The document provides an overview of fruits, detailing their structures and classifications, such as fleshy and dry fruits, as well as aggregate and multiple fruits. It categorizes various agricultural and horticultural crops by type of fruit and seed, including examples like mangoes, apples, and wheat. Additionally, it includes illustrations and descriptions of different fruit types and their characteristics.

1. FRUITS & THEIR STRUCTURES
Dr. K. Vanangamudi
Formerly Dean (Agriculture), AC & RI, Coimbatore
Dean, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai
Professor & Head (Seed Science & Technology)
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore 641 003
Contact: 9894904745
Mail: vanangamudi.tnau@gmail.com
Website: https://trinityculturalacademy.com/
YouTube: https://youtube.com/channel/UCWGv08j5jaZ-nkvz46HrBVw
1. FRUITS
Fruit is a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, mainly
one or more ovaries.
1.1. Types
1.1.1. Fleshy
1.1.1.1. Simple fleshy fruits
Develop from a flower with a single pistil.
Drupe: Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp, or pit
(Fig. 1). E.g. Mango, peach, plume, cherry, cocoa, coconut and coffee.
FIG. 1: Drupe
Pomes: Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows around
the ovary (Fig. 2). E.g. Apple, Pear, Quince, Loquat.

2. FIG. 2: Pome
1.1.1.2. Compound fleshy
Berry: Usually develops from a compound ovary and often contains more than one seed.
True berry is a fruit with a thin skin and a relatively soft pericarp (Fig. 3). E.g. Banana, grapes,
papaya, sapota, arecanut, avocado.
Pepos: Relatively thick rinds (Fig. 4). E.g. Pumpkins, watermelon, cucumber.
Hesperidium: Leathery skin containing oils (Fig. 5). E.g. Citrus, aonla, carambola.
FIG. 3: Berry FIG. 4: Pepos

3. FIG. 5: Hesperidium
1.1.2. Dry fruits
1.2.1.1. Dehiscent
Dry fruits that split at maturity
Follicle: Splits along one side or seam (Fig. 6). E.g. Larkspur
Legume: Splits along two sides or seams (Fig. 7). E.g. Grams
Silique: Splits along two sides or seams, but seeds are borne on central partition exposed
when the two halves separate (Fig. 8). E.g. Sesamum, crucifers.
FIG. 6: Follicle of larkspur FIG. 7: Pod of pea FIG. 8: Silique of
crucifer
Capsule: Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways (Fig. 9). E.g. Okra
or bhendi, Jimson weed.

4. FIG. 9: Capsule of jimson weed
1.1.3. Indehiscent
Dry fruits that do not split at maturity
Achene (Fig. 10): E.g. Sunflower
Nut: A large, indehiscent achene, commonly one-seeded (Fig. 11). E.g. Almond
FIG. 10: Achene of
sunflower
FIG. 11: Nut of oak FIG. 12: Caryopsis of corn
Grain/caryopsis: An achene in which the ovary wall and seed coat are inseparable (Fig.
12). E.g. Wheat, corn, rice, sorghum, pearl millet etc.
Samara: A winged achene or nut (Fig. 13). E.g. Maple
Schizocarp: (Fig. 14) –E.g. carrot
FIG. 13: Samara of maple FIG. 14: Schizocarp of
carrot
FIG. 15: Aggregate fruit

5. 1.1.4. Aggregate fruit
Derived from a single flower with several to many pistils. Individual pistils mature as a
clustered unit on a single receptacle (Fig. 15). E.g. Raspberries, Strawberries.
1.1.5. Multiple fruit
Derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence (Fig. 16). E.g.
Pineapples, Figs
FIG. 16: Mutiple fruit
2. AN OVERVIEW
Crops Fruit type Seed type
AGRICULTURAL CROPS
Cereals
Rice Caryopsis Monocot
Wheat Kernel/Caryopsis Monocot
Millets
Sorghum Caryopsis Monocot
Barley Caryopsis Monocot
Bajra Caryopsis Monocot
Maize Caryopsis Monocot
Fibre crops
Cotton Boll Dicot
Jute Pod Dicot
Pulses
Bengal gram Pod Dicot
Green gram Pod Dicot
Soybean Pod Dicot
Red gram Pod Dicot
Black gram Pod Dicot
Oilseeds
Groundnut Pod Dicot
Sesame Siliqua Dicot
Sunflower Achene Dicot

6. Crops Fruit type Seed type
Castor Schizocarp Dicot
HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Vegetables
Tomato Berry Dicot
Brinjal Berry Dicot
Chilli Berry Dicot
Bhendi Capsule Dicot
Cowpea Pod Dicot
Cucurbits Pepo Dicot
Pumpkin Pepo Dicot
Carrot Schizocarp Dicot
Beetroot Aggregate Dicot
Cabbage Siliqua Dicot
Cauliflower Siliqua Dicot
Amaranthus Utricle Dicot
Radish Pod Dicot
Fruit crops
Mango Drupe Dicot
Sapota Berry Dicot
Banana Fruit Monocot
Pomegranate Berry Dicot
Apple Pome Dicot
Citrus Hesperidium Dicot
Almond Drupe Monocot (nut)
Grapes Berry Dicot
Guava Berry Dicot
Papaya Berry Dicot
Pear Pome Dicot
Peach Drupe Dicot
Plantation crops
Coconut Fibrous drupe–Nut Monocot
Arecanut Drupe–Nut Monocot
Cocoa Pod Dicot
Tea Berries Dicot
Coffee Drupe Dicot
Spices
Pepper Berry Diocot
Cardamom Capsule Monocots
Flower crops
Gladiolus Pod/capsule Monocot
Orchid Capsule Monocot
Tulip Capsule Monocot