Three-line Hybrid Seed Production.pdf
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Three line Hybrid Seed Production PLANT BREEDING SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY K VANANGAMUDI TNPSC AO, HO, ADH, AAO, AHO EXAMS ICAR AIEEA JRF & SRF for PG admissions ICAR NET, ARS & STO (T-6) IBPS – AFO CGMS system OF HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
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ABR LINE.pptx
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Male sterility systems allow for the efficient production of F1 hybrid seeds in crops. In pigeonpea, three main systems have been developed: genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS), and temperature sensitive male sterility (TGMS). The first commercial pigeonpea hybrid ICPH-8 was developed using a GMS system, but CGMS is now more widely used due to advantages for large-scale seed production. The first stable CGMS system in pigeonpea utilized cytoplasm from the wild species Cajanus scarabaeoides. Numerous hybrids with significant yield advantages over varieties have been released using CGMS systems. TGMS also shows
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Extranuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. It is found in most eukaryotes and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts or from cellular parasites like viruses or bacteria. Determining the contribution of organelle genes to plant phenotype is hampered by several factors, including the paucity of variation in the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. Mitochondria are organelles which function to transform energy as a result of cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via photosynthesis in plants and algae. The genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function, yet the genomes replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell division. They replicate in response to a cell's increasing energy needs which adjust during that cell's lifespan. There is consistent difference between the results from reciprocal crosses; generally only the trait from female parent is transmitted. In most cases, there is no segregation in the F2 and subsequent generations.
Plant genetic engineering is one of the key technologies for crop improvement as well as an emerging approach for producing recombinant proteins in plants. Both plant nuclear and plastid genomes can be genetically modified, yet fundamental functional differences between the eukaryotic genome of the plant cell nucleus and the prokaryotic-like genome of the plastid will have an impact on key characteristics of the resulting transgenic organism. So, which genome, nuclear or plastid, to transform for the desired transgenic phenotype? In this paper we compare the advantages and drawbacks of engineering plant nuclear and plastid genomes to generate transgenic plants with the traits of interest, and evaluate the pros and cons of their use for different biotechnology and basic research applications. The chloroplast is a pivotal organelle in plant cells and eukaryotic algae to carry out photosynthesis, which provides the primary source of the world’s food. The expression of foreign genes in chloroplasts offers several advantages over their expression in the nucleus: high-level expression, no position effects, no vector sequences allowing stable transgene expression. In addition, transgenic chloroplasts are generally not transmitted through pollen grains because of the cytoplasmic localization. In the past two decades, great progress in chloroplast engineering has been made.
cytoplasmic effect and genetic engineering of chloroplasts
This document summarizes information about cytoplasmic genomes and their applications in plant breeding. It discusses how cytoplasmic DNA located in plastids and mitochondria can influence agronomic traits such as male sterility and disease resistance. Common techniques used in chloroplast transformation are also outlined, including vector design and selection markers. The advantages of chloroplast transformation over nuclear transformation are highlighted, such as high levels of transgene expression and gene containment due to maternal inheritance of plastids. Potential applications of chloroplast transformation include developing herbicide and insect/pathogen resistance in crops.
Male sterility in plant breeding
Plant breeding. Male sterility. cytoplasmic male sterility. Genetic male sterility. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
male sterility system and its exploitation in monocot and Dicot plant
This document discusses different types of male sterility in plants. It begins by defining male sterility as the inability to produce or release viable pollen grains. The main types discussed are genetic male sterility (GMS), which is controlled by genes, and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), which is determined by the cytoplasm. GMS can be environmentally sensitive, like thermo-sensitive GMS, or insensitive. CMS is maintained by a maintainer line and can be used for hybrid seed production. The document also discusses transgenic male sterility systems like the Barnase/Barstar system, and chemically induced male sterility (CHA) using chemicals like maleic hydrazide. CHA allows hybrid seed production with
Two line breeding in RICE
This document discusses two methods for producing hybrid rice: two-line and three-line breeding systems. The two-line system uses environmentally sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) or chemically induced male sterility (CIMS) to produce hybrid seed. EGMS lines are male sterile under certain temperature or photoperiod conditions. Two-line hybrids have advantages over three-line such as lower production costs and greater genetic diversity of parents. China has had success adopting two-line hybrid rice, which now covers over 2 million hectares. Further research aims to develop more stable EGMS lines and higher-yielding two-line hybrids with stress tolerance and quality traits.
$Male sterility
This document discusses different types of male sterility in plants, including genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and chemically-induced male sterility (CHA). It describes how each type of male sterility works and how it can be used for hybrid seed production. Specifically, CMS uses cytoplasmic genes to induce sterility and requires maintainer and restorer lines, while GMS uses nuclear genes and can be environmentally sensitive. The document also covers transgenic systems like Barnase/Barstar and provides examples of major crops where male sterility systems have been applied.
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cytoplasmic effect and genetic engineering of chloroplasts
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- 1. Three-line Hybrid Seed Production Prepared by Dr. K. Vanangamudi Formerly Dean (Agriculture), AC & RI, Coimbatore Dean, Adhiparashakthi Agricultural College,Kalavai Professor and Head - Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Techniques of Hybrid Seed Production 1. Single line breeding 2. Two-line breeding o Two-line hybrids can be evolved through Mechanical means (Hand emasculation and pollination, Detasseling) Application of gametocides Use of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) Use of genic male sterility (GMS) Use of environmentally induced genic male sterility (EGMS) o TGMS & PGMS 3. Three-line method or CGMS system Involving three lines 100% male sterility can be maintained in three-line breeding system. A line is a sterile (Female) line B line is a fertile (Maintainer) line A (no pollen) and B (Pollen) are isogeneic lines except pollen fertility. R line is restorer line Requirements for 3 lines hybrids A-line 1. Stable sterility 2. Well developed floral traits for outcrossing 3. Easily, wide spectrum and strongly to be restored B-line 1. Well-developed floral traits with large pollen load 2. Good combining ability R-line 1. Strong restore ability 2. Good combining ability 3. Large pollen load, normal flowering traits and timing Characteristics of parental lines Female parent Male parent High seed yield Good seed characteristics Pest resistance Male sterility Lodging resistant Good pollen production Long shedding period Plant height Fertility restoration
- 2. Three-line method A x B B R - Breeder stage A B R A x B B R - Foundation stage A B R A x R - Certified stage F1 Examples Rice, sorghum, bajra, sunflower Advantages and disadvantages of the 3-line hybrid system Advantages Disadvantages o Stable male sterility o Limited germplasm source (CMS, Restorer) o This system requires an extra step for parental seed production o CMS breeding is time consuming Examples of Hybrids 1. Single line hybrid NB 21 grass 2. Two line hybrids Hand emasculation and dusting Cotton, Tomato, Chilli, Bhendi Detasseling Maize Use of male sterile lines a) Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) Ornamentals b) Genic male sterility (GMS) Redgram, Castor o Use of environmentally induced genic male sterility (EGMS) Rice o PGMS (Photo sensitive Genic Male Sterility) Rice
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