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Transduction
This document discusses the process of transduction, which is the transfer of genes between bacteria via bacteriophages. It defines transduction and describes the structure and lifecycle of bacteriophages. There are two main types of transduction: generalized transduction, which can transfer any bacterial gene, and specialized transduction, which only transfers certain genes near the phage integration site. Specialized transduction occurs when a lysogenic phage excises abnormally from the bacterial chromosome, carrying a small portion of bacterial DNA with it.
Transduction
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- 2. Transduction • Definition: Genetransfer from a donor to a recipient by way of a bacteriophage • Bacteriophage (phage): A virus that infects bcteria
- 3. Phages as DNAcarriers Bacteriophages are natural vectors that transduce DNA from one bacterial cell to another. A bacteriophage cannot “live” or reproduce without getting inside a bacterial cell
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- 5. Phage Composition andStructure • Composition – Nucleic acid Head/Capsid – Protein Contractile Core Sheath • Structure (T4) Tail Fibers – Size (80 X 100 nm) Base Plate – Head or capsid – Tail
- 6. Infection of HostCells by Phages • Adsorption –Tail fibers – Receptor is LPS for T4 • Irreversible attachment – Base plate • Sheath Contraction • Nucleic acid injection • DNA uptake
- 10. Types of Bacteriophage •Lytic or virulent – Phage that multiply within the host cell, lyse the cell and release progeny phage (e.g. T4) • Lysogenic or temperate phage: Phage that can either multiply via the lytic cycle or enter a quiescent state in the bacterial cell. – Expression of most phage genes repressed – Prophage – Phage DNA in the quiescent state – Lysogen – Bacteria harboring a prophage
- 11. Transduction • Definition: Genetransfer from a donor to a recipient by way of a bacteriophage • Lederberg & Zinder – 1951
- 12. Transduction • Types oftransduction 1. Generalized - Transduction in which potentially any donor bacterial gene can be transferred. 2. Specialized- Transduction in which only certain donor genes can be transferred
- 13. Generalized Transduction • Infectionof Donor • Phage replication and degradation of host DNA • Assembly of phages particles • Release of phage • Infection of recipient • Homologous recombination Potentially any donor gene can be transferred
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- 16. Specialized Transduction Lysogenic Phage • Excision of the prophage • Replication and release of phage • Infection of the recipient • Lysogenization of the recipient – Homologous recombination also possible
- 17. Specialized Transduction • Inspecialized or restricted transduction, the transducing particle carries only specific portions of the bacterial genome. • Specialized transduction is made possible by an error in the lysogenic life cycle.
- 18. • When aprophage is induced to leave the host chromosome, excision is sometimes carried out improperly. • The resulting phage genome contains portions of the bacterial chromosome (about 5 to 10% of the bacterial DNA) next to the integration site. • A transducing phage genome usually is defective and lacks some part of its attachment site. The transducing particle will inject bacterial genes into another bacterium, even though the defective phage cannot reproduce.
- 19. • The best-studiedexample of specialized transduction is the lambda phage. The lambda genome inserts into the host chromosome at specific locations known as attachment or att sites. • The phage att sites and bacterial att sites are similar and can complex with each other.
- 23. • Normal out looping • Phage excised out • Rare abnormal outlooping • dgal • Defective in gal, • defective in integration site • Helper phage – hybrid attachment site