This document describes operational amplifiers (op amps) and their ideal and real behavior. It defines key parameters like voltage and current gain. It explains how an ideal op amp behaves in comparator and inverting amplifier circuits by forcing its inputs to be equal. Real op amps are limited by finite gain, input/output resistance, and supply voltages. Common op amp applications are also listed.
Block diagram of a typical op-amp – characteristics of ideal and practical op-amp - parameters of opamp – inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations - frequency response - circuit stability.
Block diagram of a typical op-amp – characteristics of ideal and practical op-amp - parameters of opamp – inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations - frequency response - circuit stability.
An amplifier is one of the most important applications of transistor. Generally, transistor in CE configuration was used for faithful amplification of signal due to high gain, high input impedance and high power gain. But it has been observed that feedback in an amplifier introduces significant improvement in gain and gives amplified output in required form.
An amplifier is one of the most important applications of transistor. Generally, transistor in CE configuration was used for faithful amplification of signal due to high gain, high input impedance and high power gain. But it has been observed that feedback in an amplifier introduces significant improvement in gain and gives amplified output in required form.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
Fundamentals of oprational Amplifiers.pptxadityaraj7711
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3. Objective of Lecture
Describe how an ideal operational amplifier (op amp)
behaves.
Define voltage gain, current gain, transresistance
gain, and transconductance gain.
Explain the operation of an ideal op amp in a voltage
comparator and inverting amplifier circuit.
Show the effect of using a real op amp.
Chapters 5.1-5.3 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
school.edhole.com
4. Op Amps Applications
Audio amplifiers
Speakers and microphone circuits in cell phones,
computers, mpg players, boom boxes, etc.
Instrumentation amplifiers
Biomedical systems including heart monitors and
oxygen sensors.
Power amplifiers
Analog computers
Combination of integrators, differentiators, summing
amplifiers, and multipliers
school.edhole.com
5. Symbols for Ideal and Real Op Amps
OpAmp uA741
LM111 LM324
school.edhole.com
6. Terminals on an Op Amp
Non-inverting
Input terminal
Inverting input
terminal
Output terminal
Positive power supply
(Positive rail)
Negative power supply
(Negative rail)
school.edhole.com
7. vd = v2 – v1
A is the open-loop voltage
gain
v2
v1
Voltage controlled
voltage source
school.edhole.com
8. Typical Op Amp Parameters
Parameter Variable Typical
Ranges
Ideal Values
Open-Loop
Voltage Gain
A 105
to 108
∞
Input
Resistance
Ri 105
to 1013
Ω
∞ Ω
Output
Resistance
Ro 10 to 100 Ω 0 Ω
Supply
Voltage
Vcc/V+
-Vcc/V-
5 to 30 V
-30V to 0V
N/A
N/A
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9. How to Find These Values
Component Datasheets
Many manufacturers have made these freely available
on the internet
Example: LM 324 Operational Amplifier
school.edhole.com
11. dB
Decibels
Since P = V2
/R
10 log (P/Pref) or 20 log (V/Vref)
In this case:
20 log (Vo/Vin) = 20 log (A) = 100
A = 105
= 100,000
school.edhole.com
13. Large Signal Voltage Gain = A
Typical
A = 100 V/mV = 100V/0.001V = 100,000
Minimum
A = 25 V/mV = 25 V/0.001V = 25,000
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14. Caution – A is Frequency Dependent
http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM124.pdf
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15. Modifying Gain in Pspice OpAmp
Place part in a circuit
Double click on component
Enter a new value for the part attribute called GAIN
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17. Open Circuit Output Voltage
vo = A vd
Ideal Op Amp
vo = ∞ (vd)
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18. Open Circuit Output Voltage
Real Op Amp
Voltage
Range
Output
Voltage
Positive Saturation A vd > V+
vo ~ V+
Linear Region V-
< A vd < V+
vo = A vd
Negative
Saturation
A vd < V-
vo ~ V-
The voltage produced by the dependent voltage source inside the op amp is
limited by the voltage applied to the positive and negative rails.
school.edhole.com
20. Ideal Op Amp
i2 = 0
i1 = 0
Because Ri is equal to
∞Ω, the voltage across Ri
is 0V.
v1 = v2
vd = 0 V
v1
v2
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21. Almost Ideal Op Amp
Ri = ∞ Ω
Therefore, i1 = i2 = 0A
Ro = 0 Ω
Usually, vd = 0V so v1 = v2
The op amp forces the voltage at the inverting input
terminal to be equal to the voltage at the noninverting input
terminal if there is some component connecting the output
terminal to the inverting input terminal.
Rarely is the op amp limited to V-
< vo < V+
.
The output voltage is allowed to be as positive or as negative
as needed to force vd = 0V.school.edhole.com
22. Example #1: Voltage Comparator
i2 = 0
i1 = 0is = 0
Note that the inverting input and non-inverting input
terminals have rotated in this schematic.
school.edhole.com
23. Example #1 (con’t)
The internal circuitry in the op amp tries to force the
voltage at the inverting input to be equal to the non-
inverting input.
As we will see shortly, a number of op amp circuits have
a resistor between the output terminal and the
inverting input terminals to allow the output voltage to
influence the value of the voltage at the inverting input
terminal.
school.edhole.com
24. Example #1: Voltage Comparator
i2 = 0
i1 = 0is = 0
When Vs is equal to 0V, Vo = 0V.
When Vs is smaller than 0V, Vo = V+
.
When Vs is larger than 0V, Vo = V-
.
school.edhole.com
25. Electronic Response
Given how an op amp functions, what do you expect
Vo to be if v2 = 5V when:
1. Vs = 0V?
2. Vs = 5V?
3. Vs = 6V?
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30. Example #2: Closed Loop Gain
This circuit is known as an inverting amplifier.
1
1
1
1
/
//
0
RRA
RRVv
iii
iRv
iRV
Vv
fV
fso
fs
ffo
sS
−=
−=
==
−=
=
=
C
A B
school.edhole.com
32. Types of Closed Loop Gain
Gain Variable
Name
Equation Units
Voltage Gain AV vo/vs None or V/V
Current Gain AI io/is None or A/A
Transresistance Gain AR vo/is V/A or Ω
Transconductance
Gain
AG io/vs A/V or Ω−1
school.edhole.com
33. Example #3: Closed Loop Gain
with Real Op Amp
is
if
i2
i
v1
v2
is
if
i1
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34. Example #3 (con’t)
is = i1 + if
i = if
- i1 = i2
vd = v2 – v1 = Ri (- i1) = Ri (i2)
Vo= Avd - Ro(- i)
Vs= R1(is) – vd
Vs= R1(is) + Rf(if) + Vo
Vo/Vs = (-Rf/R1){Aβ/[1 +Aβ]}, where β = R1/(R1+Rf)
school.edhole.com
35. Summary
The output of an ideal op amp is a voltage from a dependent
voltage source that attempts to force the voltage at the
inverting input terminal to equal the voltage at the non-
inverting input terminal.
Almost ideal op amp: Output voltage limited to the range between
V+
and V-
.
Ideal op amp is assumed to have Ri = ∞ Ω and Ro = 0 Ω.
Almost ideal op amp: vd = 0 V and the current flowing into the
output terminal of the op amp is as much as required to force v1 = v2
when V+
< vo< V-
.
Operation of an op amp was used in the analysis of voltage
comparator and inverting amplifier circuits.
Effect of Ri < ∞ Ω and Ro > 0 Ω was shown.
school.edhole.com