The document discusses separation standards applied in the Ahmedabad TMA and PBN airspace. It covers various types of separation including vertical, lateral, longitudinal and reduced separation. Factors such as aircraft type, navigation aids used, distances and times between aircraft are considered for maintaining safe separation. The presentation also introduces performance based navigation (PBN) which specifies aircraft RNAV system performance and allows for more flexible routing compared to conventional ground-based systems. PBN aims to improve airspace efficiency through optimized use of airspace.

1. Application of Separation Standard
in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN
Presentation By:-
Arvind Kumar Singh
1
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN
12/26/2015
References:
 DOC 4444
 MATS Part 1
 DOC 9426
 DOC9613

2. Determination of Separation Minima
 Separation
Term used to keep aircraft at such distance from
each other risk of collision will reduced
 Application is based on position report
 Longitudinal separation is based on quality of
information available
 Lateral Separation is based on accuracy to adhere a
track
12/26/2015 Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 2

3. Vertical or Horizontal Separation
Between
IFR flights in Class D and E airspaces except when
VMC climb or descent
IFR flights and special VFR flights; and
Special VFR flights
• No clearance, that would reduce the spacing
between two aircraft.
• One type separation can not be maintained
• Another type of separation prior to current separation
would be infringed.
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 312/26/2015

4. Larger Separation
 Unlawful interference
 Navigational Difficulties
 VIP Aircraft
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 412/26/2015

5. Types of Separation
Separation
Vertical(As per
table of Annex 2)
RVSM
{Below
F410(1000Ft)& Above
F410 (2000Ft) }
CVSM
(Below FL290 ( 1000
Ft) & Above FL290(
2000 Ft)
Horizontal
Lateral Longitudinal
Radar
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6. 6Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN
Lateral Separation
 By using the same or different geographic locations
 VOR
 NDB
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7. 7Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN
Lateral Separation
 GNSS/GNSS
 Each aircraft is confirmed to be established on a
track with zero offset between two waypoints
 At least one aircraft is at a minimum distance from
a common point.
 VOR/GNSS:
Aircraft using VOR is established on a radial to or
from the VOR
Other aircraft using GNSS is confirmed to be
established on a track with zero offset between
two waypoints
At least one aircraft is at a minimum distance from
a common point.
12/26/2015

8. Table
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 812/26/2015

9. 912/26/2015
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN

10. 10
Same, Reciprocal and Crossing Track
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN12/26/2015

11. Longitudinal Separation
Based on time
(Air Craft maintaining
same Level/Climbing
descending)
Same Track
15 minutes 5 minutes
10 minutes
Crossing Track
15 minutes 10 minutes
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 1112/26/2015

12. 5 Minutes at Same Level
 Preceding aircraft is
maintaining a TAS20 kt or
more
 Departed from the same
aerodrome;
 En-route aircraft that have
reported over the same exact
significant point;
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 12
 Departing and en-route aircraft
 En-route aircraft reported over a fix that is so located in
relation to the departure point
 To ensure that five-minute separation can be
established at the point of joining the air route
12/26/2015

13. 5 Minutes (Climbing/Descending)
 Level change is
commenced within 10
minutes
 The second aircraft has
reported over a
common point
 Which must be derived
from ground-based
navigation aids or by
GNSS; and
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 1312/26/2015

14. 12/26/2015
Longitudinal Separation Based on
DME and / or GNSS
 Each aircraft utilizes –
 Same “on-track” DME or
 An “on-track” DME station and a collocated
waypoint(one aircraft is utilizing DME and other is
utilizing GNSS); or
 The same waypoint when both aircraft are utilizing
GNSS; and
 Separation is checked by obtaining simultaneously
DME and / or GNSS reading at frequent interval
14Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN

15. 12/26/2015
• Aircrafts are at same cruising level.
 Aircrafts on the same track.
20 NM,
10NM, provided when leading aircraft
maintains TAS 20 kts or more faster than
succeeding aircraft
 Aircraft on crossing tracks.
Separation 1 & 2 are applicable when relative
angle between the tracks is less than 90 deg.
Longitudinal Separation based on
DME and / or GNSS
15Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN

16. Aircraft Climbing and Descending
 Aircraft on the Same Track:
 Minimum 10 NM between the aircraft
 One aircraft maintains a level while vertical separation does
not exists
 Aircraft on Reciprocal Tracks:
 Aircraft utilizing on-track DME and/or collocated waypoint or
same waypoint
 Cleared to climb or descend through the levels occupied by
other aircraft
 Positively established that the aircraft have passed each
at least 10 NM apart,
12/26/2015 16Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN

17.  Arrival aircraft carrying out a
DME ARC procedure of min 10
DME
 Departing aircraft established a
track different by at least 45deg
from the reciprocal of direction of
final app track
 Arriving aircraft moving away
from the track of departing
aircraft.
 Departure aircraft maintained
VOR radial and crossing arriving
aircraft from behind
Separation Based on Crossing Radial
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18. Separation based on Crossing Radial
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 18
 Arriving aircraft has passed a
VOR radial differ by at least
30deg from the radial
maintained by departing aircraft
• When the aircraft established
on VOR radial is at a DME
distance of 10 miles or greater
than the DME arc maintained
by the arriving aircraft.
12/26/2015

19. 12/26/2015
Separation based on Crossing Radial
 One aircraft is maintaining
a radial from a VOR and
other aircraft is crossed its
track, aircrafts will be
laterally separated when
 Angular difference between
the tracks is 45 deg. to
135 deg. Inclusive.
19Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN
 Second aircraft crossed a radial which is different by at
least 20 deg. from the radial of first aircraft
 Second aircraft is 20 DME or more from the VOR used by
first aircraft.

20. Longitudinal Separation with MNT
based on Distance using RNAV
 80 NM RNAV on same-direction tracks in lieu of a 10-
minute longitudinal separation minimum with MNT
provided:
 Distance to or from the same “on-track” common point;
 At the same level is checked by obtaining simultaneous
RNAV distance readings
 Aircraft climbing or descending is established by
obtaining simultaneous RNAV distance
 One aircraft maintains a level while vertical separation
does not exist.
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 2012/26/2015

21. Reduced Longitudinal
Separation
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 2112/26/2015

22. Departing Aircraft
 One-minute separation
 Tracks diverging by at least 45 degrees
immediately
 Lateral separation is effected immediately after
take-off.
 Two minutes
 Preceding aircraft is 40 kt or more faster
 Both aircraft will follow the same track
 Five-minute separation
 Both aircraft propose to follow the same track
 Action to ensure five-minute separation
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 2212/26/2015

23. Wake Turbulence
 Arrival
 Departure
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 23
Leading Aircraft Following Aircraft Separation Minima
Heavy Medium 2 Min
Heavy or Light Light 3 Min
Leading
Aircraft
Following
Aircraft
Separation
Minima(Interm
ediate part of
runway)
Separation
Minima( Full
runway)
Heavy Medium or light 3 Min 2 Min
Medium Light 3 Min 2 Min
12/26/2015

24. Turbulence Separation(N/A)
 VFR flights landing on the same runway as a preceding
landing HEAVY or MEDIUM aircraft
 IFR flights executing visual approach-
 Aircraft has reported the preceding aircraft in sight
 Instructed to follow
 Maintain own separation from that aircraft.
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 2412/26/2015

25. Radar Separation
Radar
Separation
5 NM(From
radar head up to
60 NM)
10 NM(Beyond
60 NM up to
reliable coverage
12/26/2015 Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 25
Climb and descend on
reciprocal track as per
ATMC 04/2011

26. Reduction in Separation Minima in the
Vicinity of aerodromes
 Adequate separation by the aerodrome
controller(each aircraft is continuously visible to
controller)
 Each aircraft is continuously visible to flight crews of
the other aircraft concerned
 Pilots thereof report that they can maintain their
own separation; or
 One aircraft following another, succeeding aircraft
reports that the other aircraft is in sight and
separation can be maintained.
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27. Performance Based Navigation
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN
• PBN concept specifies that aircraft RNAV
system performance in terms of the
Accuracy
Integrity
Availability
Continuity
Functionality

28. 28
RNP revised towards PBN
Area
Navigation
RNP
Other
RNAV
PBN
RNAV x RNP x
Other RNAV
PBN is anchored in detailed
navigation specifications, which
contain performance and
functionality requirements.
on-board
performance
monitoring
+ alerting
No on-board
performance
monitoring
+ alerting
12/26/2015 Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN

29. 12/26/2015 Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN 29

30. 




A B
C
D
E

F




RNAV: Area Navigation
Shorter Routes ….
More Routes Possible ...
12/26/2015 30Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN

31. 31
Moving To Performance-Based Navigation
Waypoints
RNAV
Increased Airspace
Efficiency
Optimized
Use of Airspace
“curved”
paths
Seamless
Vertical
Path
Narrow TERPS
RNP
Limited
Design
Flexibility
Conventional
Routes
Current Ground
NAVAIDs
12/26/2015 Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN

32. 32
EN-ROUTE TERMINAL APPROACH
AIRWAYS
RNAV 10, 5, 2, 1
SID/STAR
RNP 1, RNAV 2, 1 PANPA
CAT I
CAT II
CAT III
APV
Baro VNAV APVI
APVII
RNAV Operations
No procedure design criteria
SBAS mandate
GBAS mandate
12/26/2015 Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad TMA and PBN

33. Thank You
for your patience
33
Application of Separation Standard in Ahmedabad
TMA and PBN12/26/2015