The document outlines the Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP) and their significance in aviation safety, particularly in managing obstacles around airports. It details the criteria set by PANS-OPS for various flight operations and both precision and non-precision approaches, emphasizing critical obstacle clearance requirements and minimum altitudes. Case studies are analyzed to illustrate the impact of these procedures on aircraft operations and safety.

1. Instrument Approach Procedures
GSR 751 E Provision & PANS -OPS
Arvind Kumar Singh
CHQ,New Delhi

2. Instrument Approach to Land
(IAL) procedures
6/20/2020 2
Why are they required?

3. Clear sky and great visibility
6/20/2020 3

4. 6/20/2020 4
Shallow Fog

5. 6/20/2020 5
Dense Fog/Cloud

6.  A series of predetermined manoeuvres
 By reference to flight instruments
 With specified protection from obstacles from the initial
approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a
defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be
completed and
 Thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which
holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply.
6/20/2020 6
IAL Procedure

7. Role of PANS-OPS in NOC
 Flight procedures are designed for normal operations as per the provisions
of ICAO DOC 8168 Vol-II.
 As any structure erected around an airport may adversely impact the Flight
Procedures.
 Regulate the permissible height of the proposed structure with respect to
Flight Procedures.
 Any adverse impact on Flight procedures due to any structure will adversely
impact the aircraft operations.
 To protect Flight procedures, permissible height of an structures needs to be
regulated from PANS-OPS criteria.
 Accordingly, NOC for height issued to any structure is the least of AGA, CNS
and PANS-OPS.

8.  Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA)
 Minimum Holding Altitude (MHA)
 Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA)
 Minimum Altitude of Initial and Intermediate Segments
 OCA/H (Straight-in-and Circling) for all aircraft categories
 STARs /SIDs procedure altitude.
 Basic ILS Surface
6/20/2020 8
PANS-OPS Criteria(GSR 751 E)

9. Segments of IAP
 Instrument Approach Procedure segments to be
protected:
1. Arrival Route
2. Initial Approach Segment
3. Intermediate Approach Segment
4. Final Approach Segment
5. Missed Approach Segment
6. In addition, an area for Visual Circling is
considered
6/20/2020 9

10. 10
IAF
FAF IF
MAPt
Intermediate
Approach
Segment
Runway
Segments of IAP

11. 6/20/2020 11
Types of Instrument Approach
Procedures
1. Non Precision Approach-VOR/DME, NDB
2. Precision Approach-ILS
3. RNAV (GNSS)
LNAV,LNAV/VNAV,LPV& RNP AR

12. 6/20/2020 12
Non-Precision Approach
• In India MDH 400 Ft OR More
• Taking a fictitious obstacle of 45 M AGL
• DGCA CAR Section 8 (Aircraft Operations) Series C Part 1
(AWO)
• Visibility Requirement
MDH FALS IALS BALS NALS
400 1100 1400 1600 1800

13. 6/20/2020 13
Precision Approach Categories
CATEGORY DH (ft) VIS (M) RVR( M)
I >=200 800 550
II >=100 - 350
III A 50-100 - 175
III B <50 - 50
III C NO - NO

14. 6/20/2020 14
VOR/NDB Protection Area

15. 6/20/2020 15
Basic ILS Surface Area

16. 6/20/2020 16
Protection Area For RNAV (GNSS)

17. Approach Slope For Safe Landing
6/20/2020 17

18. PANS-OPS Criteria
Minimum Sector Altitude(MSA) – 30 NM around a nav-aid or
significant point of the airport, providing at least 1000 ft of MOC
over any obstacle.
Minimum Holding Altitude(MHA) – At least 1000 ft of MOC over
any obstacle in the specified area.
Initial Approach Altitude - At least 1000 ft of MOC over any
obstacle in the specified area.
Intermediate Approach Altitude - At least 500 ft of MOC over any
obstacle in the specified intermediate approach area.
Obstacle Clearance Altitude(OCA straight –in) - At least 300/250 ft
of MOC over any obstacle in the specified final approach area.
Obstacle Clearance Altitude(OCA Circling) - At least 300/400 ft of
MOC over any obstacle in the specified circling approach area.

19. 6/20/2020 19
Minimum Sector Altitute
MSA: 2300 Ft
Controlling Obstacle
2300-1000=1300 ft

20. 6/20/2020 20
Visual Circling
OCA: 770 Ft
Controlling Obstacle
770-300=470 ft

21. 6/20/2020 21
VOR Procedure
OCA: 670 Ft
Controlling Obstacle
670-250=420 ft

22. 6/20/2020 22
ILS Procedure
OCA: 530 Ft
Controlling Obstacle
530-161=369 ft

23. 6/20/2020 23
LNAV VNAV Procedure
OCA(LNAV): 670 Ft
Controlling Obstacle
670-250=420 ft
OCA(LNAV/VNAV): 590 Ft
Controlling Obstacle
590-161=429 ft

24. 6/20/2020 24
LPV Procedure
OCA: 520 Ft
Controlling Obstacle
520-161=359 ft

25. CASE STUDIES
VOR-VOMM RWY 07
ILS-VOMM RWY 25
6/20/2020 25

26. 6/20/2020 26
Analysis Case
Study-1
OCA: 810(770 Ft)
Controlling
Obstacle
810-250=560 Ft

27. 6/20/2020 27
x=1.8NM, y=0.6NM
TE 700ft
Analysis Case Study-1

28. Analysis Case Study-1
 X=1.8 NM
 Y=0.6 NM
 AGA=45M+THR ELEV(12 M)=57M
 PANS OPS=170M(560 Ft)
 REQUESTED TE=213M(700 ft)
6/20/2020 28

29. 6/20/2020 29
Analysis Case
Study-1
OCA: 330(278)
Controlling Obstacle
330-161=169 ft

30. Basic ILS
6/20/2020 30
Analysis Case Study-2

31. 6/20/2020 31
x=3 NM, y=0.6NM
TE 160M
Analysis Case Study-2

32. Analysis Case Study-2
 X=3 NM
 Y=0.6 NM
 AGA=45M+THR ELEV(12 M)=57M
 PANS OPS=154M
[{(0.00355X3+0.143X.6)X1852-36.66}+12(THR Ele.)]
 REQUESTED TE=160M
6/20/2020 32

33. 6/20/2020 33