The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the development of teeth from the dental lamina. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial band in the 6th week of development, which later divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina. Tooth development then progresses through stages including the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and advanced bell stage. It also discusses root formation mediated by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, as well as clinical considerations like anomalies in tooth number, shape, and enamel formation.
This document provides an overview of dentin, including:
- A brief history of discoveries related to dentin structure.
- Dentinogenesis, the process of dentin formation carried out by odontoblasts. Primary dentin formation beneath the enamel and root dentin formation are described.
- The physical properties, chemical composition, and structural components of dentin including dentinal tubules, predentin, peritubular and intertubular dentin.
- Features such as von Ebner's lines, lines of Schreger, and contour lines of Owen which represent incremental growth patterns in dentin.
The document summarizes key information about alveolar bone:
1) Alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle and forms the sockets that hold teeth. It is composed of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates.
2) The alveolar bone provides protection, attachment, and support for teeth. It also helps absorb forces placed on teeth.
3) Key structures of alveolar bone include the lamina dura lining sockets, interdental septa separating sockets, and Sharpey's fibers that attach the bone to ligaments. Periodontal disease can affect the bone and other supporting tissues.
This document provides information on cementum, including its definition, physical characteristics, chemical composition, formation (cementogenesis), classification, functions, anomalies, and clinical considerations. Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering tooth roots. It is softer than dentin and lacks enamel's luster. Cementum formation involves acellular and cellular stages. Cementum attaches the periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth root and allows for tooth repair. Abnormalities include hypercementosis, ankylosis, and cementomas. Cementum is an important part of the periodontium that aids in tooth attachment and repair.
The periodontal ligament is a fibrous connective tissue between the tooth root and jaw bone. It contains fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoclasts, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. The principal fibers of the ligament are collagen and they are arranged in groups to withstand forces from chewing. The ligament receives blood supply from gingival, intra-alveolar, and apical vessels. It functions to support teeth, sense touch and pressure, provide nutrients, form new fibers, and protect teeth by distributing forces. In aging, the periodontal ligament shows reduced vascularity, cellularity and thickness and may contain calcified cementicles.
Ameloblast are the enamel forming cells. Understanding of life cycle of ameloblast aids in the understanding of various developmetal anomalies in particular and various other oral pathologies.
The document discusses the complex process of tooth development from initiation to eruption. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial bands and dental lamina between 6-7 weeks in utero, which give rise to the tooth buds. The buds progress through stages of proliferation, histodifferentiation, and morphodifferentiation to form the crown and root structures. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is responsible for root formation and shape before teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
Cementum also commonly known as root cementum , is a highly mineralized tissue covering the entire root surface.
Cementum is also often referred to as a bone-like tissue. Cementum contains two types of fibers, mainly extrinsic (Sharpey's) fibers and intrinsic fibers. Fibroblasts and cementoblasts are the fiber secreting cells.
This document discusses the development of teeth from the dental lamina. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial band in the 6th week of development, which later divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina. Tooth development then progresses through stages including the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and advanced bell stage. It also discusses root formation mediated by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, as well as clinical considerations like anomalies in tooth number, shape, and enamel formation.
This document provides an overview of dentin, including:
- A brief history of discoveries related to dentin structure.
- Dentinogenesis, the process of dentin formation carried out by odontoblasts. Primary dentin formation beneath the enamel and root dentin formation are described.
- The physical properties, chemical composition, and structural components of dentin including dentinal tubules, predentin, peritubular and intertubular dentin.
- Features such as von Ebner's lines, lines of Schreger, and contour lines of Owen which represent incremental growth patterns in dentin.
The document summarizes key information about alveolar bone:
1) Alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle and forms the sockets that hold teeth. It is composed of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates.
2) The alveolar bone provides protection, attachment, and support for teeth. It also helps absorb forces placed on teeth.
3) Key structures of alveolar bone include the lamina dura lining sockets, interdental septa separating sockets, and Sharpey's fibers that attach the bone to ligaments. Periodontal disease can affect the bone and other supporting tissues.
This document provides information on cementum, including its definition, physical characteristics, chemical composition, formation (cementogenesis), classification, functions, anomalies, and clinical considerations. Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering tooth roots. It is softer than dentin and lacks enamel's luster. Cementum formation involves acellular and cellular stages. Cementum attaches the periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth root and allows for tooth repair. Abnormalities include hypercementosis, ankylosis, and cementomas. Cementum is an important part of the periodontium that aids in tooth attachment and repair.
The periodontal ligament is a fibrous connective tissue between the tooth root and jaw bone. It contains fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoclasts, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. The principal fibers of the ligament are collagen and they are arranged in groups to withstand forces from chewing. The ligament receives blood supply from gingival, intra-alveolar, and apical vessels. It functions to support teeth, sense touch and pressure, provide nutrients, form new fibers, and protect teeth by distributing forces. In aging, the periodontal ligament shows reduced vascularity, cellularity and thickness and may contain calcified cementicles.
Ameloblast are the enamel forming cells. Understanding of life cycle of ameloblast aids in the understanding of various developmetal anomalies in particular and various other oral pathologies.
The document discusses the complex process of tooth development from initiation to eruption. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial bands and dental lamina between 6-7 weeks in utero, which give rise to the tooth buds. The buds progress through stages of proliferation, histodifferentiation, and morphodifferentiation to form the crown and root structures. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is responsible for root formation and shape before teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
Cementum also commonly known as root cementum , is a highly mineralized tissue covering the entire root surface.
Cementum is also often referred to as a bone-like tissue. Cementum contains two types of fibers, mainly extrinsic (Sharpey's) fibers and intrinsic fibers. Fibroblasts and cementoblasts are the fiber secreting cells.
The mandibular central incisor is the narrowest tooth in the dentition. It has sharp mesioincisal and distoincisal angles and a shallow lingual fossa. The root is typically single and straight, tapering to a relatively sharp apex. The crown is wider labiolingually than mesiodistally. It erupts between ages 7-8 and completes root development by age 10.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation. It occurs in two steps - organic matrix formation and mineralization. During the secretory stage, cells called ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins that make up the organic portion of enamel. In the maturation stage, ameloblasts facilitate the removal of water and organic material from enamel while depositing minerals, resulting in fully mineralized enamel. Ameloblasts undergo morphological and functional changes throughout their lifespan to facilitate the different stages of enamel formation.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, composition, structure, cells, blood supply, and changes associated with orthodontic forces. It notes that alveolar bone surrounds and supports the teeth sockets. It is composed primarily of inorganic minerals and collagen. Microscopically, it contains osteons arranged in concentric lamellae around Haversian canals. Osteoblasts build bone while osteoclasts resorb it, maintaining a constant state of remodeling. The alveolar bone has a rich blood supply from the superior and inferior alveolar arteries and drains via lymph vessels. Orthodontic forces induce changes in the bone's morphology and turnover.
1. Tooth development begins around the 6th week of gestation with the formation of the primary epithelial band, which divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina.
2. Teeth develop through a series of stages from bud to bell shaped to advanced bell stage when mineralization begins and root formation commences.
3. The dental lamina gives rise to the tooth buds and plays a role in shaping tooth development through later stages. The enamel organ and dental papilla are structures that form within the developing tooth bud.
Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin, which begins before enamel formation. Dentin is formed by odontoblast cells in two phases: first the formation of an organic collagen matrix, followed by deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals. As dentinogenesis begins, odontoblasts elongate and secrete an unmineralized collagen matrix called predentin. Over time, predentin adjacent to the pulp mineralizes and forms dentin while new predentin is deposited, resulting in incremental dentin growth of approximately 4 micrometers per day. Dentinogenesis continues throughout life but slows after eruption.
This document discusses the stages of amelogenesis, the formation of enamel. It describes 6 stages: 1) morphogenic, 2) differentiating, 3) secretory, 4) maturative, 5) protective, and 6) desmolytic. During the secretory stage, ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins and form Tomes' processes to deposit the matrix along the developing enamel surface. In the maturative stage, ameloblasts engulf the matrix and facilitate its mineralization into mature enamel. The protective stage involves deposition of an enamel cuticle, while in the desmolytic stage, the reduced enamel epithelium aids in tooth eruption.
1. Tooth development involves interactions between the oral epithelium and underlying neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme. Molecules and signaling pathways initiate differentiation and morphogenesis of teeth.
2. Neural crest cells constitute much of the mesenchyme of the head and neck, including the connective tissues of dental structures. These ectomesenchymal cells instruct the overlying oral epithelium to begin tooth development.
3. Tooth development proceeds through bud, cap, and bell stages as the enamel organ invaginates and proliferates. Key events include formation of the enamel knot and cord which help pattern the crown, and differentiation of preameloblasts and odontoblasts which begin secre
Enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized tissue in the body, consisting of 96% inorganic material (hydroxyapatite) and 4% organic material. It is formed through the process of amelogenesis, which involves three stages - the presecretory, secretory, and maturation stages. Ameloblasts are the cells responsible for enamel formation and organization into rods and interrod enamel. Enamel acquires its structural properties through mineral deposition and maturation over several years. Its unique composition and structure provide protection and function for teeth.
The periodontium refers to the tissues that surround and support teeth. The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the tooth root to the inner surface of the alveolar bone. It is made up of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and contains blood vessels. The periodontal ligament develops from cells of the dental follicle that differentiate into cementoblasts, fibroblasts, and other cells after the root forms and erupts. It contains principal fibers that connect the cementum to bone and resist various forces on the teeth. Other components include cementoblasts, osteoblasts, epithelial cell rests, and defense cells that maintain the periodontium.
This document provides details on the structure and composition of enamel. It notes that enamel is the hardest tissue in the body, covering the anatomical crown. It is made up primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals arranged in enamel prisms/rods from the dentin-enamel junction to the surface. The direction of the prisms changes in a sinusoidal pattern. Between the prisms is interprismatic enamel. Near the surface is aprismatic enamel which is more highly mineralized. Throughout life, the crown is covered by an organic layer or integument.
The alveolar bone consists of alveolar bone proper and supporting bone. The alveolar bone proper lines the tooth socket and anchors the roots of teeth via Sharpey's fibers. It is composed of a thin cribriform plate that houses bundles of principal periodontal ligament fibers. The supporting alveolar bone includes cortical plates and spongy bone. The alveolar bone functions to house teeth roots, distribute occlusal forces, and facilitate tooth eruption and movement.
- There are three junctions in the oral mucosa: the mucocutaneous junction between the mucosa and skin, the mucogingival junction between the alveolar mucosa and attached gingiva, and the dentogingival junction between the tooth and gingiva.
- The mucocutaneous junction, also called the vermilion border, is the transitional zone between the lip skin and mucosa. It is characterized by long papillae, large blood vessels, and sensory nerve endings.
- The mucogingival junction can be identified clinically by the mucogingival groove and change in color from pink alveolar mucosa to pale gingiva. Histologically
Alveolar bone is the specialized bone that forms the sockets for teeth in the maxilla and mandible. It consists of alveolar bone proper surrounding the tooth root, supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone, and bundle bone where periodontal ligament fibers insert. Osteoblasts build bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb it, allowing remodeling. With age, alveolar bone thins with wider marrow spaces and more fragile trabeculae, leading the alveolar crest to slope down distally as teeth tilt mesially.
The development of teeth occurs through a series of stages beginning with the tooth bud. The tooth bud develops into a tooth germ containing three components - the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle. The tooth germ progresses through bud, cap, and bell stages as the enamel organ invaginates and the dental papilla becomes enclosed. During the bell stage, hard tissues like enamel and dentin begin to form. Root development also occurs during the bell stage directed by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, forming the periodontal ligament, cementum, and roots.
Aging causes irreversible changes to the dental hard tissues over time. The three main tissues - enamel, dentin, and cementum - all undergo changes as part of the aging process. Enamel becomes less permeable and more discolored with age. Dentin develops more dead tracts and sclerotic dentin. Cementum may experience hypercementosis and the formation of cementicles. The alveolar bone also undergoes resorption, decreasing in height and width over time. These morphological and functional changes to the dental tissues are a natural part of the biological aging process.
The document summarizes the development of teeth from the dental lamina. It discusses how the primary epithelial band forms and divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina. Tooth buds then develop from the dental lamina, forming the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle. Teeth progress through developmental stages including the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and root formation. The dental lamina gives rise to both primary and permanent teeth before degenerating.
The document discusses alveolar bone, which forms the primary support structure for teeth. It defines alveolar bone and discusses its classification, composition, function, histology, cells, development, remodeling, and age-related changes. Alveolar bone holds teeth firmly in position, supplies vessels to periodontal ligaments and cementum, and houses developing permanent teeth. It is a specialized part of the maxilla and mandible composed of lamellar and bundle bone that surrounds tooth roots and provides attachment for periodontal ligament fibers. Alveolar bone is constantly remodeled through formation and resorption to adapt to functional forces.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Tmj/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The mandibular central incisor is the narrowest tooth in the dentition. It has sharp mesioincisal and distoincisal angles and a shallow lingual fossa. The root is typically single and straight, tapering to a relatively sharp apex. The crown is wider labiolingually than mesiodistally. It erupts between ages 7-8 and completes root development by age 10.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation. It occurs in two steps - organic matrix formation and mineralization. During the secretory stage, cells called ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins that make up the organic portion of enamel. In the maturation stage, ameloblasts facilitate the removal of water and organic material from enamel while depositing minerals, resulting in fully mineralized enamel. Ameloblasts undergo morphological and functional changes throughout their lifespan to facilitate the different stages of enamel formation.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, composition, structure, cells, blood supply, and changes associated with orthodontic forces. It notes that alveolar bone surrounds and supports the teeth sockets. It is composed primarily of inorganic minerals and collagen. Microscopically, it contains osteons arranged in concentric lamellae around Haversian canals. Osteoblasts build bone while osteoclasts resorb it, maintaining a constant state of remodeling. The alveolar bone has a rich blood supply from the superior and inferior alveolar arteries and drains via lymph vessels. Orthodontic forces induce changes in the bone's morphology and turnover.
1. Tooth development begins around the 6th week of gestation with the formation of the primary epithelial band, which divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina.
2. Teeth develop through a series of stages from bud to bell shaped to advanced bell stage when mineralization begins and root formation commences.
3. The dental lamina gives rise to the tooth buds and plays a role in shaping tooth development through later stages. The enamel organ and dental papilla are structures that form within the developing tooth bud.
Dentinogenesis is the formation of dentin, which begins before enamel formation. Dentin is formed by odontoblast cells in two phases: first the formation of an organic collagen matrix, followed by deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals. As dentinogenesis begins, odontoblasts elongate and secrete an unmineralized collagen matrix called predentin. Over time, predentin adjacent to the pulp mineralizes and forms dentin while new predentin is deposited, resulting in incremental dentin growth of approximately 4 micrometers per day. Dentinogenesis continues throughout life but slows after eruption.
This document discusses the stages of amelogenesis, the formation of enamel. It describes 6 stages: 1) morphogenic, 2) differentiating, 3) secretory, 4) maturative, 5) protective, and 6) desmolytic. During the secretory stage, ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins and form Tomes' processes to deposit the matrix along the developing enamel surface. In the maturative stage, ameloblasts engulf the matrix and facilitate its mineralization into mature enamel. The protective stage involves deposition of an enamel cuticle, while in the desmolytic stage, the reduced enamel epithelium aids in tooth eruption.
1. Tooth development involves interactions between the oral epithelium and underlying neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme. Molecules and signaling pathways initiate differentiation and morphogenesis of teeth.
2. Neural crest cells constitute much of the mesenchyme of the head and neck, including the connective tissues of dental structures. These ectomesenchymal cells instruct the overlying oral epithelium to begin tooth development.
3. Tooth development proceeds through bud, cap, and bell stages as the enamel organ invaginates and proliferates. Key events include formation of the enamel knot and cord which help pattern the crown, and differentiation of preameloblasts and odontoblasts which begin secre
Enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized tissue in the body, consisting of 96% inorganic material (hydroxyapatite) and 4% organic material. It is formed through the process of amelogenesis, which involves three stages - the presecretory, secretory, and maturation stages. Ameloblasts are the cells responsible for enamel formation and organization into rods and interrod enamel. Enamel acquires its structural properties through mineral deposition and maturation over several years. Its unique composition and structure provide protection and function for teeth.
The periodontium refers to the tissues that surround and support teeth. The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the tooth root to the inner surface of the alveolar bone. It is made up of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and contains blood vessels. The periodontal ligament develops from cells of the dental follicle that differentiate into cementoblasts, fibroblasts, and other cells after the root forms and erupts. It contains principal fibers that connect the cementum to bone and resist various forces on the teeth. Other components include cementoblasts, osteoblasts, epithelial cell rests, and defense cells that maintain the periodontium.
This document provides details on the structure and composition of enamel. It notes that enamel is the hardest tissue in the body, covering the anatomical crown. It is made up primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals arranged in enamel prisms/rods from the dentin-enamel junction to the surface. The direction of the prisms changes in a sinusoidal pattern. Between the prisms is interprismatic enamel. Near the surface is aprismatic enamel which is more highly mineralized. Throughout life, the crown is covered by an organic layer or integument.
The alveolar bone consists of alveolar bone proper and supporting bone. The alveolar bone proper lines the tooth socket and anchors the roots of teeth via Sharpey's fibers. It is composed of a thin cribriform plate that houses bundles of principal periodontal ligament fibers. The supporting alveolar bone includes cortical plates and spongy bone. The alveolar bone functions to house teeth roots, distribute occlusal forces, and facilitate tooth eruption and movement.
- There are three junctions in the oral mucosa: the mucocutaneous junction between the mucosa and skin, the mucogingival junction between the alveolar mucosa and attached gingiva, and the dentogingival junction between the tooth and gingiva.
- The mucocutaneous junction, also called the vermilion border, is the transitional zone between the lip skin and mucosa. It is characterized by long papillae, large blood vessels, and sensory nerve endings.
- The mucogingival junction can be identified clinically by the mucogingival groove and change in color from pink alveolar mucosa to pale gingiva. Histologically
Alveolar bone is the specialized bone that forms the sockets for teeth in the maxilla and mandible. It consists of alveolar bone proper surrounding the tooth root, supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone, and bundle bone where periodontal ligament fibers insert. Osteoblasts build bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb it, allowing remodeling. With age, alveolar bone thins with wider marrow spaces and more fragile trabeculae, leading the alveolar crest to slope down distally as teeth tilt mesially.
The development of teeth occurs through a series of stages beginning with the tooth bud. The tooth bud develops into a tooth germ containing three components - the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle. The tooth germ progresses through bud, cap, and bell stages as the enamel organ invaginates and the dental papilla becomes enclosed. During the bell stage, hard tissues like enamel and dentin begin to form. Root development also occurs during the bell stage directed by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, forming the periodontal ligament, cementum, and roots.
Aging causes irreversible changes to the dental hard tissues over time. The three main tissues - enamel, dentin, and cementum - all undergo changes as part of the aging process. Enamel becomes less permeable and more discolored with age. Dentin develops more dead tracts and sclerotic dentin. Cementum may experience hypercementosis and the formation of cementicles. The alveolar bone also undergoes resorption, decreasing in height and width over time. These morphological and functional changes to the dental tissues are a natural part of the biological aging process.
The document summarizes the development of teeth from the dental lamina. It discusses how the primary epithelial band forms and divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina. Tooth buds then develop from the dental lamina, forming the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle. Teeth progress through developmental stages including the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and root formation. The dental lamina gives rise to both primary and permanent teeth before degenerating.
The document discusses alveolar bone, which forms the primary support structure for teeth. It defines alveolar bone and discusses its classification, composition, function, histology, cells, development, remodeling, and age-related changes. Alveolar bone holds teeth firmly in position, supplies vessels to periodontal ligaments and cementum, and houses developing permanent teeth. It is a specialized part of the maxilla and mandible composed of lamellar and bundle bone that surrounds tooth roots and provides attachment for periodontal ligament fibers. Alveolar bone is constantly remodeled through formation and resorption to adapt to functional forces.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Tmj/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It begins by defining the TMJ as the joint connecting the mandible to the skull and regulating mandibular movement. It then describes the different types of joints in the body before focusing on the specifics of the TMJ. Key points include that the TMJ is a complex synovial joint that allows for both hinging and gliding movements. An articular disc separates the condyle of the mandible and fossa of the temporal bone. The document outlines the development, structures, innervation, vascularization and biomechanics of the TMJ.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Temporomadibular joint and prosthodontic implications AniketShinde102
The document summarizes the anatomy and movements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes the bony components, articular disc, ligaments, muscles, blood supply, and nerve supply of the TMJ. It also discusses the different types of mandibular movements including hinge, protrusive, retrusive, and lateral movements as well as habitual movements like speech, mastication, and deglutition. The TMJ allows hinging and gliding movements of the mandible for functions like eating and talking.
Neural mechnism and physiologic basis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of various muscles in the head and neck region that are relevant to complete denture construction. It describes the origins, insertions, and actions of the muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid), tongue (genioglossus, hyoglossus), facial expression, soft palate, suprahyoid region, and pharynx. Knowledge of these muscle attachments and their roles in functions like chewing, swallowing and speech is important for determining denture borders and contours as well as jaw relation records.
This document discusses the physiologic basis and neural mechanisms of functional appliances. It describes how functional appliances aim to improve the functional relationship of dentofacial structures by eliminating unfavorable factors and improving muscle environment. It discusses the roles of respiration, tongue, deglutition, lips, and temporomandibular joints. It also explains the neural pathways involved and how functional appliances can increase mandibular growth through their effects on muscles like the lateral pterygoid muscle and retrodiscal pad which influence condylar cartilage growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Temporomandibular joint /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses the muscles of mastication, including their origins, insertions, nerve supply and actions. It describes the masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles as the primary muscles of mastication. It also covers the accessory muscles involved in mastication like the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and buccinator.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Tmj disorders 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Temporomandibular joint anatomy and functionDR POOJA
diarthrodial joint
The masticatory system is the functional unit of the body primarily responsible for chewing, speaking and swallowing. Components also play a major role in tasting and breathing.
The system is made up of bones, joints, ligaments, teeth and muscles.
In addition ,there is an intricate neurologic controlling system that regulates and coordinates all these structural components.
The Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is formed by the articulation between the articular eminence and the anterior part of the glenoid fossa of the squamous part of temporal bone above and the condylar head of the mandible below.
The TMJ contains a fibrous intraarticular disk that is interposed between the articular surface and functions as a shock absorber.
The TMJ is a compound joint that can be classified by anatomic type as well as by function.
Anatomically the TMJ is a diarthrodial joint, which is a discontinuous articulation of two bones permitting freedom of movement that is dictated by associated muscles and limited by ligaments.
It is also a synovial joint, lined on its inner aspect by a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid. The fluid acts as a joint lubricant and supplies the metabolic and nutritional needs of the non-vascularized internal joint structures.
Functionally the TMJ is a compound joint, composed of four articulating surfaces:
articular facets of the temporal bone
articular facets of the mandibular condyle
superior surface of the articular disk
inferior surface of the articular disk.
The articular disk divides the joint into two compartments. The lower compartment permits hinge motion or rotation and hence is termed ginglymoid.
The superior compartment permits sliding (or translatory) movements and is therefore called arthrodial. Hence the temporomandibular joint as a whole can be termed ginglymoarthrodial.
SYNONYMS
Craniomandibular joint/ articulation
Mandibular joint
Bicondylar joint
Modified ball and socket joint
Compound joint
Diarthroidal joint
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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4. Temporomandibular Joint
• The area where the craniomandibular articulation occurs
is called the temporomandibular joint
• Bilateral diarthrodial joint
• Atypical synovial joint
• Ginglymoarthrodial joint
• Compound joint
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. DEVELOPMENT
• Articular Disc:Earliest appearance in 6 week old
embryo
• At 7 weeks: the future condyle is still only a
condensation of mesenchyme resting on osseous
lamella, which forms the mandibular ramus.
• 12 week – condylar growth cartilage makes its 1st
appearance and begins to develop a hemi-spherical
articular surface
.
• By 13th week – condyle and articular disc having moved
up into contact with temporal bone.www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. DEVELOPMENT
• Only when such articular contact has been made do the
joint cavities develop.
• Inferior space appearing first.
• Disc begins to get compressed.
• When central portion of disc is compressed this part
becomes avascular.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. DEVELOPMENT
By 26th week:
• All components of TMJ present except articular
eminence.
• Meckel’s cartilage still extends through GF, but by thirty-
first week is transformed into sphenomandibular
ligament.
By 39th week:
• Ossification of bones in this region has proceeded to the
point where; ligament gains its apparent attachment to
spine of sphenoid.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. HISTOLOGY OF ARTICULAR
SURFACES
• The Articular surface of the condyle and mandibular
fossa are composed of four distinct layers
• Articular zone
• Proliferative zone
• Fibrocartilaginous zone
• Calcified cartilaginous zone
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Condylar cartilage
• Similar to epiphyseal cartilage
• Endochondral ossification
• Absence of ordered column of cells
• Unidirectional and multidirectional growth pattern
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Bony components
Condylar head
Glenoid fossa
Articular eminence
Muscles
Muscles involved in
mastication.
Facial muscles.
Muscles of the neck
Soft tissue
Articular disc
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Muscles
attached to
joint
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. SQUAMOUS PART OF THE
TEMPORAL BONE
• Mandibular or articular or glenoid fossa
• Degree of the convexity- dictates the pathway of the
condyle
• Posterior roof of the mandibular fossa is thin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Condyloid process
• It is the portion of the mandible that articulates with the
cranium around which movement occurs
• Anterior view it has a medial and lateral projection s
which are called as poles
• ML length - 15 to 20 mm
• AP length - 8 to 10mm.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. • Posterior articulating surface is greater than anterior
surface.
• The articulating surface of condyle is quite convex
anteroposteriorly and only slightly convex mediolaterally.
• Pterygoid fovea on the antero-medial aspect of the
mandibular neck where inferior head and most fibres of
the superior head and lateral pterygoid muscle insert on
the mandible.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. ARTICULAR DISC
• Dense fibrous connective tissue devoid of blood vessels
and nerves
• Sagittal plane divided into three regions according to the
thickness
• Central area is thinnest and it is called intermediate zone
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. • Anterior is thick
• Posterior is thick
• Articular surface of the condyle located on the
intermediate zone of the disc bordered by the thicker
anterior and posterior regions
• Shape of the disc governed by the morphology of the
condyle and the mandibular fossa
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. • The articular disc is attached posteriorly to the region of
loose connective tissue that is highly vascularized and
innervated which is called as retrodiscal tissue or
posterior attachments or bilaminar region.
• The articular disc is attached to the capsular ligament
not only anteriorly and posteriorly and also medially and
laterally this divides the joint into two distinct cavities.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. Ligaments
• As with any joint system, ligaments play an important
role in protecting the structures
• The ligaments of joints are made up of collagenous
connective tissues which do not stretch.
• They do not enter actively into joint function but instead
act as a passive restraining devices to limit and restrict
border movements
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. 3 functional ligaments that support the TMJ
• Collateral ligaments
• Capsular ligaments
• Temporomandibular ligament
3 accessory ligaments
• Sphenomandibular ligament
• Stylomandibular ligament
• Retinacular ligament
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Collateral ligaments
• Discal ligaments
• They attach the medial and lateral borders of the
articular disc to the poles of the condyle
• Medial discal ligament –attaches the medial edge of the
disc to the medial pole of the condyle
• Lateral discal ligament-attaches the lateral edge of the
disc to the lateral pole of the condyle
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. • These ligaments are responsible for dividing joint
mediolaterally into superior and inferior joint cavities
• The discal ligaments are true ligaments, composed of
collagenous c.t fibers –they do not stretch
• Restrict the movement of disc away from the condyle
that means they allow the disc to move passively with
condyle as it glides anteriorly and posteriorly
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. • The attachment of discal ligaments permit the disc to be
rotated anteriorly and posteriorly on the articular surface
of the condyle thus the these ligaments are responsible
for the hinging movements of the TMJ.
• The discal ligaments have a vascular supply and are
innervated
• This innervation provides information regarding joint
position and movement
• Strain on these ligaments produce pain
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Capsular ligament
• Entire TMJ is surrounded and encompassed by the
capsular ligament
• The fibers of capsular ligament are attached superiorly to
the temporal bone along the borders of articular surfaces
of the mandibular fossa and articular eminence
• Inferiorly attach to the neck of the condyle
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. • Capsular ligament acts to resist any medial ,lateral or
inferior forces that tend to separate or dislocate articular
surfaces
• A significant function of the capsular ligament is to
encompass the joint ,thus retaining the synovial fluid.
• The capsular ligament is well innervated and provides
proprioceptive feedback regarding position and
movement of the joint.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. Temporomandibular ligament
• The lateral aspect of the capsular ligament is
reinforced by strong,tight fibers that make up lateral
ligament or temporomandibular ligament.
• The temporomandibular ligament is composed of
2parts
1. Outer oblique portion
2. Inner horizontal portion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. • Outer oblique portion-extends from the outer surface of
the articular tubercle and zygomatic process
posteroinferiorly to the outer surface of condylar neck.
• Inner horizontal portion-extends from outer surface of the
articular tubercle and zygomatic process posteriorly and
horizontally to the lateral pole of the condyle and the
posterior part of the articular disc.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. • The inner horizontal portion of TM ligament limits
posterior movement of the condyle and disc.
• When force applied to the mandible displaces the
condyle posteriorly,this portion of ligament becomes tight
and prevents the condyle from moving into the posterior
region of mandibular fossa by which it protects the
retrodiscal tissues from trauma.
• The inner horizontal portion also protects the the lateral
pterygoid muscle from over lenghtening or over
extension
www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. RETINACULAR LIGAMENTS
• Recently it has been described in association with TM
joint.
• Arises from the articular eminence, descends along the
ramus of the mandible.
• Insertion: fascia overlying the masseter muscle at the
angle of the mandible.
• As the ligament is connected to the posterolateral aspect
of the retrodiscal tissues and contains an accompanying
vein.
• Action: It maintains blood circulation during the
masticatory movements.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. Synovial membrane
• Specialized fringe located at the anterior border of the
retrodiscal tissues produces a synovial fluid which fills
the joint cavities thus it is turned as a synovial joint.
• Capsule lined on its inner surface
• Membrane does not cover articular disk except for
posterior bilaminar region
• Consists of 2 layers
1. Cellular intima
2. Vascular sub-intima -prevents folding of membrane
www.indiandentalacademy.com
72. Synovial fluid
• Since articular surfaces of joint are nonvascular, the
synovial fluid acts as a medium for providing metabolic
nutrients to these tissues
• The synovial fluid also serves as a lubricant between
articular surfaces during function
• Composition - dialysate of plasma with some added
protein of mucin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
82. TYPES OF MUSCLES
• Muscle cells are mainly of three types
1. STRIATED MUSCLE
a. SKELETAL OR VOLUNTARY
2. NON-STRIATED,SMOOTH OR
INVOLUNTARY
3. CARDIAC MUSCLE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
93. MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
• Mastication forces The aev maximum
sustainable biting force is 756N{170 pounds}.
• Molar region: Biting force range 400-890N
• Premolar region: Biting force range 222-445N
• Cuspid region: Biting force range 133-334N
• Incisor region:Biting force range 89-111N {20-55
pounds}
www.indiandentalacademy.com
94. PRIMARY MUSCLES OF
MASTICATION
• MASSETER
• TEMPORALIS
• MEDIAL AND LATERAL PTERYGOID
SECONDARY MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
The suprahyoid group of muscles being used as
secondary or supplementary muscles they are
• Digastric
• Mylohyoid
• Geniohyoid
www.indiandentalacademy.com
95. THE MASSETER
• Quadrilateral and and consist of three layers.
ATTACHEMENTS
• Superficial Layer: Arises by thick aponeurosis.
From zygomatic process of maxilla and anterior
2/3 of lower border of zygomatic arch, pass
downward and back wards at an angle of
45degree and inserted into lower part of lateral
surface of ramus of mandible
www.indiandentalacademy.com
96. • MIDDLE LAYER: Arises from anterior 2/3 of the
deep surface and posterior 1/3 of the lower
border of the zygomatic arch,pass vertically
downwards and and inserted into middle part of
ramus.
• DEEP LAYER: Arises from deep surface of the
zygomatic arch, pass vertically downwards and
inserted into the upper part of the ramus and
into the coronoid process.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
100. • Nerve supply:
MASSETRIC NERVE, a
branch of anterior
division of mandibular
nerve (which is the 3rd
part of V cranial nerve-
trigeminal nerve).
• Blood supply:
Maxillary artery, which is a
branch of external
carotid artery.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
101. ACTIONS OF MASSETER
Actions:
• Elevates the mandible to close the mouth
and to occlude the teeth in mastication.
• Its activity in the resting position is
minimal.
• It has a small effect in side-to-side
movement, protraction and retraction.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
102. THE TEMPORALIS
TEMPORAL FASCIAE
• Thick aponeurotic sheet that roofs over the temporal fossa and
covers the temporalis muscle
.
• ATTACHEMENTS
• Fan shaped
• Arises from whole of temporal fossa.(except the part formed by
zygomatic bone) and deep surface of temporal fascia
• Fibers converge and descend into a tendon .
• It passes through the gap between the zygomatic arch and the side
of the skull
• Attached to medial surface,apex,anterior and posterior border of
coronoid process and anterior border of the ramus of the mandible
as far as last molar.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
105. • BLOOD SUPPLY
Deep temporal part
of maxillary artery
• NERVE SUPPLY
Temporalis is
supplied by the
deep temporal
branches of the
anterior trunk of
mandibular nerve.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
106. ACTIONS OF TEMPORALIS
• Elevates the mandible,this movement requires both the
upward pull of anterior fibers and backward pull of the
posterior fibers.
• Posterior fibers draw the mandible backwards after it has
been protruded.
• It is also a contributor to side to side grinding movement.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
109. SIDE TO SIDE GRINDING
MOVEMENT
www.indiandentalacademy.com
110. MEDIAL PTERYGOID
ATTACHEMENTS
• It is a thick quadrilateral muscle
• Attached to medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and
grooved surface of pyramidal process of the palatine bone.
• A more superficial slip from the lateral surface of pyramidal
process of the palatine bone and tuberosity of maxilla
• Its fibers pass downwards laterally and backwards
• Attached by a strong tendinous lamina ,to the postero-inferior
part of the medial surfaces of the ramus and the angle of the
mandible
• It is attached as high as mandibular foramen and as far forward
as the mylohyoid groove
www.indiandentalacademy.com
112. • NERVE SUPPLY
Branch of the main
trunk of the
mandibular nerve
• BLOOD SUPPLY
Pterygoid branch of
2nd part of
maxillary artery
www.indiandentalacademy.com
113. Actions of medial pterygoid
• Assits in elevating the mandible
• Acting with the lateral pterygoid they protrude it
• Acting with medial pterygoid of same side
advances the condyle ,while the jaw rotates
through the opposite condyle(when the medial
and lateral pterygoid of the two sides contract
alternatively to produce side to side movements
of mandible eg chewing)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
114. Medial and lateral pterygoid act
together to protrude the mandible
www.indiandentalacademy.com
115. LATERAL PTERYGOID
• ATTACHMENTS
It is a short thick muscle with two parts or head
• UPPER head arise from infratemporal surface and
infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
• LOWER head arise from lateral surface of lateral
pterygoid plate.
• Its fibers pass backwards and laterally to be inserted into
a depression(pterygoid fovea)on the front of the neck of
the mandible and into the articular capsule and disc of
the temporomandibular articulation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
119. • NERVE SUPPLY
The lateral pterygoid
is supplied by a
branch of anterior
division of the
mandibular nerv
• BLOOD SUPPLY
Pterygoid branch of
2nd part of
maxillary artery
www.indiandentalacademy.com
120. ACTIONS OF LATERAL
PTERYGOID
• Assists in opening the mouth with suprahyoid muscle.
• Slow elongation while closing the mouth with masseter and
temporalis
• Acting with medial pterygoid of same side advances the condyle
,while the jaw rotates through the opposite condyle(when the medial
and lateral pterygoid of the two sides contract alternatively to
produce side to side movements of mandible eg chewing).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
121. • When the medial and lateral pterygoids of two
sides act together they protrude the mandible so
that the lower incisors project in front of the
other.
• Some authorities have ascribed different actions
to the two parts of pterygoid muscle.
• The upper (superior)head being involved in
chewing
• The inferior in protrusion,electromyographic
records in rhesus monkey favors this view.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
125. Medial and lateral pterygoid act
together to protrude the mandible
www.indiandentalacademy.com
126. Secondary muscles taking part in
the mastication
The 4 primary muscles of mastication are in turn
supported or supplemented by few secondary
muscles known as SUPRAHYOID GROUP of
muscles they are
• DIGASTRIC
• MYLOHYOID
• GENIOHYOID
• STYLOHYOID is other suprahyoid muscle,
which does not take part in mastication
www.indiandentalacademy.com
127. • DIGASTRIC- The muscle has secondary role in mastication
as a depressor muscle adding to the action of lateral
pterygoid muscle when mouth is to be opened against
resistance. Elevation of hyoid bone
• MYLOHYOID- The secondary role of this muscle is evident
as a depressor seen in action when mouth is to be opened
against resistance.
• It elevates the floor of mouth to help in degluttition.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
128. • GENIOHYOID- Geniohyoid elevates the hyoid bone and draws it
forward, thus acting as a partial antagonist to stylohyoid.
• When the hyoid bone is fixed, it depresses the mandible
www.indiandentalacademy.com
129. Cervical Group:
• Indirectly involved in mandibular function
.
• They are Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid ,Anterior vertebral
muscles,the lateral vertebral muscles and other deep posterior
cervical muscles.
• They act to stabilize head posture during the active contraction
of the masticatory ,suprahyoid and infra hyoid muscles during
the mastication and swallowing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
131. BIOMECHANICS
• Complex joint system.
• Compound joint – Its structure and function can be divided
into 2 distinct system:
• Condyle disc complex.
• Condyle disc complex and articulating surface of mandibular
fossa.
• Constant contact between joint surfaces for stability is
required.
• Disc space more at rest, decreases with an increase in
pressure of the joint
www.indiandentalacademy.com
132. • Movement involving the joints has been divided
different phases
• Occlusal or rest position
• Retruded opening phase or rotation
• Early protrusive opening phase or functional opening
• Late protrusive opening phase or translation
• Early closing phase
• Retrusive closing phase
www.indiandentalacademy.com
133. OCCLUSAL OR REST POSITION
• The rest position is the first step and
involves a static jaw position
• In this, the joint is in loose pack
position,the connective tissue at rest
• The posterior band occupies the
deepest part of the mandible fossa
• The intermediate zone and the
anterior band lies between the condyle
and posterior slope of the eminence
www.indiandentalacademy.com
134. RETRUDED OPENING PHASE
OR ROTATION
• The condyle rotates and moves 5
to 6 mm inferior to the
intermediate zone
• The condyle joint surface glides
forward and the medial pole of the
condyle moves anterosuperiorly
and the lateral pole moves
posteroinferiorly
• The shape of inferior compartment
changes the most
• The upper lateral pterygoid relaxes
and the lower lateral pterygoid
contracts
• The posterior connective tissues is
in a functional state of restwww.indiandentalacademy.com
135. EARLY PROTRUSIVE OPENING PHASE
OR FUNCTIONAL OPENING
• The condyle moves inferiorly
and anteriorly approximately 6
to 9 mm below the
intermediate zone.
• The disk and the condyle
experience the short anterior
translatory glide
• The upper and lower head of
lateral pterygoid contract to
guide the disk and the condyle
shortly forward
• The posterior connective
tissues is in a functional
tightning
www.indiandentalacademy.com
136. LATE PROTRUSIVE OPENING PHASE
OR TRANSLATION
• The condyle moves inferiorly and
anteriorly beneath the anterior band
i.e there is full opening more, space
develops in the superior
compartment
• The upper and lower head of Lateral
pterygoid contract to guide the disk
and the condyle fully forward
• The posterior connective tissues
tightens
www.indiandentalacademy.com
137. EARLY CLOSING PHASE
• The condyle translates posteriorly, about 6 to 9 mm, to the
intermediate zone
• There is simultaneous reduction of space posteriorly in the
superior compartment
www.indiandentalacademy.com
138. RETRUSIVE CLOSING PHASE
• The condyle rotates superiorly but
remains inferior to the posterior band
• This movement reduces the space in
the inferior compartment
• The upper head of the lateral pterygoid
contracts and The lower head of the
lateral pterygoid relaxes
• This tightens the mandibular
attachment, and forces blood from the
posterior compartments
• The posterior connective tissues
returns to the functional rest movements
www.indiandentalacademy.com
141. 1. Is it difficult or painful to open the mouth (e.g.,
yawning)?
2. Does the jaw get stuck, locked, or go out?
3. Is it difficult or painful to chew, talk, or use the jaws?
4. Do the jaw joints make noises?
5. Do the jaws often feel stiff, tight, or tired? Is there pain
in or about the ears, temples, or cheeks?
6. Are headaches, neck aches, or toothaches frequent?
7. Has there been a recent injury to the head, neck, or
jaw?
8. Have there been any recent changes in bite?
9. Has there been previous treatment for any unexplained
facial pain or a jaw joint problem?
QUESTIONAIRE
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154. HORIZONTAL PLANE BORDER &
FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS
When mandibular movements are viewed in the
horizontal plane, a rhomboid-shaped pattern can be
seen that has a functional component, & 4 distinct
movement components:-
1) Left lateral border
2) Continued left lateral border
with protrusion
3) Right lateral border
4) Continued right lateral border
with protrusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
155. Left Lateral Border Movements
• With the condyles in the centric relation position, contraction of the
right inferior lateral pterygoid move the right condyle - anteriorly and
medially.
• If left inferior pterygoid stays relaxed, with the left condyle still in the
CR & result will be left lateral border movement.
• Left condyle- working or rotatory
Right condyle- non-working or
orbiting
www.indiandentalacademy.com
156. Continued Left Lateral Border Movements
With Protrusion
• With the mandible in the left lateral border position, contraction of
the left inferior lateral pterygoid along with continued contraction of
right inferior lateral pterygoid will cause the left condyle to move
anteriorly to the right.
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157. Right Lateral Border Movements
• Left condyle-orbiting
• Right condyle- rotatory
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159. LATERAL MOVEMENT
– When lateral movement is executed the working condyle rotates
& moves outward while, other non working condyle translates
forward, medially downward orbiting around the rotating working
condyle.
– The orbiting condylar path is
known as sagittal lateral
condylar path.
– Lateral condylar path is longer
& more steep than the protrusive
condylar path.
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165. Diagnostic information
• Lateral aspect of joint space , glenoid fossa, articular
eminence, condylar head
• Position of the head of condyle
• Shape of glenoid fossa and articular eminence
• Condition of articular surface
• Gross osseous changes on the lateral aspect of condyle
• Displaced condylar feacture
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172. Diagnostic information
• Entire mediolateral dimension of articular eminence,
condylar head and neck is visible
• Condylar neck fractures
• Morphology of convex surface of condylar head can be
evaluated
• Gross degenerative changes
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175. Diagnstic information
• Shape of the condylar head and condition of articular
surface from posterior aspect
• Direct comparison of both condyles
• Fractures of head and neck
• Condylar hypo/hyper-plasia
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181. Advantages
• Assesment of whole joint
• Position of the head of condyle
• Shape of the head of condyle
• Information of all aspects of joint
• Position and orientation of fracture
fragments
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185. Advantages
• Images both hard and soft tissues
• Disc condyle comlex can be evaluated
• 3 D image
• No physical trauma
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187. MANDIBULAR TRACKING
DEVICES
• Disc displacement with reduction
• Click with deviation
• Exact movement of mandible can be recorded
• Diagnose and monitor TMD
• Sensitivity and specifity
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188. Sonography
• Recording and graphically demonstrating joint sounds
• Audio-amplifying devices
• Ultra-sound echo recordings
• Specific disc derangement
• No additional diagnostic information
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189. Vibration analysis
• Intra-capsular and internal derangement
• Minute vibrations by condyle
• Identifying disc displacement
• Selection of appropriate patient therapy
• Positve finding
• Non reducing derangement
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190. Thermography
• Records and graphically illustrates skin temp.
• Various temperatures recorded by different colors
• Bilateral symmetrical thermogram
• Asymmetric thermogram associated with TMD
• Identifying myo-facial trigger points
• Show greater variability of normal temp. In 2 sides of face
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191. CLASSIFICATION
I Masticatory muscle disorders
1. Protective co-contraction (11.8-4)*
2. Local muscle soreness (11.8.4)
3. Myofascial pain (11.8.1)
4. Myospasm (11.8-3)
5. Centrally mediated myalgia (11.8.2)
II Temporomandibular joint disorders
1. Derangement of the condyle-disc complex
• Disc displacements (11.7.2.1)
• Disc dislocation with reduction (11.7.2.1)
• Disc dislocation without reduction (11.7-2.2)
2. Structural incompatibility of the articular surfaces
a. Deviation in form (11.7.1)
i. Disc
ii. Condyle
iii. Fossa
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192. b. Adhesions (11.7.7.1)
i. Disc to condyle
ii. Disc to fossa
c. Subluxation (hypermobility) (11.7.3)
d. Spontaneous dislocation (11.7.3)
3. Inflammatory disorders of the TMJ
a. Synovitis/capsulitis (U.7-4.1)
b. Retrodiscitis (11.7.4.1)
c Arthritides (11.7.6)
i. Osteoarthritis (11.7.5)
ii. Osteoarthrosis (11.7.5)
iii. Polyarthritides (11.7.4.2)
d. Inflammatory disorders of associated structures
i. Temporal tendonitis
ii. Stylomandibular ligament inflammation
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193. III Chronic mandibular hypomobility
1. Ankylosis (11.7.6)
a. Fibrous (11.7.6.1)
b. Bony (11.7.6.2)
2. Muscle contracture (11.8.5)
a. Myostatic
b. Myofibrotic
3. Coronoid impedance
IV. Growth disorders
1. Congenital and developmental bone disorders
a. Agenesis (11.7.1.1)
b. Hypoplasia (11.7.1.2)
c. Hyperplasia (11.7.1.3)
d. Keoplasia (11.7.1.4)
2. Congenital and developmental muscle disorders
a. Hypotrophy
b. Hypertrophy (11.8.6)
c. Neoplasia (11-8.7)
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194. TMJ DISORDERS
Classification:
1) Growth disorders and the joint
• Developmental disorders.
• Acquired disorders.
• Neoplastic disorders.
2) Masticatory muscle disorders:
• Protective muscle splinting.
• Muscle hyperactivity or spasm.
• Myositis (muscle inflammation).
3) Disk interference disorders (internal derangement)
• Incoordination.
• Deformation of articular disk.
• Partial anterior disk displacement.
• Anterior disk displacement with reduction.
• Anterior disk displacement without reduction.
• Anterior disk displacement with perforation.
• Posterior disk displacement.www.indiandentalacademy.com