The document discusses the history and evolution of aviation charts, detailing early navigation techniques and the significance of aeronautical charts for flight planning. It highlights key figures such as Elrey Jeppesen, who transformed flight information accessibility, and explores the various types of charts available today. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding chart symbols and navigation methods for pilots in both historical and modern contexts.

1. Everything about Aviation Charts
History, Evolution, Early Usage, Current Usage,
Usage Techniques and Tips, Availability and Using
Charts in Flight Planning
(AHSAN_ BS. Aviation Management 11332_3A_FP)

2. With an aeronautical chart in hand:
• Plan flights
• Plot your progress
• Use dead reckoning
• Practice recognizing symbols on the chart
• But:
– Chart reading skills and General Navigation
Abilities required!

3. • Charles Lindbergh was known for his
methodical navigation:
– His eyes moved from map, to landmarks below,
to instrument panel, to map, and so on.
– He continuously practiced dead reckoning.
– Every moment he compared what he saw on the
map to the world beneath his wings.
With an aeronautical chart in hand:

4. Old fashioned Navigation
• Pilotage
• Reading Charts
• Dead Reckoning
• Navigating with a Compass

5. • Early flight instructions might have read:
– "From the runway follow the train tracks below,
keeping the river and a large red barn on your
left. Then fly toward a tall evergreen tree and a
small town with a white train depot at the
intersection of two roads..."
Old fashioned Navigation

6. The sky was truly the limit!!!
• Pilots could fly virtually anywhere without
permission from anyone; there were few
flight regulations.

7. Drivers or Pilots?
• During aviation's early years, pilots flew by
simply observing and following visual
elements on the landscape, such as lakes,
rivers, roads, and train tracks—a
navigational technique called pilotage.

8. Reason for Development:
• As aviation evolved, however,
– pilots and navigation got more sophisticated,
– the skies got more crowded,
– airports developed, and
– the need arose for detailed aeronautical charts.

9. Until the 1920s:
• Few official aeronautical maps existed.
• Aeronautical bulletins:
– that included information about airfields,
– flight instructions, which outlined airfield
approaches and air routes between towns and
cities.
– Compiled from pilots' notes

10. Strip Maps
• In 1926, Congress passed the Air Commerce
Act, which produced the first list of aviation
regulations and required pilots to have
licenses.
• Also, in 1926 and 1927, the Department of
Commerce began publishing maps of civil
airways.
• This program created airway charts, or
"strip maps,“

11. Strip Maps
• Covered 330 miles of flight information.
• The strip maps were a scale of 1:500,000—
or about 8 miles per inch—the same scale
aviation sectional charts use today.

12. Who was Jeppesen?
• Elrey Jeppesen’s license was signed by
Orville Wright.
• He spent time barnstorming, became a flight
instructor, and later worked in aerial
surveying.
• During the winter of 1930 and 1931 his
fellow flyers were killed, he felt their loss
was largely due to the lack of published
flight information.

13. • Jeppesen set out to change things.
• In a black notebook, he recorded field lengths
and notes on lights and various obstacles.
• He drew airport layouts and included the
phone numbers of farmers who could report
weather conditions.
• Soon, pilots asked Jeppesen to share his flight
information so often that he began selling
copies of his black notebook for $10.
Who was Jeppesen?

14. • Today, Jeppesen remains the most
respected source for instrument
aeronautical charts, GPS NavData, and flight
planning software.
• The larger a chart's the scale, the more area
it covers. At the same time, larger-scale
charts include less detail.
Who was Jeppesen?

15. 1st
of the Aeronautical Charts
• The first United States government
aeronautical charts were printed in three
colors and included
– airfields,
– occasional navigational aides,
– topographical features, and
– prominent landmarks.

16. Today!
• Today's complex aviation charts contain nearly
– 150 symbols for cultural and topographical
information, as well as
– 100 symbols for aeronautical information.
– They reflect the mosaic of open and restricted
airspaces,
– controlled and uncontrolled airports,
– and myriad features such as VOR beacons, dams,
airways, compass roses, and radio antennae.

17. Reading the Chart
• Pilotage and chart-reading are a natural
pair.
• The general trick:
– is learning the chart symbols and recognizing
their real-world counterparts.

18. Kneeboards?

19. Type of Charts
• SIM Charts (Simulator Charts)
– VFR/IFR
– Designed for navigation in Flight Simulator
(entire world)
• Availability:
– Jeppesen Online Stores

20. Type of Charts
• Sectional Charts
– VFR
– Topographic, landmark, airport, radio, and
hazard information; 1:500,000 scale
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores (at airports and on the Web)

21. • Visual Navigation Charts (VNC)
– VFR (Canada)
– Topographic, landmark, airport, radio, and
hazard information; 1:500,000 scale
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

22. • World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)
– VFR
– Same as sectionals but 1:1,000,000 scale
(United States and Caribbean).
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

23. • Global Navigation Charts (GNC)
– VFR
– Same as WACs but 1:5,000,000 scale (entire
world).
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

24. • Operational Navigation Charts (ONC)
– VFR
– Same as WACs but cover entire world.
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

25. • Jet Navigation Charts (JNC)
– VFR
– Same as WACs but 1:5,000,000 scale (entire
world).
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

26. • Tactical Pilotage Charts (TPC)
– VFR
– Same as WACs but 1:5,000,000 scale (entire
world).
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

27. • Terminal Area Charts (TAC)
– VFR
– Depicts information similar to sectionals but in
1:250,000 scale in United States Class B
airspace.
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

28. • Visual Terminal Charts (VTC)
– VFR (Canada)
– Depicts information similar to sectionals but in
1:250,000 scale in five Canadian terminal
airspaces
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

29. • Airport/Facility Directory
– VFR/IFR
– Specific airport information
• Availability:
– Pilot supply stores
Type of Charts

30. • Low Altitude Enroute
– IFR
– Airways, airspace boundaries, radio
navigational aids, airports with instrument
approaches and more.
– For use below 18,000 feet MSL
• Availability:
– Jeppesen
Type of Charts

31. • High Altitude Enroute (jets)
– IFR
– Airways, airspace boundaries, radio
navigational aids, selected airports and more.
– For use above 18,000 feet MSL
• Availability:
– Jeppesen
Type of Charts

32. • Instrument Approach Procedures
– IFR
– Procedures for specific precision and non-
precision approaches
• Availability:
– Jeppesen
Type of Charts

33. • DP or Departure Procedures or Standard
Instrument Departure (SID)
– IFR
– Procedures for specific routes
– Used when departing selected airports
• Availability:
– Jeppesen
Type of Charts

34. • STARS (Standard Terminal Arrival Routes)
– IFR
– Procedures for specific routes used when
arriving at selected airports
• Availability:
– Jeppesen
Type of Charts

35. • Aeroplanner.com
– IFR
• Facility:
– STARs,
– DPs,
– Approach procedures
• Availability: On the Web
Online Procedures

36. The key is to:
• Using All the Navigational Methods All
the Time
• Charles Lindbergh was known for his
methodical navigation:
– His eyes moved from map, to landmarks below,
to instrument panel, to map, and so on.
– He continuously practiced dead reckoning.
– Every moment he compared what he saw on
the map to the world beneath his wings.

37. • Sources:
– Federal Aviation Administration (US) FAA
– IFR Charts & Regulations
– Air Safety Institute, US
– Aeronautical Information Manual
– AOPA (Aircraft Owners & Pilot Association)
– Ask me more on: axon.kan@gmail.com
Questions?