Timeline
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The document outlines the timeline of antibiotic resistance, beginning with the golden era of antibiotic development from the 1940s-1960s with the introduction of penicillin and other drugs. However, resistance emerged shortly after in the 1940s. While new antibiotics continued to be discovered, resistance increased sharply over time. Since the 1960s, development of new antibiotics has declined, with larger gaps in between, leaving many bacterial diseases increasingly difficult to treat due to multidrug resistant strains.
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Causes of resistance
Overuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In medicine, antibiotics are often prescribed unnecessarily due to pressure on doctors to treat potential infections and patient demand. Patients also frequently fail to complete antibiotic treatment courses. Agricultural use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in healthy animals allows antibiotic resistant bacteria to spread to humans. Poor infection control and lack of rapid diagnostic tests have also facilitated the spread of resistant pathogens in healthcare settings. Addressing these factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection control, and testing can help slow the development of antibiotic resistance.
Future impacts of antibiotic resistance
This document discusses the future impacts of antibiotic resistance if it is not addressed. It notes that antibiotic resistance could lead to 10 million deaths per year by 2050 and cost the global economy billions. The world may enter a post-antibiotic era where common infections become difficult to treat again. Many drugs will become ineffective as resistance spreads, and new resistance mechanisms may emerge. Medical procedures could become more dangerous without effective antibiotics to treat associated infections. The costs of antibiotic resistance will be high both in terms of health and economic impacts. Urgent changes are needed in antibiotic use and development to address this growing threat.
Why it is important
Antibiotic resistance threatens our ability to treat common infectious diseases and can increase mortality rates. When bacteria become resistant to current antibiotic treatments, people may remain infectious longer and be more likely to die from infections like MRSA. This also reduces our ability to control infectious diseases and increases healthcare costs due to the need for more expensive or longer treatments. Antibiotic resistance complicates medical procedures and could make some, like transplants or cancer treatment, no longer viable options. The World Health Organization reports treatment failures for gonorrhea, E. coli urinary tract infections, and other diseases, and that antibiotic resistance has spread worldwide.
Future impacts of antibiotic resistance
Future impacts of antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance poses serious risks to global public health in the future, including the potential for 10 million deaths per year by 2050 from currently treatable infections and diseases becoming deadly again without effective treatments. Recognition of these future impacts is important for emphasizing the urgent need to change antibiotic prescription and usage. If antibiotic resistance continues to grow, global health systems will lose control over infectious diseases and see increased rates of severe infection, hospitalization, disability and death. Many medical procedures may also become riskier as common postoperative infections become difficult or impossible to treat.
Developed and developing countries
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection rates are a growing problem in both developed and developing countries. While traditionally seen as a problem mostly in developing nations, the United States and United Kingdom now have among the highest MRSA prevalence rates globally. The spread of antibiotic resistant strains is facilitated by factors such as international travel and trade, poor sanitation and hygiene, and overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture. This has contributed to increased healthcare costs and mortality in both developing and developed countries from difficult-to-treat infections. While some areas have seen decreases in certain resistant strains, many developing countries continue to face a high burden without adequate treatment options or infection control.
Antibiotic Resistance as a development and aid issue
1) The document discusses the global threat of antibiotic resistance, noting it is a development and aid issue.
2) Key factors that have contributed to the rise of antibiotic resistance include overuse of antibiotics in agriculture, overprescription by doctors, lack of access to diagnostics in developing countries, and global travel and trade.
3) Addressing antibiotic resistance requires strengthening surveillance, rationalizing antibiotic use, securing access to effective antibiotics globally, developing new diagnostics and treatment guidelines, and reframing antibiotic resistance as a global health and development priority.
Antibiotic resistance: a tragedy of the commons, Prof. Jan Kluytmans
Antibiotic resistance: a tragedy of the commons, Prof. Jan KluytmansEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
The use of antimicrobial in humans and animals, the consequences of this use, the political and economic barriers to improve prudent use and possible solutions for this problem. Steps to combat antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance is a complex issue that requires coordinated efforts between healthcare providers, patients, governments, and industries. Key problems contributing to resistance include overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals, lack of tools to monitor resistance, and lack of coordination between stakeholders. Coordinated actions are needed such as educational campaigns to optimize antibiotic use, regulation of antibiotic use, development of new diagnostic tests and antibiotics, and improved global collaboration and data sharing. The WHO and countries like the US are developing plans to combat resistance through various prevention and research efforts.
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Causes of resistance
Overuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In medicine, antibiotics are often prescribed unnecessarily due to pressure on doctors to treat potential infections and patient demand. Patients also frequently fail to complete antibiotic treatment courses. Agricultural use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in healthy animals allows antibiotic resistant bacteria to spread to humans. Poor infection control and lack of rapid diagnostic tests have also facilitated the spread of resistant pathogens in healthcare settings. Addressing these factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection control, and testing can help slow the development of antibiotic resistance.
Future impacts of antibiotic resistance
This document discusses the future impacts of antibiotic resistance if it is not addressed. It notes that antibiotic resistance could lead to 10 million deaths per year by 2050 and cost the global economy billions. The world may enter a post-antibiotic era where common infections become difficult to treat again. Many drugs will become ineffective as resistance spreads, and new resistance mechanisms may emerge. Medical procedures could become more dangerous without effective antibiotics to treat associated infections. The costs of antibiotic resistance will be high both in terms of health and economic impacts. Urgent changes are needed in antibiotic use and development to address this growing threat.
Why it is important
Antibiotic resistance threatens our ability to treat common infectious diseases and can increase mortality rates. When bacteria become resistant to current antibiotic treatments, people may remain infectious longer and be more likely to die from infections like MRSA. This also reduces our ability to control infectious diseases and increases healthcare costs due to the need for more expensive or longer treatments. Antibiotic resistance complicates medical procedures and could make some, like transplants or cancer treatment, no longer viable options. The World Health Organization reports treatment failures for gonorrhea, E. coli urinary tract infections, and other diseases, and that antibiotic resistance has spread worldwide.
Future impacts of antibiotic resistance
Future impacts of antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance poses serious risks to global public health in the future, including the potential for 10 million deaths per year by 2050 from currently treatable infections and diseases becoming deadly again without effective treatments. Recognition of these future impacts is important for emphasizing the urgent need to change antibiotic prescription and usage. If antibiotic resistance continues to grow, global health systems will lose control over infectious diseases and see increased rates of severe infection, hospitalization, disability and death. Many medical procedures may also become riskier as common postoperative infections become difficult or impossible to treat.
Developed and developing countries
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection rates are a growing problem in both developed and developing countries. While traditionally seen as a problem mostly in developing nations, the United States and United Kingdom now have among the highest MRSA prevalence rates globally. The spread of antibiotic resistant strains is facilitated by factors such as international travel and trade, poor sanitation and hygiene, and overuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture. This has contributed to increased healthcare costs and mortality in both developing and developed countries from difficult-to-treat infections. While some areas have seen decreases in certain resistant strains, many developing countries continue to face a high burden without adequate treatment options or infection control.
Antibiotic Resistance as a development and aid issue
1) The document discusses the global threat of antibiotic resistance, noting it is a development and aid issue.
2) Key factors that have contributed to the rise of antibiotic resistance include overuse of antibiotics in agriculture, overprescription by doctors, lack of access to diagnostics in developing countries, and global travel and trade.
3) Addressing antibiotic resistance requires strengthening surveillance, rationalizing antibiotic use, securing access to effective antibiotics globally, developing new diagnostics and treatment guidelines, and reframing antibiotic resistance as a global health and development priority.
Antibiotic resistance: a tragedy of the commons, Prof. Jan Kluytmans
Antibiotic resistance: a tragedy of the commons, Prof. Jan KluytmansEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
The use of antimicrobial in humans and animals, the consequences of this use, the political and economic barriers to improve prudent use and possible solutions for this problem. Steps to combat antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance is a complex issue that requires coordinated efforts between healthcare providers, patients, governments, and industries. Key problems contributing to resistance include overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals, lack of tools to monitor resistance, and lack of coordination between stakeholders. Coordinated actions are needed such as educational campaigns to optimize antibiotic use, regulation of antibiotic use, development of new diagnostic tests and antibiotics, and improved global collaboration and data sharing. The WHO and countries like the US are developing plans to combat resistance through various prevention and research efforts.
Factors behind emergence of resistance
Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and livestock has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Inappropriate use stems from over-prescription by doctors, patients not completing treatment courses, and mass administration to farm animals. Lack of public knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance also drives unnecessary consumption. Weak infection control in hospitals and limited diagnostic testing further enable the spread of resistant bacteria. Addressing these interconnected factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection prevention, and testing is needed to curb the global rise of antibiotic resistance.
Antimicrobial Resistance
OBJECTIVES:
1.Understand antimicrobial resistance
2.Understand MRSA and prevention of MRSA infection
Antibiotic Resistance: Medical and Public Health Directions
This document summarizes a presentation on antibiotic resistance given by Dr. Steven Solomon. It makes four key points:
1. Antibiotic resistance is a serious global public health problem that spreads rapidly through travel and is worsening as antibiotic use continues to rise in all settings.
2. All antibiotic use, whether in humans, animals, or the environment, contributes to the development of resistance. Antibiotics have been overused in many contexts, and disrupt the human microbiome in ways that aid the spread of resistance.
3. Changing antibiotic usage will require changing perceptions and thinking about antibiotics through improved education and communication. New data systems and genomic analysis can help optimize prescribing and prevent infections.
4.
Impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in developing countries.
This document is a research paper submitted by Parth Protim Barmon to Professor Tahera Ahmed on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. It provides background information on antimicrobial resistance as resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial medicines. It discusses how antimicrobial resistance is a growing global problem, but has a greater impact in developing countries due to factors like poverty and limited access to healthcare. The paper aims to study the risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in developing countries, including socio-demographic factors, why developing countries are more vulnerable, the role of poverty, and the disease burden.
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The document discusses the overuse and misuse of antibiotics leading to the rise of superbugs that are resistant to antibiotics. It notes that while antibiotics have been life-saving, their excessive and improper use has allowed bacteria to evolve resistance, making many infections harder or impossible to treat. The document urges judicious antibiotic use, completing full prescriptions, not demanding antibiotics for viral infections, handwashing, and other measures to reduce unnecessary exposure and slow the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Rational use of antibiotics
Rational Use of Antibiotics. Infection was a major cause of morbidity and mortality, before the development of antibiotics.
The treatment of infections faced a great challenge during those periods.
Later in 1928, the discovery of Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming opened up the golden era of antibiotics.
It marked a revolution in the treatment of infectious diseases and stimulated new efforts to synthesize newer antibiotics.
The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotic classes, with very few classes discovered since then.
Anti microbial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobial drugs that were previously able to treat infections. AMR arises through natural mutation and genetic transfer between microbes and is accelerated by misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. If not addressed, AMR could lead to increased mortality and healthcare costs as resistant organisms cause treatment failure. To combat AMR, proper antimicrobial use, hygiene, and surveillance are needed at the patient, clinical, agricultural, and policy levels. Education is also key to promoting appropriate antimicrobial usage.
Fighting the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance webinar
Lord Jim O’Neill, the UK Commercial Secretary to the Treasury and Chair of the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, recently released a report laying out recommendations to fight the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Overuse of antibiotics, especially of broad spectrum antibiotics rather than targeted narrow spectrum therapies, has led to an increase in drug-resistant bacterial infections. This emerging health issue is poised to have devastating global consequences, making it impossible to treat previously curable diseases. AMR already contributes to 700,000 deaths a year, and the report warns that it could cause 10 million deaths a year and $100 trillion in lost global productivity by 2050 if nothing is done to stop its spread.
In recent years, advances in diagnostic technology have made rapid point-of-care testing possible for many diseases – enabling providers to immediately prescribe the most appropriate therapy during the course of a patient’s visit.
This webinar will focused on the importance of understanding the need for diagnostics, what is being done in development and the solutions that are available now.
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This document summarizes a seminar on antimicrobial resistance in Nepal. It discusses how antimicrobial resistance is a major public health issue as it can render treatments ineffective and allow infections to spread. It provides examples of resistant bacteria like MRSA. It then covers factors contributing to resistance like overuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, and the environment. The challenges of resistance in Nepal are outlined, such as poverty and lack of awareness. Finally, it proposes mitigation strategies including only using antibiotics when prescribed, reducing unnecessary use in animals, and addressing the issue in Nepal's public health system.
Antibiotic abuse
This study reviewed antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Misurata Medical Center from January to February 2018. It found that 97.3% of the 37 babies treated received penicillin alone or with gentamicin, for durations mostly between 3-7 days. Most treatment was based on clinical suspicion of infection rather than confirmed diagnosis, as only 2 cases underwent full sepsis workup. The main reasons for admission and initiating antibiotics empirically were preterm birth, caesarean delivery, low birth weight, and prolonged rupture of membranes - highlighting overuse and misuse of antibiotics without microbiological justification in the NICU.
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Project amr by Arghya & Arnab
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem that threatens modern medicine. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it diminishes their effectiveness for all users and makes treatment of infections increasingly difficult. Each year, antimicrobial resistance results in millions of deaths worldwide, comparable to other major diseases. It also has a huge economic impact, with projections of its effect on global GDP measured in trillions of dollars. Resistance spreads through the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock. New alternatives to antibiotics are needed to tackle this problem, along with coordinated global action to strengthen surveillance, promote appropriate use, and foster new drug development.
WHY WE MISUSE ANTIBIOTICS
The document discusses antibiotic misuse and its consequences. It notes that overuse of antibiotics, such as taking them for viral infections, promotes antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are used inappropriately, like for a cold or flu, they do not cure the infection and can cause harmful side effects. The overuse of antibiotics in livestock is also discussed, and how it may contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The consequences of antibiotic resistance include more serious and costly illnesses that are more difficult to treat. The document emphasizes reducing unnecessary antibiotic use to help slow the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Introduction to antibiotic resistance
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through genetic mutations or acquiring new genetic material that allows them to evade antibiotics. Antibiotics target vulnerabilities in bacterial cells like cell wall synthesis, DNA synthesis, and cell membranes to kill or stop bacterial growth. However, resistance occurs when bacteria develop impermeability, efflux pumps, alterations of antibiotic targets, or enzymes that break down antibiotics. Resistance can then spread as bacteria exchange genetic material through transposons or plasmids.
Antibiotic resistance-MADHURI RUDRARAJU
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and its causes. It notes that antibiotic resistance was first discovered in 1929 by Alexander Fleming and antibiotics were widely used starting in the 1940s. It then discusses how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through various mechanisms like denying antibiotic access, modifying the antibiotic target, or pumping antibiotics out of the cell. The document outlines factors that contribute to resistance developing, like improper antibiotic usage, lack of compliance with treatment durations, and overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. It provides examples of bacteria that have developed significant resistance issues, like E. coli becoming resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and MRSA developing vancomycin resistance. The document concludes that controlling antibiotic overuse and improving hygiene are important
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Factors behind emergence of resistance
Overuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and livestock has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Inappropriate use stems from over-prescription by doctors, patients not completing treatment courses, and mass administration to farm animals. Lack of public knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance also drives unnecessary consumption. Weak infection control in hospitals and limited diagnostic testing further enable the spread of resistant bacteria. Addressing these interconnected factors through improved prescribing practices, public education, infection prevention, and testing is needed to curb the global rise of antibiotic resistance.
Antimicrobial Resistance
OBJECTIVES:
1.Understand antimicrobial resistance
2.Understand MRSA and prevention of MRSA infection
Antibiotic Resistance: Medical and Public Health Directions
This document summarizes a presentation on antibiotic resistance given by Dr. Steven Solomon. It makes four key points:
1. Antibiotic resistance is a serious global public health problem that spreads rapidly through travel and is worsening as antibiotic use continues to rise in all settings.
2. All antibiotic use, whether in humans, animals, or the environment, contributes to the development of resistance. Antibiotics have been overused in many contexts, and disrupt the human microbiome in ways that aid the spread of resistance.
3. Changing antibiotic usage will require changing perceptions and thinking about antibiotics through improved education and communication. New data systems and genomic analysis can help optimize prescribing and prevent infections.
4.
Impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in developing countries.
This document is a research paper submitted by Parth Protim Barmon to Professor Tahera Ahmed on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. It provides background information on antimicrobial resistance as resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial medicines. It discusses how antimicrobial resistance is a growing global problem, but has a greater impact in developing countries due to factors like poverty and limited access to healthcare. The paper aims to study the risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in developing countries, including socio-demographic factors, why developing countries are more vulnerable, the role of poverty, and the disease burden.
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Please find the power point on Antimicrobial resistance. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
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The document discusses the overuse and misuse of antibiotics leading to the rise of superbugs that are resistant to antibiotics. It notes that while antibiotics have been life-saving, their excessive and improper use has allowed bacteria to evolve resistance, making many infections harder or impossible to treat. The document urges judicious antibiotic use, completing full prescriptions, not demanding antibiotics for viral infections, handwashing, and other measures to reduce unnecessary exposure and slow the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance 1
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IS A MAJOR PROBLEM FACED BY MEDICAL COMMUNITY AND CHALLENGE FOR NATION'S HEALTH POLICY.
Rational use of antibiotics
Rational Use of Antibiotics. Infection was a major cause of morbidity and mortality, before the development of antibiotics.
The treatment of infections faced a great challenge during those periods.
Later in 1928, the discovery of Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming opened up the golden era of antibiotics.
It marked a revolution in the treatment of infectious diseases and stimulated new efforts to synthesize newer antibiotics.
The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotic classes, with very few classes discovered since then.
Anti microbial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobial drugs that were previously able to treat infections. AMR arises through natural mutation and genetic transfer between microbes and is accelerated by misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. If not addressed, AMR could lead to increased mortality and healthcare costs as resistant organisms cause treatment failure. To combat AMR, proper antimicrobial use, hygiene, and surveillance are needed at the patient, clinical, agricultural, and policy levels. Education is also key to promoting appropriate antimicrobial usage.
Fighting the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance webinar
Lord Jim O’Neill, the UK Commercial Secretary to the Treasury and Chair of the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, recently released a report laying out recommendations to fight the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Overuse of antibiotics, especially of broad spectrum antibiotics rather than targeted narrow spectrum therapies, has led to an increase in drug-resistant bacterial infections. This emerging health issue is poised to have devastating global consequences, making it impossible to treat previously curable diseases. AMR already contributes to 700,000 deaths a year, and the report warns that it could cause 10 million deaths a year and $100 trillion in lost global productivity by 2050 if nothing is done to stop its spread.
In recent years, advances in diagnostic technology have made rapid point-of-care testing possible for many diseases – enabling providers to immediately prescribe the most appropriate therapy during the course of a patient’s visit.
This webinar will focused on the importance of understanding the need for diagnostics, what is being done in development and the solutions that are available now.
29 nov pct guided antibiotic use
Procalcitonin is an excellent biomarker for antibiotic use in bacterial infections alone. POCT guided PCT levels can help decide whether to add antibiotics or not in opd settings for respiratory tract infection.
Antimicrobial resistance
This document summarizes a seminar on antimicrobial resistance in Nepal. It discusses how antimicrobial resistance is a major public health issue as it can render treatments ineffective and allow infections to spread. It provides examples of resistant bacteria like MRSA. It then covers factors contributing to resistance like overuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, and the environment. The challenges of resistance in Nepal are outlined, such as poverty and lack of awareness. Finally, it proposes mitigation strategies including only using antibiotics when prescribed, reducing unnecessary use in animals, and addressing the issue in Nepal's public health system.
Antibiotic abuse
This study reviewed antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Misurata Medical Center from January to February 2018. It found that 97.3% of the 37 babies treated received penicillin alone or with gentamicin, for durations mostly between 3-7 days. Most treatment was based on clinical suspicion of infection rather than confirmed diagnosis, as only 2 cases underwent full sepsis workup. The main reasons for admission and initiating antibiotics empirically were preterm birth, caesarean delivery, low birth weight, and prolonged rupture of membranes - highlighting overuse and misuse of antibiotics without microbiological justification in the NICU.
Antibiotic Resistance and the Agriculture-Health Linkage
Felicia Wu
John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics
First World Antibiotic Awareness Week and awareness campaigns on prudent anti...
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ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP principles and practice by Dr.T.V.Rao MD Society for Microbiology and Infection care
The document discusses antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. It notes that approximately 50% of antibiotic use is inappropriate, contributing to the development of resistance. ASPs aim to optimize antibiotic use and prevent resistance through coordinated interventions. The document emphasizes the importance of local antibiotic resistance data to inform treatment decisions and highlights challenges around compliance with standards for tracking resistance patterns. It also explores opportunities to leverage electronic health records and decision support software to enhance ASPs.antibiotics resistance
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Antibiotic resistance dr sachin
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
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Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem that threatens modern medicine. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it diminishes their effectiveness for all users and makes treatment of infections increasingly difficult. Each year, antimicrobial resistance results in millions of deaths worldwide, comparable to other major diseases. It also has a huge economic impact, with projections of its effect on global GDP measured in trillions of dollars. Resistance spreads through the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock. New alternatives to antibiotics are needed to tackle this problem, along with coordinated global action to strengthen surveillance, promote appropriate use, and foster new drug development.
WHY WE MISUSE ANTIBIOTICS
The document discusses antibiotic misuse and its consequences. It notes that overuse of antibiotics, such as taking them for viral infections, promotes antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are used inappropriately, like for a cold or flu, they do not cure the infection and can cause harmful side effects. The overuse of antibiotics in livestock is also discussed, and how it may contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The consequences of antibiotic resistance include more serious and costly illnesses that are more difficult to treat. The document emphasizes reducing unnecessary antibiotic use to help slow the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Introduction to antibiotic resistance
Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through genetic mutations or acquiring new genetic material that allows them to evade antibiotics. Antibiotics target vulnerabilities in bacterial cells like cell wall synthesis, DNA synthesis, and cell membranes to kill or stop bacterial growth. However, resistance occurs when bacteria develop impermeability, efflux pumps, alterations of antibiotic targets, or enzymes that break down antibiotics. Resistance can then spread as bacteria exchange genetic material through transposons or plasmids.
Antibiotic resistance-MADHURI RUDRARAJU
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and its causes. It notes that antibiotic resistance was first discovered in 1929 by Alexander Fleming and antibiotics were widely used starting in the 1940s. It then discusses how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through various mechanisms like denying antibiotic access, modifying the antibiotic target, or pumping antibiotics out of the cell. The document outlines factors that contribute to resistance developing, like improper antibiotic usage, lack of compliance with treatment durations, and overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. It provides examples of bacteria that have developed significant resistance issues, like E. coli becoming resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and MRSA developing vancomycin resistance. The document concludes that controlling antibiotic overuse and improving hygiene are important
Antibiotic resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and strategies to address it. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and the development of resistance. Key points covered include the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document emphasizes that improper antibiotic use increases resistance by placing selection pressure on bacteria. It also notes the global threat of resistant infections and the need for improved stewardship of antibiotic prescribing and use.
Presentation1
The document outlines a timeline of antibiotic resistance that begins with the golden era of antibiotic development from the 1940s-1960s with the introduction of penicillin and other drugs. Within years, the first resistant bacterial strains emerged, though new antibiotic discovery continued. Since the 1960s, antibiotic development has declined significantly, with larger gaps between new drugs, and most effective antibiotics are now ineffective due to multidrug-resistant strains arising. This leaves an uncertain future regarding treatment of bacterial diseases.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria 1
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major challenge for the long-term use of antimicrobial agents. Bacteria can develop resistance through intrinsic or acquired mechanisms such as mutations or gaining new DNA. Resistance occurs through various methods like altering the antibiotic target, reducing drug accumulation in bacteria, or enzymatically inactivating the drug. Prudent antibiotic use and infection control practices can help limit the emergence and spread of drug-resistant bacteria.
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Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve and adapt to antibiotics, making the drugs less effective at killing the bacteria. Many factors can contribute to the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance, including improper use of antibiotics in humans, agriculture, hospitals, and the environment. To address this growing problem, guidelines for antibiotic prescription and public awareness of appropriate antibiotic use need to be improved. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance patterns and infection control practices are also important for monitoring and containing the spread of resistant bacteria.
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This document discusses recent advances to overcome antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to antibiotic resistance and defines some superbugs. It then discusses the history of antibiotics from Ehrlich discovering chemotherapy to current generations. Common causes and modes of resistance are described. New classes of antibiotics are discussed like oxazolidinones, glycopeptides, ketolides, glycylcyclines, carbapenems, and cephalosporins. New targets for next generation drugs and possible solutions to antibiotic resistance are also presented.
Antibiotics ppt
- Antibiotics selectively target microbial processes without harming human host cells. Proper antibiotic use and hand hygiene have improved patient outcomes.
- Many antibiotics are naturally produced by bacteria and fungi to inhibit competition. Major classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides.
- Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall, protein, or nucleic acid synthesis. However, antibiotic resistance has emerged through various mechanisms and poses a growing challenge.
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Timeline of Antibiotic Resistance
The document outlines a timeline of antibiotic resistance from the 1940s to present day. It describes the golden era of antibiotic development from the 1940s-1960s with the introduction of penicillin and other drugs. However, resistance began emerging only years later, with resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus identified in the 1940s. While new antibiotics continued to be discovered, resistance increased sharply over time. Since the 1960s, fewer new antibiotics have been developed, leaving many bacterial diseases vulnerable as resistance renders many drugs ineffective.
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious disease
This document summarizes the rise of antimicrobial resistance as a growing public health issue linked to overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. It discusses how non-therapeutic use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals has led to widespread resistance in bacteria. Studies show resistant bacteria can spread between animals on a farm and from animals to nearby humans and environment even without antibiotic use. The overuse of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has accelerated resistance by placing intense selective pressure on bacteria. Widespread antibiotic resistance now compromises treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Solutions proposed include restricting non-therapeutic antibiotic use in animals and more prudent antibiotic prescribing and use by medical professionals and consumers.
ANTIBIOTICS (Tetracycline)
This document discusses the history and production of antibiotics, specifically tetracycline. It begins with an introduction to antibiotic resistance and the discovery of penicillin in the 1920s. It then discusses the industrial production process for penicillin through fermentation using fungi and subsequent extraction methods. Modern production strains can yield 50 grams of penicillin per liter compared to early strains that yielded 0.15 grams per liter. The document also provides background on the discovery and uses of tetracycline antibiotics in the 1940s-1950s through the fermentation of soil bacteria. It describes the industrial production of tetracycline through fermentation and addition of bromides to increase yields.
ARE WE KILLING ANTIBIOTICS?
Antibiotics are facing their final stage of survival as common bacteria take over in violent opportunistic infections. Hospitals have become hotbeds for spreading antibiotic-resistant infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in hospitals and at home, is contributing to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat. If antibiotic resistance continues to spread unchecked, it could lead to widespread healthcare issues and even the end of modern medicine as we know it.
Session1_Introduction_FINAL_Sep.pptx
Multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) are bacteria that have developed resistance to one or more classes of antibiotics, rendering them ineffective for treatment. This document discusses MDROs like MRSA and VRE, how they spread via contact transmission on hands or surfaces, and infect various parts of the body. Risk factors for infection include recent antibiotic use, medical procedures, and extended hospital stays. Controlling the spread requires proper hand hygiene, gloves and gowns, and isolating high-risk patients to limit transmission and address the significant public health concerns posed by treatment-resistant infections.
idr-11-2018.pdf
This document summarizes an article that discusses the global crisis of antibiotic resistance. It describes how antibiotic resistance is an ancient phenomenon, but has become a major public health issue due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agricultural settings. The article discusses the discovery and early successes of antibiotics, but how resistance emerged soon after their widespread use. It notes the lack of new antibiotic development and the rise of multidrug resistant bacteria as major drivers of the current crisis. The economic and human impacts of antibiotic resistance are also summarized.
tackling an invisible pandemic.pptx
Covid-19 pandemic has caused over 6 million deaths and has been acknowledged as one of the worst pandemic in living memory. But antimicrobial resistance as invisble pandemic may clain more deaths every year if suitable action is not taken soon.
A report on Antibiotics
A brief description to antibiotic uses in chemistry.It includes almost every thing related to antibiotic chemistry
Man Vs Microbe - Pre-Apocalyptic Phase Failed? in IJAHS
This document discusses the ongoing battle between humans and microbes. It notes the rise of antibiotic-resistant superbugs like MDR-TB that are difficult to treat. Factors contributing to this include overprescription of antibiotics and patient non-compliance. It also discusses the threat of biological warfare, from small-scale food poisoning to mass attacks. Modern techniques allow biological agents to be easily spread through aerosols, contaminated food/water, and more. Stronger regulations on antibiotic usage and policies to defend against bioterrorism are needed to prevent a potential "apocalypse."
Antimicrobial Resistance
The document discusses measuring public attitudes toward antibiotic use and resistance. It notes that inappropriate antibiotic use by the public has contributed to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Psychosocial factors like knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward antibiotic use are closely related to misuse. The document proposes two studies: 1) A review of existing instruments for measuring public knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to antibiotic use and resistance. 2) Qualitative work including interviews to develop preliminary questionnaire items to comprehensively measure these constructs in the public. The goal is to reliably measure the public's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to help address the issue of antimicrobial resistance.
Antibiotics Success and Failures what is our role by Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Antibiotics Success and Failures what is our role by Dr.T.V.Rao MDSociety for Microbiology and Infection care
The document discusses antibiotics, their development and success, as well as the rise of antibiotic resistance. It notes that Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, but others were able to mass produce it starting in the 1940s. While antibiotics were initially very effective, overuse and misuse has led to increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The document outlines factors that promote resistance, such as antibiotic use in agriculture and overprescription, and stresses the need for monitoring resistance through programs like WHONET to track resistance trends and guide appropriate antibiotic use.ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A RISING THREAT
Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last many years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. The treatment of bacterial infections is increasingly complicated because microorganisms can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, since the first usage of antimicrobials, the resistance among bacteria has progressively increased and has accelerated within the last 10 years. This is largely due to the increasing presence of pathogenic microorganisms with resistance to previous antibiotic agents, resulting in the administration of improper treatment, not only in humans but also in companion and food animals and the environment which has caused the rise in antibiotic resistance. Although efforts are being made in all the areas, there is an urgent need to increase the effectiveness of these interventions or some bacterial infections will become difficult if not impossible to treat reliably.
Antiobiotic Resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and how it arises through natural selection. It provides background on the discovery and early use of antibiotics like DDT and penicillin. However, as bacteria evolved resistance, new antibiotics had to be continually developed to keep ahead of evolving resistance. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture, has accelerated this process and reduced the effectiveness of many existing drugs. New approaches are needed that apply principles of evolutionary biology to slow further development of resistance.
Einstein paper draft
This review discusses the development of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains and novel treatment methods targeting bacteria's communication process known as quorum sensing. It shows that the enzyme MTAN plays a vital role in quorum sensing pathways by catalyzing the production of signaling molecules called autoinducers. Disrupting MTAN could compromise pathogenic bacteria without killing them, reducing the development of drug resistance. Future studies will investigate how inhibiting MTAN affects bacterial toxicity.
Environmental Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and the role of the environment in the transmission of resistant bacteria. It begins with an overview of antibiotic resistance and how easy it is to make bacteria resistant to penicillin in the laboratory. It then discusses how improper use of antibiotics can educate bacteria to become resistant and infect others. The document notes that any antibiotic use can lead to resistance and discusses some evolutionary advantages bacteria have over humans in developing drug resistance. It also presents a hypothetical case study of a MRSA outbreak in high school students and how one would investigate such an outbreak. Finally, it discusses major drivers of antibiotic resistance in the environment, including biocides, metals, and antibiotics themselves, as well as pathways by which resistance can spread environmentally through
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance has become a major health problem as bacteria evolve and develop defenses against antibiotics. When antibiotics were first introduced, they revolutionized medicine and many bacterial infections could be treated. However, over-prescription and over-use of antibiotics has accelerated the development of resistance. Now many bacterial infections are becoming harder or impossible to treat due to antibiotic-resistant strains. Managing antibiotic resistance requires more responsible antibiotic use to reduce selection pressure for resistance, developing new classes of antibiotics, and limiting transmission of resistant bacteria.
Vaccine Victories Against Microbial Resistance - Dr. Donald F. Gerson
Antibiotic resistance has reduced treatment options for infectious diseases, but vaccines have been highly successful at preventing disease without pathogens developing resistance. Vaccines work by eliciting a specific immune response, whereas antibiotics non-specifically kill microbes, allowing resistance to develop. While antibiotic use is necessary, overuse has accelerated resistance development. Increased vaccine coverage and development of new vaccines offer the best strategy to control infectious diseases without resistance issues.
Modes of action and resistance mechanisms of commonly used antibioticsa
This document summarizes the origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. It discusses how antibiotic resistance has developed since antibiotics were first discovered and used clinically. The key points made are:
1) Antibiotic resistance has developed and spread rapidly since antibiotics were introduced due to natural selection pressures from antibiotic use.
2) There are many genetic mechanisms that enable bacteria to develop resistance, such as mutations, gene transfer between bacteria, and mobile genetic elements like integrons.
3) Antibiotic resistance genes exist naturally in environmental bacteria and are shared between environmental and clinical settings, contributing to the emergence and spread of resistance.
antibioticpolicylecture-200217054132.pdf
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and the need for antibiotic policies in hospitals. It provides background on the development of antibiotic resistance over time. The key points are:
- Inappropriate antibiotic use promotes the spread of resistant bacteria. Hospital settings can foster drug resistance.
- An antibiotic policy aims to reduce resistance by optimizing antibiotic use and educating staff. The policy is developed with input from microbiologists, pharmacists, and clinicians.
- The hospital infection control committee implements and monitors adherence to the antibiotic policy. Continuous education is needed to ensure appropriate antibiotic prescribing.
antibioticpolicylecture-200217054132.pdf
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and the need for antibiotic policies in hospitals. It provides background on the development of antibiotic resistance over time. The key points are:
- Inappropriate antibiotic use promotes the spread of resistant bacteria. Hospital settings can foster drug resistance.
- An antibiotic policy aims to reduce resistance by optimizing antibiotic use and educating staff. The policy is developed with input from microbiologists, pharmacists, and clinicians.
- The hospital infection control committee implements and monitors adherence to the antibiotic policy. Continuous education is needed to ensure appropriate antibiotic prescribing.
Similar to Timeline (20)
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious disease
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious disease
Man Vs Microbe - Pre-Apocalyptic Phase Failed? in IJAHS
Man Vs Microbe - Pre-Apocalyptic Phase Failed? in IJAHS
Antibiotics Success and Failures what is our role by Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Antibiotics Success and Failures what is our role by Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Environmental Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance
Environmental Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance
Vaccine Victories Against Microbial Resistance - Dr. Donald F. Gerson
Vaccine Victories Against Microbial Resistance - Dr. Donald F. Gerson
Modes of action and resistance mechanisms of commonly used antibioticsa
Modes of action and resistance mechanisms of commonly used antibioticsa
Recently uploaded
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingShallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Recently uploaded (20)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Timeline
- 1. A Timeline of Antibiotic Resistance See timeline above
- 2. Golden Era of Development Introduction of antibiotic agents with penicillin in the 1940s produced a breakthrough health intervention, saving millions of lives1 The ‘golden era’ of antibiotic discovery in the 1940s-1960s1 Streptomycin, tetracycline, vancomycin developed among many others Commercial development of a huge number of drug classes1 Global effort to find new antibiotics through screening of microbes1 Many bacterial diseases receded1
- 3. Emergence of Resistance A parallel surge in strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria appeared only years after development of the antibiotic2 As early as the 1940s isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin were identified2 Although antibiotic agent discovery continued, resistance has began to increase sharply2 Loss of effectiveness becoming common for all antibiotics after continued use1
- 4. Number of resistance causing enzymes identified3
- 5. Increasing Development Gaps and Growing Resistance Since the 1960s, development of antibiotics has been declining4 Larger gaps between development of new antibiotics4 Only one new antibiotic agent in the last decade Development becoming more expensive for drug companies4 Many of the most effective antibacterials have now been rendered ineffective – with many multidrug resistant strains arising2 Leaves an uncertain future concerning bacterial diseases
- 6. References 1. Walsh C. Where will new antibiotics come from? Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2003;1(1):65-70. 2. Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AK, Wertheim HF, Sumpradit N, et al. Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2013;13(12):1057-1098. 3. Davies J, Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2010;74(3):417-433. Figure 2 , Numbers of unique β- lactamase enzymes identified since the introduction of the first β-lactam antibiotics; p. 421. 4. Cars O, Högberg LD, Murray M, Nordberg O, Sivaraman S, Lundborg CS, et al. Meeting the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Bmj. 2008;337(sep18_3):a1438-a1438. Timeline produced by Centre of Disease Control and Prevention USA, found at: https://thefern.org/2013/11/imagining-the-post-antibiotics-future/timeline-of-antibiotic- resistance/