materials and
construction techniques.
ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE NARAN VALLEY IN THE ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
People derive many essential goods from plant resources, including food, medicines and fodder. However, the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services and their role in the support of human well-being is often poorly understood. Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity including rare and endangered plant species. They also provide a home to some 12% of the world's human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest and largest mountain range that supports a high plant biodiversity and hence provides many ecosystem services. Due to remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas in the Himalayas have been still poorly known for their vegetation ecosystem services. The people in the Naran Valley, in the western Himalayas, depend upon local plant resources for a range of services and goods, from grazing for livestock to use of medicinal plants. During this study abundance and uses of each species were computed using computational ecology; principal components analysis (PCA) and response curves (RC) using CANOCO. The analyses showed an increasing trend of grazing, but with a decrease in fodder availability, with altitude increase in the valley. The assessment of such ecosystem services may assist in developing conservation strategies, especially for endangered mountain ecosystems.
The Local Wisdom to Sustainable Forest Management of Indigenous People in Eas...inventionjournals
The purpose of this research is to describe how local wisdom influencing the indigenous people behavior to sustain the forest resources, what makes local wisdom able to influencing indigenous people to sustain the forest resources and what does the indigenous people in East Kalimantan province needs in order make them continue to conserve forest resources as an effort to maximize their strategic role in sustainable forest management. Based on the research result of the data shown that local wisdom can influence the behavior of indigenous people because for them, forests are the storehouses of life, the nature damage could resulting negative consequences for the people themselves. The local wisdom form is customary law and, has forcing characteristic, which is sanctions received in case of violation, so its able to makes them behaving to conserve the forest resources. Then, the indigenous people needs fully support from various parties, especially from the local governments such as infrastructure, in order to make them keep continue to conserve the forest resources
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
Analysis of Sustainablity patterns of stair stepped villages in northwest Ira...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Various factors impact on residential complexes as well as villages. These are called economic, sociocultural and environmental factors. Sustainable residential complexes have balanced among these factors. This paper is studying the stair stepped village named Totakhaneh located in east Azerbaijan, Iran. The paper is to answer the question - are mentioned factors balanced in formation process of village texture? Is Totakhaneh a sustainable residential complex? The investigation method is descriptive-analytic; data and information collected through fieldwork and library study. Finally, it was concluded that although nature has meaningfully affected on the formation of the village; however sociocultural and livelihood issues have been influential on major and minor decision-making processes and the village has been assumed a sustainable residential complex before accession to the modern life.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In a world of rapidly increasing urbanization, striving to develop more livable cities, the city’s streets designing and planning should be high on the agenda for policymakers, city planners and other practitioners, as well as researchers. Designing streets is not as easy as it might originally seem, however, done correctly it means that one third of the city was designed successfully with an immense impact on the rest of the city. The key challenge in developing sustainable and fulfilling streets is to develop an integrated approach in planning them, where it is necessary to consider all aspects involved. Meanwhile, efforts devoted to this topic vary considerably from place to place. Thus, this paper aims at discussing the main elements involved in designing streets for a livable city, in a comprehensive approach including pedestrians, vehicles, and parking areas.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
In residential buildings, providing comfortable living environment for building occupants is a major challenge for architects, engineers and those who involved in the building industry. It is reported that considerable energy is consumed to provide and maintain acceptable indoor conditions for thermal comfort in residential buildings in hot-humid climate. The observable increase in energy consumption is chiefly resulting from the growing use of air conditioning system. There are various energy conservation measures which can be applied to reduce energy consumption and among these measures are passive envelope design measures. This paper addresses the energy performance of selected high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur. Energy Plus software is utilized in measuring the performance because of its availability, validity and accuracy. Possible energy savings due to passive envelope design measures integration are investigated. This includes investigating the effect of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
In this paper, we investigated the aerodynamic characteristics during roll rotation of a butterfly based on computational fluid dynamics using a three-dimensional high-speed camera information. This method allows to create a numerical model of a butterfly from the camera images and to analyze the flow field corresponding to the captured behavior. We photographed two behaviors different in rotational axis and analyzed the roll rotational mechanism. In a typical pitch rotational flight, the differential pressure was concentrated on the tip of fore wings. The magnitudes of reaction forces on left and right wings were roughly matched each other. On the other hands, the differential pressure of the roll rotational flight was distributed in the whole of wings. The magnitude of the right reaction force was twice greater than that of left at the first down stroke. The roll angle changed largely at the same time. These results show that a butterfly rotates about roll by changing the reaction forces on each side.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
Apical shoots and lateral buds of Anthurium andraeanum about 0.5 cm grew very well when cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA, kinetin, sucrose and gelrite. When brought young plantlets (the same sized) of A. andraeanum soaked in various concentrations of oryzalin with different duration times. The A. andraeanum plantlets were subcultured into the same medium every 4 weeks for 3 times. It was found that 5.0 mg/l oryzalin with 24 and 72 hours gave the best average number of leaves per bunch, plant height and diameter of bunch. These parameters were reverse proportion, when increased concentration of oryzalin, the growth rate in each parameter was decreased with thick and pale green leaves.
Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
Stem node of Miniature Rose with axillary bud were used as explants. These explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D. It was found that MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D gave the highest number of green callus. The callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations of NAA and BA to form new shoot and root. From the result, we are able to find the highest number of young shoots that were induced from callus when cultured callus on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA. When subcultured all new shoots with the same size to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA, and 2,4- D for six weeks. The result was significant difference (P≤0.5) when compared the average height of plant and percentage of root formation, but their duration time for flowering were not significant different.
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
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Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...drboon
Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are thin hydraulic barriers which contain the bentonite sandwiched between geotextiles or geomembrane. Bentonite swelling is a very common phenomenon observed in GCLs. It is one of the major causes for permeability reduction in hydraulic barriers. The aim of this study is to characterize the swelling behavior of bentonite in GCLs by exchangeable cations. X-ray diffraction test and scanning electron microscopy were used to quantify the swelling characteristics of this bentonite under contact with salt solutions, as in the hydraulic barriers. The results from X-ray diffraction test showed that the presence of clay minerals was swelling montmorillonite. The swell volume of bentonite decreases with increasing valence of cations. In the case of the same valence the free swell volume of bentonite increased with decreasing concentration of permeant liquids. From another test, the scanning electron microscopy, it can be seen that the bentonite appears as corn flake like crystals for air-dried bentonite. However, specimen permeated with salt solutions, the clay has become more porous and fluffy and porous size seemed to be diminished.
Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...
Identifying the Sustainable Practices from the Vernacular Architecture of Tribes of Central India
1. 2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences
American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS, http://Get.to/Research
Identifying the Sustainable Practices from the
Vernacular Architecture of Tribes of Central
India
a* a b
Krishna Kumar Dhote , Preeti Onkar and Santanu Das
a
Department of Architecture and Planning, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal M.P.
INDIA
b
Urban Planning Consultant INDIA
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: What once called a “house of all seasons” has now been
Received April 19, 2012
Received in revised form christened “climate-conscious”, “bioclimatic”, “energy-efficient”, or
July 09, 2012 “sustainable” architecture. These terminologies are just not a welter
Accepted July 20, 2012 but have definite meaning with respect to context at given point of time.
Available online July 24, 2012
In the present work the sustainable practices are identified by
Keywords: documenting the tribal settlements and habitat of Central India to
Tribal Habitat understand the concept of indigenous habitat and its integration with
Sustainability nature. The study comprises of typology of settlement pattern with
Vernacular Architecture reference to physiographic features, site selection with appropriateness
to respond to local climate and spatial organization of settlement to suit
the functional need. Habitat study concentrates upon structural
stability, climatic responsiveness to achieve physical comfort with the
given building materials and technology. The underlying principles of
sustainability of the settlement and habitat are studied and are compiled
so that they can be applied in the modern context of course after
necessary modifications to suit the present need and in order to achieve
sustainable design solutions.
2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.
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2. 1. Introduction
The art, architecture and tradition of tribal settlements are great indigenous vernacular
expression of the diverse culture of India. Tribal people have through their efforts, over thousands
of years, created rich and colorful styles of vernacular architecture, responding to local
environments. This reflects an evolved response to geography, climate, distribution of ethnic
peoples and sustainable habitats. (Wang and Cai, 2006). The tribal population of India is scattered
throughout the country and about eight percent of Indian population is tribal. The percentage of
tribal population is high in the geographically remote areas, the islands in south, south-west and the
mountain ranges of north and small & isolated states of north east. The reason for more
percentage of tribal in the states can be attributed to the geographical locations like islands, rivers
and mountain ranges. In Central India the state of Madhya Pradesh has the highest population of
tribes, which, as per 2001 census constitutes the 20.26 % of the total population of the state.
The state of Madhya Pradesh which is the Central India is termed as heart of India due to its
geographical conditions and it is also lung of India as its 40 percent area is under forest cover. The
state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east and west between the Vindhya and Satpura
mountain ranges; this ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundary between the north and
south of India. The tribes of Central India have the simplest of lifestyles with a rich culture still
untouched by modernity and traditions as old as their origin.
The Central India was taken as the region for study and the tribes selected are Gond, Bhil,
Korku and Bharia. The tribes were selected from varied geographical locations of Narmada River
basin. The basin can be classified as upper and lower hilly areas which are dense forests, upper
middle and lower plain with fertile soil suitable for cultivation. The present paper is an attempt to
identify the sustainable practices of the tribal settlements as well as architecture of their houses on
which the impact of local niche is obvious.
2. Location and Occupation
The geographical aspect of the region has been a prominent decider on the distribution of tribal
communities in the state. The Tribes are widely spread on both the banks of Narmada in the
Vindhyan and Satpura mountain ranges in the dense forests, thus making them impervious to any
238 Krishna Kumar Dhote, Preeti Onkar and Santanu Das
3. outside intrusions. This helped them maintain their culture and customs safe and continue till
present day. They indulge in various activities to earn their livelihood. Earlier they were semi
nomadic people but most of them have now settled down and have chosen their occupation. The
tribes are an agro-silvicultural community and their forest dependency is high, in the hilly tracts,
most of the tribes cultivate their land and in springs they migrate to Narmada river plains for
harvesting where they are engaged as laborers. As they are a bailiwick of their topography, few
tribes like bhils were employed as hunters in the pre-independent India. In that age of history,
they were also recruited in the armies of kings and served as soldiers. The forests are home to
them and provide sustenance in the form of forest produce, water, grazing grounds and habitat for
shifting cultivation (Sarin, 2005).
3. Climatic Condition
The climate varies from place to place with physiographic features. The hilly regions with
forest coverage are extremely cool whereas the open lands are comparatively hot. The minimum
temperature goes up to 4o C and a maximum of 28 – 30oC in the hilly regions whereas in the plain
land, the minimum temperatures ranges 8 – 10oC and has a maximum of 42oC. Winter starts in
October and ends till March, summers starts from April and extends till June and monsoons starts
from July and ends in October. This climate facilitates two crops during the year. The climate at
micro-region is more important for study as the thick vegetation, water body and topography plays
a significant role on habitat.
4. Settlement Pattern and Habitat
This diversity and independence of tribes has encouraged the development of unique and
varied ethnic culture and habitat. Overall, the spatial pattern corresponds to the topographical
character of the areas they have chosen for settlement. The settlement pattern varies from tribe to
tribe as it is determined by location, sociological circumstances, occupation and ethnicity. The size
of settlement is considerably small, cluster size is three to four houses and maximum number of
houses in a settlement is 100-150. Tribes follow all together different pattern within the same
geographical location and tribes often mingle among themselves. This variation is mainly due to
*Corresponding author (Krishna Kumar Dhote). Tel/Fax: +91-94065 18194/ +91 755
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4. topography, microclimatic condition and their occupation.
At present the majority of the traditional village had undergone changes due to spatial
arrangement patterns of the active response of the society. These changes arise from the
development paradigm and the new innovations, so that the growth in the field of social, economic
and culture is experienced (Alit, 2004; Chiri and Giovagnorio, 2012). However the development
in the tribal areas is not at the pace of their urban or even rural counterpart. To analyze the
settlement pattern of tribal of tribal areas which are unconsciously planned, function is to be
studied as “function is an analogy between social life and organic life” (Mandal, 2001). The tribal
communities consists of cluster, all arranged to form a social structure and their inter relation in
terms of social contiguity.
One of the major functions in case of tribes is agriculture. They are engaged in ploughing,
sowing, and harvesting in the fields and return to dwellings for relaxation. This daily up down
movement is either by walking or on carts and creates an intimate relation between house and farm.
During harvesting period they prefer to live in temporary huts built in the field itself and
animal yard is also erected nearby (Nath, 1989).
4.1 Typology of Settlements
On the basis of morphological study the settlements are classified into three typologies. The
typologies are worked on the basis of size and structure. The first typology is a village
predominantly of farmers. These villages are located on plains and the occupants are mainly
associated with agriculture and the average size of village is 1000-1500 houses, Figure 01
represents one such plan. These villages cannot be termed as tribal settlements as the inhabitants
are from other communities. Still they are studied as they become the nucleus for the small tribal
settlements which are in the periphery at the distance from 2 to 10 km. The growth of village is
organic and the distinct impression is made by the road which connects the village with other
villages. This road acts as a line of division between the old village and the new development. The
old village consists of non uniform dwelling units placed with respect to landform in a manner that
the streets allow to drain the rain water during monsoon. While all the public buildings are clubbed
240 Krishna Kumar Dhote, Preeti Onkar and Santanu Das
5. together around open space. This open space is multifunctional. It is the center place where the
market, fairs during festival and rituals are performed throughout the year. The clusters of the
dwellings along the streets are formed on the basis of ethnicity. The dwelling units of this village
are advanced, more spacious and comfortable than that of tribes. The tribal people who are engaged
as labors are accommodated in these houses on temporary basis. The streets passing through the
farms lead to smaller tribal settlements. In present days, tribal have started building their houses on
the outskirts of villages. However the houses are very small compared to that of the villagers.
Figure 1: Settlement typology.1
The second type of settlement is comparatively smaller the number of dwellings goes up to
150. These settlements are satellites of the nucleolus village described above. They are linear
i.e. a row of houses facing each other along a street. It is interesting to know that the liner street is
not a well conscious effort but the left over space between two houses facing each other, the plan of
linear village is shown in Figure 2. The houses are so placed that the street becomes the place of
social cohesion and the back yard is connected to their farm. Once the settlement reaches
maximum number of houses a new settlement in the vicinity is set up.
*Corresponding author (Krishna Kumar Dhote). Tel/Fax: +91-94065 18194/ +91 755
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6. Figure 2: Settlement typology 2.
The third typology is of the tribes inhabited in the hilly areas. They depend upon forest
produce for their livelihood. They are also engaged in terrace farming. Unlike the tribal living in
plain areas their dwellings are scattered (see Figure 3). They lived in clusters of three to four
houses as shown in Figure 3 and even these clusters are at different levels at certain distances
because of undulating land form. These clusters are not connected by defined pathways as the
houses are constructed in the fields itself.
Figure 3: Settlement typology 3.
242 Krishna Kumar Dhote, Preeti Onkar and Santanu Das
7. The aspect of sustainability entails use of natural resources, land, water, and forests. In context
of development, sustainability refers to optimal utilization of resources whereas tribes are using
minimal resources. The land occupied by them for dwelling is limited and keeps on changing
from place to place, thus posing no harm to landforms. The settlements have single resource of
water which is a river, waterfall, spring or a community well. There is no provision of sewerage in
those settlements. The waste water is directed into the backyard. The waste from animals is
collected in the outskirts for preparation of organic manure. The nucleus villages, houses people
from various communities. It includes people from various occupations to fulfill their needs such
as people like carpenter, blacksmith and potter. The festivals are incomplete without the
involvement of tribal community. The festivity is the essence of tribal life. The simple and straight
community enjoys festivals with great fervor and joy. Music, painting and artifacts have become a
source of income for them. Their knowledge about herbs and other forest products is helping in
conservation of biodiversity.
4.2 Typology of Habitat
Empirical study from tribal groups of India suggests that there are values, integrating into the
spatial, social and ritual perspectives and ultimately leading to their habitat. Their lifestyle is
amply represented in their dwelling which varies depending upon the location, occupation,
community and the micro climate. For analyzing, typologies can be worked out on the basis of
spatial configuration, use of materials and building technology & form. However for the sake of
simplicity typology has been worked on the basis of spatial configuration. The first type of
dwelling unit shown in Figure 4 is habitat type Model-I, which is from the nucleus village. This is
essentially the house of farmer and not the house of tribes, who inhibits them. It is the richest in
terms of size, hierarchy of spaces and use of material (see Figure 4). This house has an enclosure
for protection. It has a formal open courtyard used for social activities, semi enclosed private space
which is used for guests, a covered living space which is sometimes two storied and cooking space
with rear courtyard. The enclosure which is semi open is used as animal yard. The tribes engaged
as labors are allotted one room or allowed to live in the animal yard. The house is elongated along
the major axis and is geometrically symmetrical. The roof type is lean to for semi open space and
double lean to for covered and private spaces. The inner private spaces are elevated. The central
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8. place is the highest and sometimes mezzanine floors are also constructed. The walls are 60 to 90
cm thick mud walls. The roofing is done with earthen tiles supported by timber framework. For
supporting roof of semi open spaces timber columns are used. The openings have door panels only
on the external walls. For ventilation small vents are provided on the external walls.
The second type of house Model-II which is shown in Figure 5 is found in linear pattern and
follows the hierarchy of semi open, covered and semi open spaces. In this case the house is
elongated along the major axis and there are no openings on side walls. Bamboo baskets or the
grain storage made up of mud are used for creating partitions in living spaces. The house is of
mud walls with pitched roof with earthen tiles, reeds are used for partitions. For cattle a
temporary structure is erected either in front of the house or along the side walls.
Figure 4: Habitat type Model –I. Figure 5: Habitat type Model –II.
The third type of houses, the Model - III is found in clusters. The unit appears to be one
rectangular block with a sloping roof. Within the rectangular plan partition walls are erected to
separate living from cooking space. The walls are directly exposed to sun and very small
openings are provided for ventilation. The plan of Model III is shown in Figure 6. The animal
244 Krishna Kumar Dhote, Preeti Onkar and Santanu Das
9. yard is constructed nearby. In the fourth typology i.e. the Model IV, the plan of which represented
in Figure 7 is a house, elongated along the horizontal axis. The spatial hierarchy has semi open
spaces adjoining the covered space. The entire dwelling unit is enclosed with walls and in under
one roof. The entry is through a semi open space. On entrance a temporary shed is provided or a
separate enclosure with thatch roof is provided for cattle. In the third and fourth typology the
house appeared to be one unit.
Figure 6: Habitat type Model –III. Figure 7: Habitat type Model –IV.
The main building material used for constructing the load-bearing walls of the dwellings was
adobe, since earth is the most plentiful resource in the region. Adobe units were made of earth,
which could be found on site, mixed with straw along with water. Stones were used to reinforce
the wall. In the case of houses in hilly terrain where bamboo is plentiful, the walls are made of split
bamboos. The walls are often made of bulrushes, maize stalks (Shah, 1943). The roofs are
hipped, double lean and lean to roof. The roofing is done with earthen tiles. The earthen tiles are
*Corresponding author (Krishna Kumar Dhote). Tel/Fax: +91-94065 18194/ +91 755
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10. supported by a timber framework. The timber used is crude and undressed, the straws or bamboo
strips are used to provide the support to earthen tiles. This make the roof perforated and allows
ventilation. The load-bearing walls support the roof frame placed above. The Eaves of the roofs are
projected along with the length of the house. This projection protects the erosion of mud wall
during rains and also provides sunshade. The temporary structure for cattle is constructed with
four wooden post and flat thatch roof; reeds are also used for partition walls. The lintels were of
timber planks. For ventilation circular voids were left in wall. Bamboos were used as grill in case
of large openings. The mezzanine floor of the dwellings consists of the wooden logs or the beams
that bear the wooden floor placed right above the timber ties. They make huge storage bins for
grain storage. Generally, the bins are quite tall and square in shape. (Aashi, 1996) Cow dung and
mud is applied for finishing and surfacing of flooring and walls. The houses are decorated by
painting the figures of animals, birds and vegetation. Relief work is also seen which is done by
using rice husk and mud.
5. Sustainable Practices
Due to natural physical barriers tribes have little access to the outer world. They seek help
from other fellows for cultivation and protection from wild animals. The spatial planning is
mostly governed by the social groups formed due to ethnicity, topography, availability of fertile
land and shared community facilities like water sources and movement channels. The
transformation of clusters is an outcome of increase in the number of family members (Hinani et
al., 1993). In the absence of external forces, growth in traditional settlements was mostly driven by
the daily needs of users and mechanisms that emerged from a symbiosis between the social norms,
occupation and religious customs (Besim, 1994; Akbar, 1988).
There has been a considerable amount of research that defines and characterizes the form for a
sustainable city, and which urban forms may be more sustainable (Mike et al, 2010). It is a
complex issue. The physical dimension may include its size, shape, land use, configuration and
distribution of open spaces - a composite of a multitude of characteristics including a city transport
system and urban design features. However its sustainability depends on abstract issues like
environment, social and economic. It would be unfair to analyze the tribal settlements on above
246 Krishna Kumar Dhote, Preeti Onkar and Santanu Das
11. parameters as they are not comparable with any urban form in terms of scale, magnitude and
character. However the settlements are being analyzed on the five dimensions of sustainability.
These dimensions are physical, social, economic, cultural and environmental. Physical
sustainability of the tribal settlements it is evident from the close proximity of their workplace and
natural resources most importantly water with respect to their dwellings. The initial setting up of
these settlements was in harmony with their bioregion and is being preserved through their
community practices. The luminosity of tribal settlements is restricted to day lighting and the
orientation of their settlement is such that they get maximum ventilation and minimum solar
radiation. The streets are leftover spaces between houses and serves as natural drains. The pattern
of the settlement, linear or clustered is derived out of the land form. The structure is legible
because of the sizable scale of the settlements.
The tribes or depending upon the agrarians for their livelihood and the farmers depend on
tribes for supporting activities, this interdependency leads to social cohesion amongst them.
Music, painting and other art forms are integral part of their life. The festivals, religious rituals
and social functions are attended by other communities as well. The settlement consists of
persons varied occupation i.e. carpenter, blacksmith and potter making the community self
sufficient. Also there exists a group of distinct cultural identity which leads to setting up of a
living and working community that reflects the diversity of the settlement and a better social
cohesion. The houses facing each other share common community spaces and are a focal point for
various community activities raising social value. The economic dependency of the settlements is
mainly upon agriculture and forest products and maintains the biodiversity.
The climatic responsiveness in terms of urban architecture can be defined as the satisfied need
of human being in terms of thermal comfort, luminosity and acoustics (Maria, 2009). The
conventional definition of sustainable architecture may not fit for tribal habitat, the sustainability in
terms of tribal habitat needs to be redefined. The present study of tribe revels that the habitat
emerged from the complex mix of considerations including climate, economics, socio cultural
factors and religious purposes. The morphology of built form and spatial order of the clusters
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12. dwelling unit reflect the concern for function and indicate other socio cultural characteristics.
(Saleh, 1999).
The climate of central India is tropical. However for thermal comfort, climate and
microclimate plays a significant role. Typically thermal comfort requires low solar gain,
ventilation and adequate natural light in day time. During the night time in winters the heat gain
inside the house needs to be retained. In monsoon protection for dwellers as well as the cattle is
required. The habitats on plains have moderate climate as compared to the hilly regions. In hilly
regions the days are warmer and the nights are cooler. The houses on plains shown in Model I and
II follow hierarchy of open, semi open and covered spaces. This helps in reducing the solar gain,
in covered areas. The semi open spaces lower downs the temperature of air before it enters into
covered spaces. The pitch roof of covered space allows hot air to escape from the perforation and
joint of the roofs and creates air draft. The thermal gain in the covered space is retained during
winters. The inhabitants prefer to sleep in open courtyard in summers, in semi open areas during
monsoon and particularly when the humidity is high and in covered spaces in winter. The open
courtyard, low height semi open spaces and covered spaces with pitched roof modulates the air
movement. The elongated house plans with minimum internal partitions or partitions created by
storage bins, allows an easy passage for cross ventilation. The multileveled floor and the strategic
staggering openings help in enhancing the air velocity. On the contrary Model III and IV which are
located on hilly terrain have single roof cover and a wall all around the unit. This is done
intentionally to catch up the wind of higher velocity. The pitched roof typical in all tribal houses
shows an understanding of stack effect. Hot air rises by buoyancy and is infiltrated out via gap in
between the earthen tiles.
The projected eaves, semi covered spaces around the main living area and the cattle sheds
adjoining the houses reduces the exposure of sun on walls and also protect the mud walls from
rains. The ventilators, circular in shape, which are above the lintel level allows diffused sunlight
and maintains privacy of inhabitants. In all instances local material was used, the material was
used in its crude natural form. The size, strength and bearing capacity of the material was a
guiding factor for the structure’s dimensions and formulation of spaces. The material used for
wall mud, straw, reeds and the earthen tiles or thatch roof provided thermal insulation. The
248 Krishna Kumar Dhote, Preeti Onkar and Santanu Das
13. building material used have definite life period which differ for various material, they need to be
replaced periodically. Even the routine maintenance is required, mud floor needs to be plastered
daily with cow dung, and the earthen tiles need to rearrange before every monsoon. However, the
waste thus generated doesn’t have any adverse effect on environment.
6. Conclusion
Buildings, as their design and use today contribute to serious environmental problems because
of excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources. It is also important that the local
building wisdom and culture be explored and the precious heritage of vernacular architectural
culture be passed on ( Jun H. L. et al., 2012). The tribal populations in the geographically remote
areas are still following the indigenous vernacular style for their settlements and habitat. These
habitats provide them the needed thermal and visual comforts at reduced level of resource
consumption. These practiced can be effectively adopted and integrated into the present days
building design.
The settlement pattern of the tribal habitats suggests that the size should be finite to achieve
sustainability. The structure or shape of the settlement should be with respect to the topography.
The natural drains works as streets, the ridges, the valleys and the vegetation affects the
microclimate and should be considered before placing the building blocks. The streets and
courtyard in between the cluster modulate the airflow for proper ventilation and also reduces
thermal gain in tropical conditions. The individual houses don’t have sewerage. The waste
water from the houses is disposed on the streets which dry up in the sun. The organic waste from
the settlement is dumped at one place and is used as manure.
The buildings are oriented to minimize the solar gain during summers ensuring adequate
daylight and protection from rains. The spatial configuration allows thermal comfort and
sufficient privacy and interactive spaces amongst the habitat. The materials used for construction
is low embodied energy and provides thermal insulation. The semi open spaces around the core of
the building helps in reducing the thermal gain whereas the open courtyards are used to catch the
*Corresponding author (Krishna Kumar Dhote). Tel/Fax: +91-94065 18194/ +91 755
2670562. E-mail address: kkdhote@hotmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on
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14. sun for agricultural related purposes.
The tribal settlements and habitat demonstrate an economical use of native natural building
resources, and respond to climatic conditions using eco friendly design principles that provide
human comfort. These design principles are consistent with the form, orientation and materiality
of the buildings. Their combination of social, functional and environmental reveals life full with
color, flavor fervor which, instead of imposing on the nature it emanates from it.
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Dr.Krishna Kumar Dhote is an Associate Professor in Department of Architecture and Planning,
MANIT, Bhopal. He received his B. Arch in 1993 from MACT, Bhopal. His PhD was on Urban Renewal
and Redevelopment for the Disadvantaged Section of the Society. His current research and professional
engagements focus on Sustainable Urban redevelopment and slum free cities. He is currently working
on a sponsored research project on scientific validation of tribal dwellings.
Preeti Onkar is an Assistant Professor is an Assistant Professor in Department of Architecture and
Planning, MANIT, Bhopal. Graduate in Architecture and Planning, MANIT, Bhopal has done her
Doctoral work on Quality of Life in Urban Distress Area. She is practicing over 15 years and is presently
working on prestigious architectural and planning projects for Government of Madhya Pradesh India.
She is currently working on a sponsored research project on scientific validation of tribal dwellings.
Santanu Das is an Urban Planner, Graduate in Planning from NIT Bhopal India is currently involved in
Planning for Simhastha in Ujjain City of India. His research interest includes forest management and
environmental planning.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website. Note: This article
was accepted and presented at the 2nd International Conference-Workshop on
Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design (ICWSAUD) organized by School of
Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia from
March 3rd -5th, 2012.
*Corresponding author (Krishna Kumar Dhote). Tel/Fax: +91-94065 18194/ +91 755
2670562. E-mail address: kkdhote@hotmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 251
Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/237-251.pdf