Timeline of Antibiotic Resistance
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The document outlines a timeline of antibiotic resistance from the 1940s to present day. It describes the golden era of antibiotic development from the 1940s-1960s with the introduction of penicillin and other drugs. However, resistance began emerging only years later, with resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus identified in the 1940s. While new antibiotics continued to be discovered, resistance increased sharply over time. Since the 1960s, fewer new antibiotics have been developed, leaving many bacterial diseases vulnerable as resistance renders many drugs ineffective.
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Presentation1
The document outlines a timeline of antibiotic resistance that begins with the golden era of antibiotic development from the 1940s-1960s with the introduction of penicillin and other drugs. Within years, the first resistant bacterial strains emerged, though new antibiotic discovery continued. Since the 1960s, antibiotic development has declined significantly, with larger gaps between new drugs, and most effective antibiotics are now ineffective due to multidrug-resistant strains arising. This leaves an uncertain future regarding treatment of bacterial diseases.
Microbes in the Media: In Silico Screening and Halicin
In silico screening uses machine learning algorithms to screen over 100 million chemical compounds to identify new antibiotics that kill bacteria through novel mechanisms compared to existing drugs. MIT researchers developed a computer model that correlated molecular structures with antibacterial characteristics to identify compounds. Testing identified Halicin, which has a novel structure and is bactericidal, killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria through a unique mechanism of disrupting electrochemical gradients. Halicin prevented the development of resistance in E. coli better than ciprofloxacin and holds promise as a new broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Resistance to Antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotic resistance, its causes like overuse of antibiotics and horizontal gene transfer between bacteria, and mechanisms like changing antibiotic structure or pumping it out of cells. It provides examples of diseases showing resistance like MRSA, tuberculosis, pneumonia and malaria. Possible solutions mentioned are vaccines, cytokines, bacteriophage therapy and responsible antibiotic use.
Antimicrobial resistance for clinicians
Slide from WHO CME ITALIAN COURSE
Antimicrobial resistance for clinicians
Core competencies for antimicrobial prescribing:
Understands the patient and the patient’s clinical needs
Understands treatment options and how they support the
patient’s clinical needs
Works in partnership with the patient and other healthcare
professionals to develop and implement a treatment plan
Communicates the treatment plan and its rationale clearly to
the patient and other health professionals
Monitors and reviews the patient’s response to treatment
The effects of antibiotics
This document outlines a research project on the effects of antibiotics. It will discuss topics like overuse of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, and use of antibiotics in agriculture. The document provides background on the history of antibiotics, including the discovery of penicillin in 1928 and its widespread medical use starting in 1942. It lists sources that will be referenced and poses questions about why new antibiotics take so long to develop and what alternatives exist to antibiotics for bacterial infections. An opposing viewpoint that antibiotics are always beneficial will also be addressed.
ARE WE KILLING ANTIBIOTICS?
Antibiotics are facing their final stage of survival as common bacteria take over in violent opportunistic infections. Hospitals have become hotbeds for spreading antibiotic-resistant infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in hospitals and at home, is contributing to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat. If antibiotic resistance continues to spread unchecked, it could lead to widespread healthcare issues and even the end of modern medicine as we know it.
Scientists create 1st new antibiotic in nearly 30 years
Scientists have discovered the first new antibiotic in nearly 30 years called Teixobactin. It is effective against many common bacterial infections like tuberculosis and C. difficile. Teixobactin works via a novel dual mechanism attacking the building blocks of bacterial cell walls. Testing on mice showed it cleared infections without side effects. This discovery is significant because Teixobactin does not encounter any detectable resistance, which could lead to a new generation of antibiotics. It may be available for human use within 5 years.
Antibiotic Resistance, Mechanism and Impact on society
Antibiotic resistance, Various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance,Factors contributing for antibiotic resistance and Impacts of the antibiotic resistance in society
Recommended
Presentation1
The document outlines a timeline of antibiotic resistance that begins with the golden era of antibiotic development from the 1940s-1960s with the introduction of penicillin and other drugs. Within years, the first resistant bacterial strains emerged, though new antibiotic discovery continued. Since the 1960s, antibiotic development has declined significantly, with larger gaps between new drugs, and most effective antibiotics are now ineffective due to multidrug-resistant strains arising. This leaves an uncertain future regarding treatment of bacterial diseases.
Microbes in the Media: In Silico Screening and Halicin
In silico screening uses machine learning algorithms to screen over 100 million chemical compounds to identify new antibiotics that kill bacteria through novel mechanisms compared to existing drugs. MIT researchers developed a computer model that correlated molecular structures with antibacterial characteristics to identify compounds. Testing identified Halicin, which has a novel structure and is bactericidal, killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria through a unique mechanism of disrupting electrochemical gradients. Halicin prevented the development of resistance in E. coli better than ciprofloxacin and holds promise as a new broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Resistance to Antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotic resistance, its causes like overuse of antibiotics and horizontal gene transfer between bacteria, and mechanisms like changing antibiotic structure or pumping it out of cells. It provides examples of diseases showing resistance like MRSA, tuberculosis, pneumonia and malaria. Possible solutions mentioned are vaccines, cytokines, bacteriophage therapy and responsible antibiotic use.
Antimicrobial resistance for clinicians
Slide from WHO CME ITALIAN COURSE
Antimicrobial resistance for clinicians
Core competencies for antimicrobial prescribing:
Understands the patient and the patient’s clinical needs
Understands treatment options and how they support the
patient’s clinical needs
Works in partnership with the patient and other healthcare
professionals to develop and implement a treatment plan
Communicates the treatment plan and its rationale clearly to
the patient and other health professionals
Monitors and reviews the patient’s response to treatment
The effects of antibiotics
This document outlines a research project on the effects of antibiotics. It will discuss topics like overuse of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, and use of antibiotics in agriculture. The document provides background on the history of antibiotics, including the discovery of penicillin in 1928 and its widespread medical use starting in 1942. It lists sources that will be referenced and poses questions about why new antibiotics take so long to develop and what alternatives exist to antibiotics for bacterial infections. An opposing viewpoint that antibiotics are always beneficial will also be addressed.
ARE WE KILLING ANTIBIOTICS?
Antibiotics are facing their final stage of survival as common bacteria take over in violent opportunistic infections. Hospitals have become hotbeds for spreading antibiotic-resistant infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in hospitals and at home, is contributing to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat. If antibiotic resistance continues to spread unchecked, it could lead to widespread healthcare issues and even the end of modern medicine as we know it.
Scientists create 1st new antibiotic in nearly 30 years
Scientists have discovered the first new antibiotic in nearly 30 years called Teixobactin. It is effective against many common bacterial infections like tuberculosis and C. difficile. Teixobactin works via a novel dual mechanism attacking the building blocks of bacterial cell walls. Testing on mice showed it cleared infections without side effects. This discovery is significant because Teixobactin does not encounter any detectable resistance, which could lead to a new generation of antibiotics. It may be available for human use within 5 years.
Antibiotic Resistance, Mechanism and Impact on society
Antibiotic resistance, Various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance,Factors contributing for antibiotic resistance and Impacts of the antibiotic resistance in society
Antibiotic resistance -aveen omer
1. Antibiotics are drugs that kill or slow the growth of bacteria. They work through various mechanisms like inhibiting cell wall synthesis or interfering with bacterial DNA/RNA.
2. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance through mechanisms like producing drug-inactivating enzymes or modifying antibiotic target sites.
3. The spread of antibiotic resistance is a major global concern as it could lead us back to a pre-antibiotic era where many infections were untreatable. Factors driving resistance include overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals.
Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of
microorganisms that cause disease to withstand
attack by antimicrobial medicines…
Resistance with narrations
1) This document discusses how bacteria and insects can evolve resistance to antibiotics and pesticides due to variation, mutations, sexual reproduction, rapid reproduction rates, and selection pressures from human use of these substances.
2) It provides examples of bacteria and insects as organisms that can evolve quickly due to short generations and large numbers of offspring.
3) An activity is described to show how bacterial resistance to antibiotics depends on genetic variation, the adaptive value of resistance genes, survival of resistant bacteria when exposed to antibiotics, and reproduction of the resistant bacteria to pass on those genes.
Antibiotic resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance. It begins by introducing antibiotics and their mechanisms of action in treating bacterial infections. It then defines antibiotic resistance as occurring when bacteria change in response to antibiotics, making the antibiotics ineffective. The document outlines two ways bacteria become resistant: genetic mutation or acquiring resistance from other bacteria. It provides examples of "superbugs" like MRSA, VRSA, and VRE that have developed resistance. Finally, it notes that minimizing unnecessary antibiotic use can help reduce the spread of resistance.
Antimicrobial Resistance - AMR
Antimicrobial Resistance - AMR
A short presentation on Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on One health day organized in the Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur by the Department of Zoology. It's a short go through of the topic AMR.
biotechnolical approach to treat and prevent the creation of superbug in future
Superbugs have developed resistance to many antibiotics due to their overuse and misuse. This threatens our ability to treat bacterial infections (1). Researchers are exploring new approaches using nanotechnology, biotherapy, and inhibiting bacterial DNA exchange to develop effective treatments (2). However, it may take decades to achieve breakthroughs, during which many patients could die. Increased funding support is needed from multiple sources for research to continue developing new antibiotics and treatments in the interim (3).
Rate of Antibiotic Resistance Doubles According to Two Studies
Antibiotic resistance has doubled in recent years according to two new studies. A study in Europe found resistance to clarithromycin increased by 22% in 2018 compared to under 10% 20 years ago. Resistance to metronidazole and levofloxacin also rose in 18 European countries. A second study found resistance to the antibiotic ceftolozane-tazobactam emerged after only 22 days in patients taking the drug. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has largely contributed to growing antibiotic resistance, which is becoming a major threat to public health.
Introduction to antibiotic resistance
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through genetic mutations or acquiring new genetic material that allows them to evade antibiotics. Antibiotics target vulnerabilities in bacterial cells like cell wall synthesis, DNA synthesis, and cell membranes to kill or stop bacterial growth. However, resistance occurs when bacteria develop impermeability, efflux pumps, alterations of antibiotic targets, or enzymes that break down antibiotics. Resistance can then spread as bacteria exchange genetic material through transposons or plasmids.
Evolution of antibiotic resistance
The document discusses the growing problem of antibiotic resistance around the world. It provides statistics on antibiotic resistance from the US, Europe, and Middle East. It describes the "superbug" NDM-1 found in India that is resistant to nearly all antibiotics. The document also discusses ongoing research into the evolution of antibiotic resistance and databases that track resistance genes. It summarizes projects by the ND4BB to address antibiotic resistance through collaboration between academics and industry. These projects aim to create a network of clinical sites, study how drugs enter and remain in bacteria, and facilitate drug discovery.
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance has become a major health problem as bacteria evolve and develop defenses against antibiotics. When antibiotics were first introduced, they revolutionized medicine and many bacterial infections could be treated. However, over-prescription and over-use of antibiotics has accelerated the development of resistance. Now many bacterial infections are becoming harder or impossible to treat due to antibiotic-resistant strains. Managing antibiotic resistance requires more responsible antibiotic use to reduce selection pressure for resistance, developing new classes of antibiotics, and limiting transmission of resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance a global concern part ii
Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-resistant. These bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality.
The world urgently needs to change the way it prescribes and uses antibiotics. Even if new medicines are developed, without behaviour change, antibiotic resistance will remain a major threat. Behaviour changes must also include actions to reduce the spread of infections through vaccination, hand washing, practising safer sex, and good food hygiene.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Roles of Different Stakeholders_Prof saidur rahman
This document summarizes a presentation on antimicrobial resistance and the roles of different stakeholders. It discusses the importance and development of antimicrobial resistance, including how resistance genes can be transferred between microbes and across human, animal, and environmental boundaries. It outlines global trends in antimicrobial consumption and reviews evidence that overuse contributes to resistance. The document also summarizes the limited pipeline of new antimicrobial drugs and calls for optimization of medically important antimicrobial use in animals and humans to preserve drug effectiveness. It identifies stakeholders across human, animal, and environmental domains that must work together to address antimicrobial resistance as a global challenge.
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Antibiotics have been very effective at treating bacterial infections but overuse has led to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. As early as the 1940s scientists warned about this risk, and bacteria have developed several mechanisms for becoming resistant including mutations, resistance genes from other bacteria, and failing to fully treat infections. The overprescription of antibiotics, both in medicine and agriculture, has accelerated this resistance problem to the point that many drugs are now ineffective, threatening our ability to treat common infections. Reducing unnecessary use, finishing antibiotic regimens, and developing new drugs more quickly are some approaches to address this growing public health crisis.
Antibiotic ppt by shuman 2
Antibiotics are drugs that treat bacterial infections by either killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. There are several classes of antibiotics that work through different mechanisms such as inhibiting cell wall formation, interfering with DNA/protein formation, or preventing folic acid synthesis. While antibiotics are generally effective treatments, overuse and misuse has led to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The document provides a detailed overview of the history, uses, mechanisms, types, and issues related to antibiotic use and resistance.
SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (SOJMID) is a multi disciplinary Open Access Journal that envisions itself as a research forum envisaging major developments in the field of microbiology.
SOJMID exclusively covers the biology of all microbial forms i.e., acellular, unicellular, and multicellular microorganisms (prokaryotic & eukaryotic). The scope of the journal not only covers the microbial infections; but it also gives prominence to the beneficial aspects like industrial microbiology. It features Scholarly Articles on virology, parasitology, mycology and bacteriology. The manuscripts illustrating the application of microbiology in related fields like pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medical & clinical and biochemistry are also published.
Superbug
This document discusses superbugs and antibiotic resistance. It defines superbugs as bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. It describes the NDM-1 gene, which confers resistance to carbapenems, and notes it was first identified in India in 2010. The document outlines the main mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance, including drug modification, altered target sites, and efflux pumps. It lists overuse and misuse of antibiotics as key causes of rising superbug infections globally.
Antibiotics resistance
Antibiotics have become a critical medical intervention but antibiotic resistance has increased markedly as micro-organisms develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. The WHO considers antibiotic resistance one of the top public health threats of the 21st century as bacteria can survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill them due to changes that allow resistance to develop.
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious disease
This document summarizes the rise of antimicrobial resistance as a growing public health issue linked to overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. It discusses how non-therapeutic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals has led to widespread resistance in bacteria. Studies show resistant bacteria can spread between animals on a farm and from animals to nearby humans and environment even without antibiotic use. The overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has accelerated resistance by placing intense selective pressure on bacteria. Widespread antibiotic resistance now compromises treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Solutions proposed include restricting non-therapeutic antibiotic use in animals and more prudent antibiotic prescribing and use by medical professionals and consumers.
NDM-1 SUPERBUG
The document discusses the NDM-1 superbug, a gene carried by some bacteria that makes them resistant to nearly all antibiotics. The gene encodes for the enzyme New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) which breaks down carbapenem antibiotics. It was first discovered in a Swedish patient who had undergone surgery in India. The gene can be transferred between bacteria via small circles of DNA called plasmids, even between unrelated bacterial strains. This makes treatment very challenging as it can spread rapidly between different disease-causing bacteria. Prevention requires responsible antibiotic use and hygiene practices to limit the spread of resistant infections.
Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing health concern as many disease-causing bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites have developed resistance to existing drugs used to treat infections. Microbes develop resistance through natural evolution and selection pressures from overuse and misuse of antimicrobials. Inappropriate and unnecessary use in human medicine, agriculture, and a lack of new drug development are exacerbating the problem. New rapid diagnostics and antimicrobial stewardship are needed to help curb rising drug resistance.
Newer antibiotics and uses
This document discusses newer antibiotics and their uses. It introduces several classes of newer antibiotics, including oxazolidinones (linezolid), glycolipopeptides (daptomycin), glycopeptides (telavancin), and pleuromutilins (retapamulin). These newer drugs are effective against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens like MRSA and VRE. The document reviews the mechanisms of action, indications, clinical trial results, and side effects of these newer antibiotic classes.
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Antibiotic resistance -aveen omer
1. Antibiotics are drugs that kill or slow the growth of bacteria. They work through various mechanisms like inhibiting cell wall synthesis or interfering with bacterial DNA/RNA.
2. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance through mechanisms like producing drug-inactivating enzymes or modifying antibiotic target sites.
3. The spread of antibiotic resistance is a major global concern as it could lead us back to a pre-antibiotic era where many infections were untreatable. Factors driving resistance include overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals.
Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of
microorganisms that cause disease to withstand
attack by antimicrobial medicines…
Resistance with narrations
1) This document discusses how bacteria and insects can evolve resistance to antibiotics and pesticides due to variation, mutations, sexual reproduction, rapid reproduction rates, and selection pressures from human use of these substances.
2) It provides examples of bacteria and insects as organisms that can evolve quickly due to short generations and large numbers of offspring.
3) An activity is described to show how bacterial resistance to antibiotics depends on genetic variation, the adaptive value of resistance genes, survival of resistant bacteria when exposed to antibiotics, and reproduction of the resistant bacteria to pass on those genes.
Antibiotic resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance. It begins by introducing antibiotics and their mechanisms of action in treating bacterial infections. It then defines antibiotic resistance as occurring when bacteria change in response to antibiotics, making the antibiotics ineffective. The document outlines two ways bacteria become resistant: genetic mutation or acquiring resistance from other bacteria. It provides examples of "superbugs" like MRSA, VRSA, and VRE that have developed resistance. Finally, it notes that minimizing unnecessary antibiotic use can help reduce the spread of resistance.
Antimicrobial Resistance - AMR
Antimicrobial Resistance - AMR
A short presentation on Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on One health day organized in the Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur by the Department of Zoology. It's a short go through of the topic AMR.
biotechnolical approach to treat and prevent the creation of superbug in future
Superbugs have developed resistance to many antibiotics due to their overuse and misuse. This threatens our ability to treat bacterial infections (1). Researchers are exploring new approaches using nanotechnology, biotherapy, and inhibiting bacterial DNA exchange to develop effective treatments (2). However, it may take decades to achieve breakthroughs, during which many patients could die. Increased funding support is needed from multiple sources for research to continue developing new antibiotics and treatments in the interim (3).
Rate of Antibiotic Resistance Doubles According to Two Studies
Antibiotic resistance has doubled in recent years according to two new studies. A study in Europe found resistance to clarithromycin increased by 22% in 2018 compared to under 10% 20 years ago. Resistance to metronidazole and levofloxacin also rose in 18 European countries. A second study found resistance to the antibiotic ceftolozane-tazobactam emerged after only 22 days in patients taking the drug. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has largely contributed to growing antibiotic resistance, which is becoming a major threat to public health.
Introduction to antibiotic resistance
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through genetic mutations or acquiring new genetic material that allows them to evade antibiotics. Antibiotics target vulnerabilities in bacterial cells like cell wall synthesis, DNA synthesis, and cell membranes to kill or stop bacterial growth. However, resistance occurs when bacteria develop impermeability, efflux pumps, alterations of antibiotic targets, or enzymes that break down antibiotics. Resistance can then spread as bacteria exchange genetic material through transposons or plasmids.
Evolution of antibiotic resistance
The document discusses the growing problem of antibiotic resistance around the world. It provides statistics on antibiotic resistance from the US, Europe, and Middle East. It describes the "superbug" NDM-1 found in India that is resistant to nearly all antibiotics. The document also discusses ongoing research into the evolution of antibiotic resistance and databases that track resistance genes. It summarizes projects by the ND4BB to address antibiotic resistance through collaboration between academics and industry. These projects aim to create a network of clinical sites, study how drugs enter and remain in bacteria, and facilitate drug discovery.
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance has become a major health problem as bacteria evolve and develop defenses against antibiotics. When antibiotics were first introduced, they revolutionized medicine and many bacterial infections could be treated. However, over-prescription and over-use of antibiotics has accelerated the development of resistance. Now many bacterial infections are becoming harder or impossible to treat due to antibiotic-resistant strains. Managing antibiotic resistance requires more responsible antibiotic use to reduce selection pressure for resistance, developing new classes of antibiotics, and limiting transmission of resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance a global concern part ii
Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-resistant. These bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality.
The world urgently needs to change the way it prescribes and uses antibiotics. Even if new medicines are developed, without behaviour change, antibiotic resistance will remain a major threat. Behaviour changes must also include actions to reduce the spread of infections through vaccination, hand washing, practising safer sex, and good food hygiene.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Roles of Different Stakeholders_Prof saidur rahman
This document summarizes a presentation on antimicrobial resistance and the roles of different stakeholders. It discusses the importance and development of antimicrobial resistance, including how resistance genes can be transferred between microbes and across human, animal, and environmental boundaries. It outlines global trends in antimicrobial consumption and reviews evidence that overuse contributes to resistance. The document also summarizes the limited pipeline of new antimicrobial drugs and calls for optimization of medically important antimicrobial use in animals and humans to preserve drug effectiveness. It identifies stakeholders across human, animal, and environmental domains that must work together to address antimicrobial resistance as a global challenge.
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Antibiotics have been very effective at treating bacterial infections but overuse has led to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. As early as the 1940s scientists warned about this risk, and bacteria have developed several mechanisms for becoming resistant including mutations, resistance genes from other bacteria, and failing to fully treat infections. The overprescription of antibiotics, both in medicine and agriculture, has accelerated this resistance problem to the point that many drugs are now ineffective, threatening our ability to treat common infections. Reducing unnecessary use, finishing antibiotic regimens, and developing new drugs more quickly are some approaches to address this growing public health crisis.
Antibiotic ppt by shuman 2
Antibiotics are drugs that treat bacterial infections by either killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. There are several classes of antibiotics that work through different mechanisms such as inhibiting cell wall formation, interfering with DNA/protein formation, or preventing folic acid synthesis. While antibiotics are generally effective treatments, overuse and misuse has led to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The document provides a detailed overview of the history, uses, mechanisms, types, and issues related to antibiotic use and resistance.
SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (SOJMID) is a multi disciplinary Open Access Journal that envisions itself as a research forum envisaging major developments in the field of microbiology.
SOJMID exclusively covers the biology of all microbial forms i.e., acellular, unicellular, and multicellular microorganisms (prokaryotic & eukaryotic). The scope of the journal not only covers the microbial infections; but it also gives prominence to the beneficial aspects like industrial microbiology. It features Scholarly Articles on virology, parasitology, mycology and bacteriology. The manuscripts illustrating the application of microbiology in related fields like pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medical & clinical and biochemistry are also published.
Superbug
This document discusses superbugs and antibiotic resistance. It defines superbugs as bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. It describes the NDM-1 gene, which confers resistance to carbapenems, and notes it was first identified in India in 2010. The document outlines the main mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance, including drug modification, altered target sites, and efflux pumps. It lists overuse and misuse of antibiotics as key causes of rising superbug infections globally.
Antibiotics resistance
Antibiotics have become a critical medical intervention but antibiotic resistance has increased markedly as micro-organisms develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. The WHO considers antibiotic resistance one of the top public health threats of the 21st century as bacteria can survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill them due to changes that allow resistance to develop.
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious disease
This document summarizes the rise of antimicrobial resistance as a growing public health issue linked to overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. It discusses how non-therapeutic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals has led to widespread resistance in bacteria. Studies show resistant bacteria can spread between animals on a farm and from animals to nearby humans and environment even without antibiotic use. The overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has accelerated resistance by placing intense selective pressure on bacteria. Widespread antibiotic resistance now compromises treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Solutions proposed include restricting non-therapeutic antibiotic use in animals and more prudent antibiotic prescribing and use by medical professionals and consumers.
NDM-1 SUPERBUG
The document discusses the NDM-1 superbug, a gene carried by some bacteria that makes them resistant to nearly all antibiotics. The gene encodes for the enzyme New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) which breaks down carbapenem antibiotics. It was first discovered in a Swedish patient who had undergone surgery in India. The gene can be transferred between bacteria via small circles of DNA called plasmids, even between unrelated bacterial strains. This makes treatment very challenging as it can spread rapidly between different disease-causing bacteria. Prevention requires responsible antibiotic use and hygiene practices to limit the spread of resistant infections.
Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing health concern as many disease-causing bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites have developed resistance to existing drugs used to treat infections. Microbes develop resistance through natural evolution and selection pressures from overuse and misuse of antimicrobials. Inappropriate and unnecessary use in human medicine, agriculture, and a lack of new drug development are exacerbating the problem. New rapid diagnostics and antimicrobial stewardship are needed to help curb rising drug resistance.
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Newer antibiotics and uses
This document discusses newer antibiotics and their uses. It introduces several classes of newer antibiotics, including oxazolidinones (linezolid), glycolipopeptides (daptomycin), glycopeptides (telavancin), and pleuromutilins (retapamulin). These newer drugs are effective against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens like MRSA and VRE. The document reviews the mechanisms of action, indications, clinical trial results, and side effects of these newer antibiotic classes.
Antibiotic resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and strategies to address it. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and the development of resistance. Key points covered include the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document emphasizes that improper antibiotic use increases resistance by placing selection pressure on bacteria. It also notes the global threat of resistant infections and the need for improved stewardship of antibiotic prescribing and use.
Why it is important
Antibiotic resistance threatens our ability to treat common infectious diseases and can increase mortality rates. When bacteria become resistant to current antibiotic treatments, people may remain infectious longer and be more likely to die from infections like MRSA. This also reduces our ability to control infectious diseases and increases healthcare costs due to the need for more expensive or longer treatments. Antibiotic resistance complicates medical procedures and could make some, like transplants or cancer treatment, no longer viable options. The World Health Organization reports treatment failures for gonorrhea, E. coli urinary tract infections, and other diseases, and that antibiotic resistance has spread worldwide.
Causes of resistance
Overuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In medicine, antibiotics are often prescribed unnecessarily due to pressure on doctors to treat potential infections and patient demand. Patients also frequently fail to complete antibiotic treatment courses. Agricultural use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in healthy animals allows antibiotic resistant bacteria to spread to humans. Poor infection control and lack of rapid diagnostic tests have also facilitated the spread of resistant pathogens in healthcare settings. Addressing these factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection control, and testing can help slow the development of antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic History
The document discusses the history of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. It describes some of the key events in the discovery of antibiotics like penicillin and sulfonamides. It also discusses the emergence of resistant bacteria like MRSA and how bacteria can develop resistance through mechanisms such as modifying antibiotic targets, inactivating enzymes, or pumping antibiotics out of the cell. The evolution of antibiotic resistance is an ongoing process driven by selective pressure from antibiotic use.
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This Congressional briefing document discusses the growing crisis of antibiotic resistance and its enormous economic and public health impacts. It notes that antibiotic resistant infections result in more deaths and disability and cost the healthcare system billions annually in increased costs and lost productivity. The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture also contributes to the rise of resistant bacteria, with millions of pounds used annually in food animals often just for growth promotion rather than therapeutic purposes. Presenters recommend banning the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in food animal production, increasing veterinary oversight of antibiotic use, and improving monitoring and surveillance of antibiotic resistance in both the healthcare and agricultural sectors.Dna sequencing powerpoint
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This document summarizes an article that discusses the global crisis of antibiotic resistance. It describes how antibiotic resistance is an ancient phenomenon, but has become a major public health issue due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agricultural settings. The article discusses the discovery and early successes of antibiotics, but how resistance emerged soon after their widespread use. It notes the lack of new antibiotic development and the rise of multidrug resistant bacteria as major drivers of the current crisis. The economic and human impacts of antibiotic resistance are also summarized.
Vaccine Victories Against Microbial Resistance - Dr. Donald F. Gerson
Antibiotic resistance has reduced treatment options for infectious diseases, but vaccines have been highly successful at preventing disease without pathogens developing resistance. Vaccines work by eliciting a specific immune response, whereas antibiotics non-specifically kill microbes, allowing resistance to develop. While antibiotic use is necessary, overuse has accelerated resistance development. Increased vaccine coverage and development of new vaccines offer the best strategy to control infectious diseases without resistance issues.
Discovery of antibiotics
This document summarizes the discovery of antibiotics. It states that antibiotics were discovered starting in the early 20th century, with Alexander Fleming discovering penicillin in 1928 after observing that mold killed bacteria. It was not until the 1940s that Howard Florey and Ernst Chain were able to produce penicillin in quantity and demonstrate its effectiveness in treating bacterial infections in animals. The widespread clinical use of antibiotics then revolutionized medicine in the 20th century by making many infectious diseases no longer a major cause of death.
AM USe.pptx
This document provides a historical overview of antimicrobial use from pre-antibiotic era treatments to the modern timeline of antibiotic discovery. It describes how ancient cultures used molds and plants to treat infections before the germ theory of disease was established. The work of Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Koch helped prove that specific microbes cause specific illnesses. Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 but it was mass produced for medical use starting in the 1940s. The "golden age" of antibiotic discovery occurred from the 1940s-1960s with drugs like streptomycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. However, antibiotic resistance emerged soon after each new drug. Now few new classes have been discovered since 1987 and
Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria
Some Klebsiella and E. coli strains are collectively called “Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae” (CRE) because they have developed resistance to a former last-resort antibiotic, carbapenem. They mainly occur in long-term care facilities. Nevertheless, the Center for Disease Control regards them as an urgent threat because of their insensitivity to multiple antibiotics, and because of concerns that they may spread into the community.
Infocus 72_What if we entered a post-antibiotic era
The document discusses the growing threat of antibiotic resistance and the possibility of entering a "post-antibiotic era" where antibiotics are no longer effective. It outlines how overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to more drug-resistant bacteria. The consequences of a world without effective antibiotics would be severe, similar to times before antibiotics when many common infections were fatal. Solutions proposed include developing new antibiotics, using existing drugs in new ways, and improving antibiotic stewardship to slow the rise of resistance. The insurance industry may need to develop new products that address higher mortality risks and increased rates of chronic illnesses if antibiotic resistance continues to spread.
ANTIBIOTIC_RESISTANCE.ppt
Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance quickly through their ability to reproduce rapidly and exchange genes with other bacteria. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics applies evolutionary pressure that allows resistant bacteria to multiply, passing their resistance to other species. Within 20 years of an antibiotic's introduction, bacterial strains have often evolved resistance to it. The rise of resistant pathogens is exacerbated by incomplete treatment courses and the use of antibiotics for non-bacterial infections, as it kills benign bacteria and allows resistant strains to flourish.
Lab 9 antibiotic resistance and the susceptibility of bacteria lab fall 2014
This lab focuses on antibiotic resistance and the susceptibility of bacteria. Students will learn to distinguish between different types of antimicrobials like antiseptics and disinfectants. They will explore how overuse of antibiotics has led to increased resistance in bacteria and endangered the effectiveness of drugs through evolution. The lab aims to demonstrate aseptic technique and identify solutions that kill bacteria to understand the problems of antibiotic resistance and persistent infections like MRSA.
Presentation for Antibiotic Resistance
Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics in 1928 when he noticed that a mold growing in one of his culture plates was preventing the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria. Antibiotics either kill bacteria or prevent their growth, but overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to many bacteria developing resistance. This includes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is now a major threat in hospitals. Antibiotic resistance occurs due to overuse of antibiotics for unnecessary infections, incomplete use of antibiotic regimens, and use of non-prescribed antibiotics. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only taking antibiotics as prescribed for the intended infection can help reduce the spread of resistance.
Rational use of Antibiotics
It's all about the Rational use of Antibiotics. It will help medical students and health personnel to work out.
Antimicrobial Resistance
The document discusses measuring public attitudes toward antibiotic use and resistance. It notes that inappropriate antibiotic use by the public has contributed to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Psychosocial factors like knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward antibiotic use are closely related to misuse. The document proposes two studies: 1) A review of existing instruments for measuring public knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to antibiotic use and resistance. 2) Qualitative work including interviews to develop preliminary questionnaire items to comprehensively measure these constructs in the public. The goal is to reliably measure the public's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to help address the issue of antimicrobial resistance.
Antibiotics Resistance
Peaceful resistance to laws can positively or negatively impact a free society. While peaceful protests allow citizens to voice dissent and push for positive changes, leaks of sensitive government information could threaten national security and undermine the democratic process. The impact depends on the goal and methods of the resistance. Peaceful protests in the civil rights movement had a positive effect, but distributing secret data or urging violent protests could negatively impact a free society. Overall, resistance must work within legal bounds and democratic institutions to enact change in a constructive manner.
Antibiotic resistance infections & approach in homoeopathy medical science
Antibiotic resistance has become a major public health issue as many bacterial infections are now resistant to common antibiotics. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led bacteria to evolve and become resistant. In hospitals, antibiotic use and underlying patient health conditions increase the risk of resistant infections. Community risks include close contact with infected individuals and antibiotic use in livestock. Homoeopathic approaches focus on remedies that address conditions from antibiotic overuse like Carbo Veg, Magnesium Phos, and Opium. Proper antibiotic use and hygiene are important for prevention.
A report on Antibiotics
A brief description to antibiotic uses in chemistry.It includes almost every thing related to antibiotic chemistry
Medicinal use of Micro-organisms - Class 8
This document discusses the medicinal uses of microorganisms including antibiotics and vaccines. It provides examples of commonly used antibiotics such as streptomycin and tetracycline which are produced from fungi and bacteria. Antibiotics are used to treat diseases in humans and prevent infections in animals. Vaccines provide immunity to diseases caused by microbes like polio, cholera, tuberculosis and hepatitis. Mass production of vaccines like Covaxin and Covishield are given as examples to prevent diseases on a large scale. Historical figures like Alexander Fleming and Edward Jenner who discovered penicillin and the smallpox vaccine are also mentioned.
Similar to Timeline of Antibiotic Resistance (20)
Vaccine Victories Against Microbial Resistance - Dr. Donald F. Gerson
Vaccine Victories Against Microbial Resistance - Dr. Donald F. Gerson
Infocus 72_What if we entered a post-antibiotic era
Infocus 72_What if we entered a post-antibiotic era
Lab 9 antibiotic resistance and the susceptibility of bacteria lab fall 2014
Lab 9 antibiotic resistance and the susceptibility of bacteria lab fall 2014
Antibiotic resistance infections & approach in homoeopathy medical science
Antibiotic resistance infections & approach in homoeopathy medical science
Recently uploaded
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Recently uploaded (20)
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Tissue fluids_etiology_volume regulation_pressure.pptx
Tissue fluids_etiology_volume regulation_pressure.pptx
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Timeline of Antibiotic Resistance
- 1. A Timeline of Antibiotic Resistance See timeline above
- 2. Golden Era of Development Introduction of antibiotic agents with penicillin in the 1940s produced a breakthrough health intervention, saving millions of lives The ‘golden era’ of antibiotic discovery in the 1940s-1960s Streptomycin, tetracycline, vancomycin developed among many others Commercial development of a huge number of drug classes Global effort to find new antibiotics through screening of microbes Many bacterial diseases receded
- 3. Emergence of Resistance A parallel surge in strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria appeared only years after development of the antibiotic As early as the 1940s isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin were identified Although antibiotic agent discovery continued, resistance has began to increase sharply Loss of effectiveness becoming common for all antibiotics after continued use
- 4. Number of unique β-lactamase (resistance causing) enzymes identified
- 5. Increasing Development Gaps and Growing Resistance Since the 1960s, development of antibiotics has been declining Larger gaps between development of new antibiotics Only one new antibiotic agent in the last decade Development becoming more expensive for drug companies Many of the most effective antibacterials have now been rendered ineffective – with many multidrug resistant strains arising Leaves an uncertain future concerning bacterial diseases
- 6. References Timeline produced by Centre of Disease Control and Prevention USA, found at: https://thefern.org/2013/11/imagining-the-post-antibiotics- future/timeline-of-antibiotic-resistance/ Graph and other information Davies J, Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2010;74(3):417-433.