Total quality-system
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This document discusses concepts related to quality including: - Definitions of quality as meeting customer requirements and expectations, and as the sum of features that satisfy demands. - Quality management as the process of achieving quality objectives through planning, control, and improvement. - Total quality management as managing the whole organization to achieve excellence using principles like customer focus, continuous improvement, and employee involvement. - Benefits of quality and TQM including reduced costs, customer loyalty, and improved competitiveness.
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Unit-7 Leadership discusses different theories of leadership. The trait approach from the 1940s proposed that leaders are born with certain qualities like drive, integrity and confidence. However, traits alone do not distinguish effective vs ineffective leaders. Behavioural theories from the late 1940s examined what effective leaders do, focusing on consideration for subordinates and initiating structure. The Ohio and Michigan studies identified dimensions like concern for production vs employees. Contingency theory proposes there is no best leadership style and the situation affects which approach is most effective, like a task-focused leader in a routine situation. Fiedler's contingency theory matches leader and situational factors for effectiveness.
Unit 8 communication
This document discusses organizational communication processes and concepts. It defines communication as the sharing of ideas, knowledge, and experiences between individuals and organizations. Communication is vital to organizational functions like information sharing, problem solving, decision making, strategy implementation, team management, change management, evaluation, and feedback. The document outlines different types of communication based on methods, direction, and relationships. It also discusses common barriers to effective communication and current issues in communication relating to gender, political correctness, cross-cultural interactions, and electronic communication.
Understanding individual behaviour
This document discusses key concepts related to understanding individual behavior in organizations. It addresses factors that influence individual behavior such as personal characteristics, environmental factors, mental processes, attitudes, values, needs, motives and emotions. Individual behavior is shaped by both internal factors like personality, beliefs, abilities as well as external environmental and organizational factors. Understanding these foundations of individual behavior and the interplay between inputs, mental processing and resulting outputs or responses is important for effective management of organizations.
Production system in ai
A production system is a type of artificial intelligence program that uses rules to represent knowledge and solve problems. It consists of productions, which are if-then statements that specify a condition and corresponding action. Productions execute to achieve a goal. Strong method production systems rely heavily on domain-specific knowledge, while weak method systems use general logic and reasoning techniques applicable to many problems without deep knowledge of any single domain.
Perception
This document discusses perception and its role in individual behavior. It defines perception as the process of understanding objects or events, which differs between individuals based on their expectations, needs, and background. Perception is influenced by both internal factors in the perceiver, like attitudes and motives, and external factors in the target and situation. The perceptual process involves environmental stimuli being selected, organized, and interpreted. This process can be affected by factors in the perceiver, target, and situation. Finally, the document discusses specific applications of perception in organizational contexts like employment interviews, performance expectations, and employee effort.
Organizational Development
The document discusses various approaches to managing organizational change including people-based, structure-based, and technology-based approaches. It provides details on common people-based approaches like Lewin's three step model and action research. Specific organization development interventions at the group level like team building, process consultation, and intergroup development are examined which aim to improve interaction processes. Organization level interventions like organizational restructuring and goal setting are also mentioned.
Linear programming
This document discusses linear programming and provides examples of how to solve linear programming problems graphically and using the simplex method. It introduces linear programming as a technique to allocate limited resources to find the best possible solution. The graphical method and simplex method are presented as two approaches to solve linear programming problems. An example problem is solved step-by-step using the graphical method and another is solved using the simplex method.
analysis and design with uml
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for modeling software systems. It provides notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing and documenting software artifacts. The key components of UML include classes, attributes, operations, relationships, and diagrams. Common UML diagrams are use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and deployment diagrams. UML is widely used for object-oriented analysis and design. It helps model the problem domain, visualize the system design, and document implementation.
Bcg matrix
The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix is a portfolio analysis tool that classifies business units based on their relative market share and market growth rate. It sorts units into four categories: Stars (high share, high growth), Cash Cows (high share, low growth), Question Marks (low share, high growth), and Dogs (low share, low growth). The matrix is used to assess unit profiles, cash demands, development cycles, and resource allocation to maximize future growth and profits. It provides a simple framework but only considers two dimensions and may misclassify units.
Aggregate planning
This document discusses aggregate planning, which involves determining production levels for the intermediate future of 6-18 months. Aggregate planning begins with forecasting demand and adjusting production rates, staffing levels, and inventory levels. It requires input from various functional areas regarding capacity, customer needs, demand forecasts, suppliers, and resources. The objectives of aggregate planning are to meet demand, provide stable work and customer service levels, and develop an economic strategy. It aims to minimize costs and inventory while maximizing profit, customer service, and plant utilization.
Merger and aquisition
The document discusses three main growth strategies for a company: internal development, merger and acquisition, and joint development and strategic alliances. Internal development involves product development, market development, competence building through learning, and cost spreading. Merger and acquisition can take the form of concentric mergers and be executed through purchasing assets, shares, or exchanging shares. It allows companies to attain market power, speed to market, and reduce risks and capital requirements. Joint development and strategic alliances include joint ventures, equity alliances, and non-equity alliances, allowing for collaboration between companies.
Copyrights and trademarks
Copyright provides creators exclusive rights over the original expression within their work, but not the underlying ideas, for a limited time. It protects works like books, journals, magazines, and digital publications from unauthorized copying and sharing, allowing for fair use exceptions. A copyright licensing scheme provides blanket permission to copy and distribute content internally and store digital copies for reference without infringing on copyright.
Raabit and bacteria
This document discusses various defense methods against computer viruses and malware:
- Sandboxing creates a virtual environment to restrict program rights and access.
- Proof-carrying code allows validating that software meets a safety policy before execution.
- Information flow matrices aim to limit how far a virus can spread by tagging information and limiting sharing.
- Reducing protection domains applies least privilege to remove unnecessary rights from processes.
- Detecting file alteration monitors files for unauthorized changes using digital signatures.
- The notion of trust relies on users and authentication to properly limit access based on identity.
SAARC
SAARC is an intergovernmental organization of 8 South Asian nations established in 1985. It aims to promote economic and regional integration. Key achievements include establishing SAFTA to reduce customs duties and the SAARC visa exemption scheme. However, political differences between members like India and Pakistan have hindered cooperation. Inequality among members and lack of infrastructure also pose challenges to realizing SAARC's economic goals.
Staff use-of-internet
Sabin Kafle has three main roles at his school: as a teacher he prepares materials, communicates with students and teachers, and helps with lab work; in administration he manages information systems, notifies people of events, communicates with parents, and publishes results; and in accounts he manages teacher payroll and student fee records.
Websurfer
Profile: Web Surfer Nepal was founded in 2002 and is one of Nepal's early WiFi hotspot service providers, offering fixed wireless internet, wireless DSL, WiFi, and hotspots across over 55 districts. It also provides fiber optic cable internet in Kathmandu, Pokhara, Birgunj and other cities. The company has provided intranet connectivity to banks, insurance companies, and businesses. Its objectives are to provide fast and reliable internet and intranet services, and help clients access communications innovations. Its mission is to offer complete, quality internet solutions through cost-effective technologies, and provide professional customer service resulting in satisfaction. Its vision is to connect everyone, anywhere, all the time and promote open internet development
Objectives of foreign direct investment
1)Sustaining a high level of investment
- Since the underdeveloped countries want to industrialized themselves within a short period of time, it becomes necessary to raise the level of investment substantially. This requires, in turn, a high level of savings. However, because of general poverty of masses, the savings are often very low. Hence emerges a resource gap between investment and savings. This gap has to be filled through foreign capital.
Introduction to web surfer communication
Established in the year 2002, U.S based broadband and a largest internet service provider
Providing fixed wireless internet, wireless DSL across 55 districts
Also optical cable internet in towns like kathmandu, pokhara, birgunj, Dharan
Providing service to banks, insurance companies and business house
Computer Crime
Any person commits computer crime who knowingly accesses, attempts to access or uses, or attempts to use, any computer, computer system, computer network or any part thereof for the purpose of:
(a) Devising or executing any scheme or artifice to defraud;
(b) Obtaining money, property or services by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises; or
Any person who knowingly and without authorization uses, accesses or attempts to access any computer, computer system, computer network, or any computer software, program, documentation or data contained in such computer, computer system or computer network, commits computer crime.
Dark sides of social networking
Threats to Individuals
Cyber bullies
Slang
File-sharing abuses
Threats to Personal Safety
Spam
Online fraud and phishing
Hoaxes
Identity theft
Threats to Computers
Viruses
Worms
Trojans
Spyware
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Total quality-system
- 2. Quality • The quality refers to the ability of product or service to consistently meet or exceed customer requirement or expectations. Q = Quest for excellence U = Understanding customer needs A = Action to achieve customer satisfaction L = Leadership –determination to be a leader I = Involvement of people T = Team spirit to work for common goals Y= Yardstick to measure progress
- 3. Quality… • Quality may be defined as the sum total of features of a product which influence its ability to satisfy a given demand. Q = P/E Where Q = Quality P = Performance E = Expectations Q Must be greater than 1.
- 4. Quality Management • Quality management is the process of identifying and administering the activities needed to achieve the quality objectives of an organization. Universal process of Managing Quality Quality planning - Establish quality goal - Identify customers - Discover customer needs - Develop product features - Develop process features - Establish process control - Transfer to operations
- 5. Quality control - Choose control subjects - Choose unit of measure - Set goals - Create sensor - Measure actual performance - Interpret the difference - Take action on the difference
- 6. Quality improvement - Prove the need - Identify projects - Organize projects teams - Diagnose the causes - Provide remedies, prove that the remedies are effective - Deal with the resistance - Change and control - Hold the gains
- 7. Benefits of quality • Reduces cost • Greater customer loyalty • Improves productivity • Fewer production or service problem • Improves competitive ability • Increases market share and net profits • Reduces product liability problems • Enhanced reputation for quality • Gives positive company image • Improves employee morale.
- 8. Dimension/ Determinants of product quality • Performance • Features • Reliability • Durability • Service • Response • Reputation • Safety
- 9. Dimension of service quality • Convenience • Reliability • Time • Assurance • Responsiveness • courtesy
- 10. Total quality management Total = whole Quality = degree of excellence Management = act, art or manner or handling controlling, direction etc. TQM is the art of managing the whole to achieve excellence. The golden rule is a simple but effective way to explain it.
- 11. Benefits of TQM Tangible benefit - Better product quality - Productivity improvement - Reduced quality costs - Increased profitability - Reduced employees grievances
- 12. • Intangible benefits - Effective team work - Enhancement of job interest - Improvement in human relation and work area - Participation culture - Customer satisfaction - Enhanced problem solving capability - Improved corporate health - Better company image
- 13. Philosophy of TQM • Leadership concept • Customer satisfaction or customer driven quality • Employee involvement • Continuous improvement • Supplier partnership • Performance measure
- 14. Principle of TQM • Producing quality work • Focusing on the customer • Strategic approach to improvement • Improving continuously • Employee involvement • Encouraging mutual respect and teamwork • Role of top management • Early detection of defects.
- 15. Component of TQM • Check-sheet • Histogram • Pareto chart • Cause and effect diagram • Scatter diagram • Control chart • Graph
- 16. Steps to implement TQM • Plan • Do • Check • Action
- 17. Cost of quality • Appraisal cost • Prevention cost • Failure cost • Hidden cost
- 18. Quality control • The ultimate aim of quality control is to provide products which are dependable, satisfactory and economical. – Establish quality standard – Measurement of quality – Analysis of deviations – Corrective actions
- 19. Objectives of quality control • To establish the desired quality standard • To evaluate the methods and process of production and suggest further improvements • To study and determine the quality deviation • To analyze in detail the causes responsible for such deviation.