To differentiate between the mutated and normal genes, the DNA of the person is isolated and
amplified by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction). This genome is subjected to the DNA
microarrays, i.e. DNA microchips that contain the single strand sequences of normal genes
including the sequences of its possible mutations.
The DNA is cut into small fragments and these fragments are labelled with different fluorescent
dyes (the sample from the patient and the normal DNA sample). Both the DNA are allowed to
hybridize and bind to the single strands of the DNA chip. The difference in the percent
hybridization indicates the presence of mutations. if the person does not have any mutations,
both the samples hybridize equivalents and produce the same fluorescence.
Thus, if the person has the retinoblastoma mutant gene, two different fluorescences will appear,
indicating the hybridizations of the mutant and the normal genes whereas an unaffected person
produces unifom fluorescence.
Solution
To differentiate between the mutated and normal genes, the DNA of the person is isolated and
amplified by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction). This genome is subjected to the DNA
microarrays, i.e. DNA microchips that contain the single strand sequences of normal genes
including the sequences of its possible mutations.
The DNA is cut into small fragments and these fragments are labelled with different fluorescent
dyes (the sample from the patient and the normal DNA sample). Both the DNA are allowed to
hybridize and bind to the single strands of the DNA chip. The difference in the percent
hybridization indicates the presence of mutations. if the person does not have any mutations,
both the samples hybridize equivalents and produce the same fluorescence.
Thus, if the person has the retinoblastoma mutant gene, two different fluorescences will appear,
indicating the hybridizations of the mutant and the normal genes whereas an unaffected person
produces unifom fluorescence..
there are s many methods are used in diagnosis of human gene mutation which occur disorders ,here u get information about the diagnostic method for genetic mutation detection
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
there are s many methods are used in diagnosis of human gene mutation which occur disorders ,here u get information about the diagnostic method for genetic mutation detection
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphic), SNP mapping, SNP profile, SNP types, SNP analysis by gel electropherosis and by mass spectrometry, SNP effects, single strand conformation polymorphism, SNP advantages and disadvantages and application of SNP profile in drug choice
Describe the steps in Sanger DNA sequencing. Provide a high level des.pdffatoryoutlets
Consider the program: var s: int:= 1, i: int co i:= 1 to 2 rightarrow do true rightarrow (await s >
0 rightarrow s: = s - 1) (s:= s + 1) Above, S_i is a statement list that is assumed not to modify
shared variable s. Develop complete proof outlines for the two processes. Demonstrate that the
proofs of the processes are interference-free. Then use the proof outlines and the method of
Exclusion of Configurations (2.25) to show that S_1 and S_2 cannot execute at the same time
and that the program is deadlock-free. What scheduling policy is required to ensure that a
process delayed at its first await statement will eventually be able to proceed? Explain.
Solution
int i=1
do(i=1 to 2)
{
wait(s>0){
s=s-1
Si
}
s=s+1
}
to prove that it should be deadlock free it should support mutual exclusion,progress,bounded
waiting.
mutual exclusion:-
p1:
int i=1
do(i=1 to 2) //entry section
{
wait(s>0){ //critical section
s=s-1
Si
}
s=s+1
} //exit section
so while p1 is exexcuting p2 while s enters into critical section as we don\'t update any values so
mutual exclusion is possible and can be formed.
progress:-
when p1 is in non-critical section p2can execute in critical section.program gurantees progress.
bounded-waiting :-
suitable for ony countable no of procedures and processes.
as it satisfies all properties ....so it\'s deadlock free..
yes, roasting essentially means heating the ore, .pdfANSAPPARELS
yes, roasting essentially means heating the ore, in excess of air, to a temperature
below the melting point of the metal. this expels moisture, and converts the impurities to oxides.
Solution
yes, roasting essentially means heating the ore, in excess of air, to a temperature
below the melting point of the metal. this expels moisture, and converts the impurities to oxides..
Describe the steps in Sanger DNA sequencing. Provide a high level des.pdffatoryoutlets
Consider the program: var s: int:= 1, i: int co i:= 1 to 2 rightarrow do true rightarrow (await s >
0 rightarrow s: = s - 1) (s:= s + 1) Above, S_i is a statement list that is assumed not to modify
shared variable s. Develop complete proof outlines for the two processes. Demonstrate that the
proofs of the processes are interference-free. Then use the proof outlines and the method of
Exclusion of Configurations (2.25) to show that S_1 and S_2 cannot execute at the same time
and that the program is deadlock-free. What scheduling policy is required to ensure that a
process delayed at its first await statement will eventually be able to proceed? Explain.
Solution
int i=1
do(i=1 to 2)
{
wait(s>0){
s=s-1
Si
}
s=s+1
}
to prove that it should be deadlock free it should support mutual exclusion,progress,bounded
waiting.
mutual exclusion:-
p1:
int i=1
do(i=1 to 2) //entry section
{
wait(s>0){ //critical section
s=s-1
Si
}
s=s+1
} //exit section
so while p1 is exexcuting p2 while s enters into critical section as we don\'t update any values so
mutual exclusion is possible and can be formed.
progress:-
when p1 is in non-critical section p2can execute in critical section.program gurantees progress.
bounded-waiting :-
suitable for ony countable no of procedures and processes.
as it satisfies all properties ....so it\'s deadlock free..
yes, roasting essentially means heating the ore, .pdfANSAPPARELS
yes, roasting essentially means heating the ore, in excess of air, to a temperature
below the melting point of the metal. this expels moisture, and converts the impurities to oxides.
Solution
yes, roasting essentially means heating the ore, in excess of air, to a temperature
below the melting point of the metal. this expels moisture, and converts the impurities to oxides..
The adition is slow because the benzyne formed is.pdfANSAPPARELS
The adition is slow because the benzyne formed is unstable, so itcould react with
the reagent and form other species. The driving force of the reaction is the formation of
stableproducts (N2 and CO2), but you are right,benzyne is so unstable that it can react with the
solvent oranother compound present in the medium.
Solution
The adition is slow because the benzyne formed is unstable, so itcould react with
the reagent and form other species. The driving force of the reaction is the formation of
stableproducts (N2 and CO2), but you are right,benzyne is so unstable that it can react with the
solvent oranother compound present in the medium..
Yes, I do agree, that some eukaryotic cells survive only on the reso.pdfANSAPPARELS
Yes, I do agree, that some eukaryotic cells survive only on the resources provided by other
eukaryotic cells and that prokaryotic cells are not involved in this type of \"supply for life\".
Symbiotic root colonization by Eukaryotic cells by Mycorrhizal mycelia:
Mycorrhizal mycelia can only survive in a symbiotic relationship with other plant root \"cells
(eukaryotic)\" by supplying nitrogen materials to the plants followed by obtaining its nutrients
for survival. Mycorrhizal mycelia cannot survive outside the environment as prokaryotes do
The traits that allowed them to maintain symbiotic relationships are as explained in case of fungi,
in which hydrolytic enzymes have capability to assimilate \"nitrogenous material and supply\"
them to plants. The relative number of competitors, the relative availability of symbiotic partners
such as Mycorrhizal mycelia are living on the roots surface of the host plant as mutualistic
symbionts (supply of life) and enabling the host root colonization of land plants with increased
absorption of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates, water etc. by providing the surface area for
absorption.
Fungi and plant symbiosis represents one of the most important interspecific eukaryotic
partnerships to have occurred on the planet. Fungal mycelia and ancient archaic prokaryotes are
living on the roots surface of the host land plants as mutualistic symbionts in 500 millions of
years ago and enabling the host root colonization with increased abruption of nutrients such as
phosphates, nitrates, water etc. by providing the surface area for absorption. This process
produced a vital photosynthesis rate by increasing total gross primary productivity finally
enhancing the release of exclusive amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere result in higher oxygen
concentration together to form ozone layer to protect against harmful UV radiation. The oxygen
gas is conductive to air-breathing animals on the land whereas dissolved oxygen is conductive to
all aquatic animals. These land plants with differential reproductive ability to produce
gametophytes enabled their sexual reproduction (embryophytes, all vascular plants including
angiosperms and gymnosperms) to produce more progeny to generate higher rate of
photosynthesis associated with increased rate of colonization to produce oxygen gas to air-
breathing animals.
The traits that allowed them to maintain symbiotic relationships are as explained in case of fungi,
in which hydrolytic enzymes have capability to assimilate \"nitrogenous material and supply\"
them to plants.
The altitudinal increase of root-to-shoot (C/N) ratio is meticulously due to low nutrient
availability. This is because of “low Michorrizha availability for symbiotic relationship” to
supply nutrient as elevated altitudes lowered temperatures. Therefore, low temperature and low
soil microbial decomposition with organic matter with water logging & low nitrogen availability
make the plants to increase their C/N ratio as an ev.
What are the key components of an internal audit What are the impli.pdfANSAPPARELS
What are the key components of an internal audit? What are the implications of having a
thorough understanding of each? Using your firm (or a firm that you familiar with), select a
significant company resource (such as engineering capability, or supply chain, or customer
service) and apply the Four Tests of a Resources Compeititve Power and determine if provides a
sustainable competitive advantage. Support your input.
Answer:
Key Components & Implications of Internal Audit:
Components:
Implications:
Establish and communicate the scope and objectives for the audit to appropriate management.
Developing an understanding of the business area under review. This includes objectives,
measurements, and key transaction types. This involves review of documents and interviews.
Flowcharts and narratives may be created if necessary.
So that we can concentrate on the key business activities which are having in Risk of Fraud or
Misappropriation.
Identify management practices in the five components of control used to ensure each key risk is
properly controlled and monitored. Internal Audit check can be a helpful tool to identify
common risks and desired controls in the specific process or industry being audited.
Develop and execute a risk-based sampling and testing approach to determine whether the most
important management controls are operating as intended.
Report issues and challenges identified and negotiate action plans with management to address
the problems.
Regular follow-up on reported findings at appropriate intervals. Internal audit departments
maintain a follow-up database for this purpose.
Solution
What are the key components of an internal audit? What are the implications of having a
thorough understanding of each? Using your firm (or a firm that you familiar with), select a
significant company resource (such as engineering capability, or supply chain, or customer
service) and apply the Four Tests of a Resources Compeititve Power and determine if provides a
sustainable competitive advantage. Support your input.
Answer:
Key Components & Implications of Internal Audit:
Components:
Implications:
Establish and communicate the scope and objectives for the audit to appropriate management.
Developing an understanding of the business area under review. This includes objectives,
measurements, and key transaction types. This involves review of documents and interviews.
Flowcharts and narratives may be created if necessary.
So that we can concentrate on the key business activities which are having in Risk of Fraud or
Misappropriation.
Identify management practices in the five components of control used to ensure each key risk is
properly controlled and monitored. Internal Audit check can be a helpful tool to identify
common risks and desired controls in the specific process or industry being audited.
Develop and execute a risk-based sampling and testing approach to determine whether the most
important management controls are operating as intended.
Report .
The most critical shortcomings of these assumptions are1.The flow .pdfANSAPPARELS
The most critical shortcomings of these assumptions are
1.The flow of water is considered to be one dimensional but in reality it is three dimensional.
2.Darcy\'s law does not seem to hold good at high hydraulic gradients.
Solution
The most critical shortcomings of these assumptions are
1.The flow of water is considered to be one dimensional but in reality it is three dimensional.
2.Darcy\'s law does not seem to hold good at high hydraulic gradients..
The following statements are true1. The tendency of water to mini.pdfANSAPPARELS
The following statements are true:
1. The tendency of water to minimize it\'s interaction with non-polar substances is known as
hydrophobic effect. ( in hydrophobic, hydro refers to water and phobic refers to fear. )
2.Hydrophobic molecules donot dissolve in water due to lack of Hydrogen bonding between it\'s
molecules and water molecules.
3. Amphipathic substances are the structural basis of biological bilayer membranes. ( Ex. Animal
Cellwalls)
Solution
The following statements are true:
1. The tendency of water to minimize it\'s interaction with non-polar substances is known as
hydrophobic effect. ( in hydrophobic, hydro refers to water and phobic refers to fear. )
2.Hydrophobic molecules donot dissolve in water due to lack of Hydrogen bonding between it\'s
molecules and water molecules.
3. Amphipathic substances are the structural basis of biological bilayer membranes. ( Ex. Animal
Cellwalls).
The data is Quantitative as there are numbers , and its an observati.pdfANSAPPARELS
The data is Quantitative as there are numbers , and its an observational study, where they studies
about the H.pylori in the cause of ulceration.
2. From table -II, we see that among the 22 patients having Ulcer, 18 have infection of H.pylori.
Out of 16, 8 were with infection.
Gastritis and Duodenitis.
Out of 22, 18 patients with gastric ulcers had bacteria, and four had both the ulcers, and all were
Helicobacter positive. With gastric ulcer 77% had bacteria, and with duodenal ulcer 100% had
bacteria. 4 patients with ulcers became negative for bacteria is significant as they had taken
NSAIS drugs which are known to cause ulcers.
Although gastric colonization with H.pylori, induces histologic gastritis in all infected
individuals, only a small portion of them develop any significant sign and symptom for this
colonization. It sestimated that H. pylori, infected patients have a 10-20% lifetime risk of
developing ulcer disease. The risk of development of these diseases in the presence of H.pylori,
depends on a variety of bacteria, host, and environmental factors, that relate to the pattern and
severity of gastritis. Thus a patient can show normal examination.
Solution
The data is Quantitative as there are numbers , and its an observational study, where they studies
about the H.pylori in the cause of ulceration.
2. From table -II, we see that among the 22 patients having Ulcer, 18 have infection of H.pylori.
Out of 16, 8 were with infection.
Gastritis and Duodenitis.
Out of 22, 18 patients with gastric ulcers had bacteria, and four had both the ulcers, and all were
Helicobacter positive. With gastric ulcer 77% had bacteria, and with duodenal ulcer 100% had
bacteria. 4 patients with ulcers became negative for bacteria is significant as they had taken
NSAIS drugs which are known to cause ulcers.
Although gastric colonization with H.pylori, induces histologic gastritis in all infected
individuals, only a small portion of them develop any significant sign and symptom for this
colonization. It sestimated that H. pylori, infected patients have a 10-20% lifetime risk of
developing ulcer disease. The risk of development of these diseases in the presence of H.pylori,
depends on a variety of bacteria, host, and environmental factors, that relate to the pattern and
severity of gastritis. Thus a patient can show normal examination..
Solution1 ) The purpose of criminal law is to help maintain social.pdfANSAPPARELS
Solution
1 ) The purpose of criminal law is to help maintain social order and stability . The purpose of
criminal law is to establish a system of prohibitions , penalties and correctional measures to deal
with conduct that unjustifiably or inexcusably causes or threatens harm to those individual or
public interests for which state protection is appropriate .
2) Classification according to the nature of crimes
Mala in se : These are acts that are immoral or wrong in themselves or acts that are naturally evil
. Ex : Murder, rape , arson , burglary etc
Mala prohibita : These crimes are not naturally evil , but are prohibited by statute because they
infringe upon the right of the others . This type of act is not wrong in some societies but wrong in
other societies . Example : Traffic offenses , gambling etc .
Classification according to degree :
a) Felonies : Crimes that are punishable by death or imprisonment in a state prision or
penitentiary are felonies .
b) Misdemeanors : Crimes or offenses not amounting to felonies are Misdemeanors . They are
offenses for which the punishment is other than death or imprisonment in a state prison , or that
have not been designated felonies by statute.
c) Treason : Treason is the only crime described in the constitution and it is given a higher
classification than felony .
3) Example of white-collar crimes are bank fraud, blackmail , bribery , computer fraud,
counterfeiting , credit card fraud , currency schemes, embezzelement , environmental schemes .
The punishment for these crimes should be recovery of all the money made by white collar
crimes and to put the white collar criminals in prision ..
num.txt(Save this file under D Drive.Then the path of the file is D.pdfANSAPPARELS
num.txt(Save this file under D Drive.Then the path of the file is D:\\\ um.txt)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
CPP Code
#include
#include
using namespace std;
//Declaring Global variable
int sum=0;
//Function declarations
void readFromFile();
void writeToFile();
/* Function implementation which will
* read the numbers from the file and calculates the sum of
* the numbers which are multiples of 2 or 5
*/
void readFromFile()
{
int number,sum=0;
//fileInput reference
ifstream dataIn;
//Opening input file
dataIn.open(\"D:\\\ um.txt\");
while(dataIn>>number)
{
if(number%2==0 || number%5==0)
{
sum+=number;
}
}
//closing the input stream
dataIn.close();
}
/* Function implementation which will
* display the sum into another text file
*/
void writeToFile()
{
//fileoutput reference
ofstream myfile;
//Opening the file
myfile.open (\"D:\\\ um1.txt\");
//Writing the contents to the file
myfile <<\"The Sum of Multiples of 2 or 5 is :\"<
Solution
num.txt(Save this file under D Drive.Then the path of the file is D:\\\ um.txt)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
CPP Code
#include
#include
using namespace std;
//Declaring Global variable
int sum=0;
//Function declarations
void readFromFile();
void writeToFile();
/* Function implementation which will
* read the numbers from the file and calculates the sum of
* the numbers which are multiples of 2 or 5
*/
void readFromFile()
{
int number,sum=0;
//fileInput reference
ifstream dataIn;
//Opening input file
dataIn.open(\"D:\\\ um.txt\");
while(dataIn>>number)
{
if(number%2==0 || number%5==0)
{
sum+=number;
}
}
//closing the input stream
dataIn.close();
}
/* Function implementation which will
* display the sum into another text file
*/
void writeToFile()
{
//fileoutput reference
ofstream myfile;
//Opening the file
myfile.open (\"D:\\\ um1.txt\");
//Writing the contents to the file
myfile <<\"The Sum of Multiples of 2 or 5 is :\"<.
n = 7 which is odd so median is the middle value of te data after ar.pdfANSAPPARELS
n = 7 which is odd so median is the middle value of te data after arranging in ascending order.
1,1,2,4,5,6,7
median = (7+1)/2 th observation = 4th observation = 4
So median of the data is 4.
Solution
n = 7 which is odd so median is the middle value of te data after arranging in ascending order.
1,1,2,4,5,6,7
median = (7+1)/2 th observation = 4th observation = 4
So median of the data is 4..
Information security means protecting information (data) and informa.pdfANSAPPARELS
Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to
protect the information assets.
Security Program[edit]
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a
security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real \"proof of
concept\" and \"explainable thru display on the monitor screen\" security knowledge. Start with
maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a
directory. If you don\'t understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you
should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security
program management and objectives.
Security Program Objectives
Security Management Responsibilities
Approaches to Build a Security Program
Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of
your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own
effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of
email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company\'s standards and
actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within
any group of people and those who are considered so-called experts having no real idea what is
really involved under the hood of the reports/applications they use and no proof presented in
emails written when self declared claims of their expertise is made or blame is to be put on
another.
Security Controls[edit]
Security Controls can be classified into three categories
Administrative Controls which include
Technical or Logical Controls which include
Physical Controls which include
The Elements of Security[edit]
Vulnerability
Threat
Risk
Exposure
Countermeasure or Safeguard
The Relation Between the Security Elements
Core Information Security Principles[edit]
The three fundamental principles of security are availability, integrity, and confidentiality and
are commonly referred to as CIA or AIC triad which also form the main objective of any security
program.
The level of security required to accomplish these principles differs per company, because each
has its own unique combination of business and security goals and requirements.
All security controls, mechanisms, and safeguards are implemented to provide one or more of
these principles.
All risks, threats, and vulnerabilities are measured for their potential capability to compromise
one or all of the AIC principles
Confidentiality[edit]
Integrity[edit]
Availability[edit]
Information Security Management Governance[edit]
Security Governance[edit]
Governance is the set of responsibilities and practices exercised by the board and executi.
Given that T is unitaryT = 1I-ieH =1det (-T) = (-1)ndet T.pdfANSAPPARELS
Given that T is unitary
|T| = 1
|I-ieH| =1
det (-T) = (-1)ndet T
Hence det (ieH-1) = (-1)n
det ieH = 1+(-1)n
i.e. det ieH can be either 0 or 2
To prove that H is equal to its own conjugate transpose
Solution
Given that T is unitary
|T| = 1
|I-ieH| =1
det (-T) = (-1)ndet T
Hence det (ieH-1) = (-1)n
det ieH = 1+(-1)n
i.e. det ieH can be either 0 or 2
To prove that H is equal to its own conjugate transpose.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
To differentiate between the mutated and normal genes, the DNA of th.pdf
1. To differentiate between the mutated and normal genes, the DNA of the person is isolated and
amplified by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction). This genome is subjected to the DNA
microarrays, i.e. DNA microchips that contain the single strand sequences of normal genes
including the sequences of its possible mutations.
The DNA is cut into small fragments and these fragments are labelled with different fluorescent
dyes (the sample from the patient and the normal DNA sample). Both the DNA are allowed to
hybridize and bind to the single strands of the DNA chip. The difference in the percent
hybridization indicates the presence of mutations. if the person does not have any mutations,
both the samples hybridize equivalents and produce the same fluorescence.
Thus, if the person has the retinoblastoma mutant gene, two different fluorescences will appear,
indicating the hybridizations of the mutant and the normal genes whereas an unaffected person
produces unifom fluorescence.
Solution
To differentiate between the mutated and normal genes, the DNA of the person is isolated and
amplified by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction). This genome is subjected to the DNA
microarrays, i.e. DNA microchips that contain the single strand sequences of normal genes
including the sequences of its possible mutations.
The DNA is cut into small fragments and these fragments are labelled with different fluorescent
dyes (the sample from the patient and the normal DNA sample). Both the DNA are allowed to
hybridize and bind to the single strands of the DNA chip. The difference in the percent
hybridization indicates the presence of mutations. if the person does not have any mutations,
both the samples hybridize equivalents and produce the same fluorescence.
Thus, if the person has the retinoblastoma mutant gene, two different fluorescences will appear,
indicating the hybridizations of the mutant and the normal genes whereas an unaffected person
produces unifom fluorescence.
