Presented By: Dhaval Bhanderi

1. Male Sterility in Pigeon pea
1
SUBMITTED BY
Bhanderi Dhaval A.
Reg. No.:- 2010120007
M.Sc. (Agri.) 1st Semester,
Department of Seed Science & Technology
Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh
SUBMITTED TO
Dr. C. A. Babariya
Assistant Professor
Department of Seed Science & Technology
Junagadh Agricultural University,
Junagadh
Course no. : SST 501
Course title : Floral Biology, Seed Development and Maturation

2. Content
 Introduction
 Male Sterility in Pigeon pea
Genetic Male Sterility (GMS)
Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility
(CGMS)
Temperature Sensitive Male Sterility
(TGMS)
References
2

3. Introduction
Name of Crop : Pigeonpea, Redgram,
Arhar, Congo pea, Tur
Botanical Name : Cajanus cajan L.
Family : Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Chromosome
Number
: 2n=22
Centre of Origin : India
Mode of
pollination
: Often cross pollination
Percent cross
pollination
: 5-48 %
Wild progenitor : Cajanus cajanifolius
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4. Introduction
 Pigeonpea is one of the most common tropical and subtropical legumes of Asia,
Africa, Caribbean region and south and central America.
 It is a short lived perennial shrub and traditionally cultivated as an annual crop in
developing countries.
 Pigeonpea ranks second after chickpea among all the pulses in the country and
normally cultivated during kharif season.
 India is considered as the center of origin of pigeonpea because of its natural
genetic variability available in the local germplasm and the presence of its wild
relatives in the country.
 In India it is mainly cultivated in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat
and Andhra Pradesh.
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5. Male Sterility in Pigeon pea
 Male Sterility
 The origin of male sterility in plants is attributed to mutations that generally occur
naturally, but it can also be induced through the application of different physical or
chemical mutagens.
 Besides these, the male sterility system can also be bred through wide hybridization and
selection.
 For its effective utilization in plant breeding, it is essential that the individuals with
altered male sterility retain their female fertility intact.
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Male-sterile anther
Male-fertile anther

6. • The development of genetic (GMS) and cytoplasmic (CMS) male
sterility systems triggered a change in the reporting of heterosis.
• In pigeonpea, on the basis of their genetic control, the male sterility
systems are classified into genetic (GMS), cytoplasmic‐nuclear (CMS),
or temperature‐sensitive (TGMS).
 Genetic male sterility (GMS)
 Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS)
 Temperature sensitive male sterility (TGMS)
• Of these, so far, only the CMS system has been explored to breed
commercial hybrids (Saxena et al., 2010).
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7. Genetic Male Sterility
 In pigeonpea, during the period extending from
1959–2001, a total of 12 GMS systems were
reported.
 With the exception of one (translucent anthers), the
rest were chance selections.
 Deshmukh (1959) reported the first spontaneous
male sterile mutant in pigeonpea. This mutant also
carried severe female sterility, and was lost in the
same season.
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8. Genetic Male Sterility
 Reddy et al. (1977) made a deliberate search for male
sterility in 7,216 germplasm accessions at ICRISAT
genebank, and selected 75 male sterile plants from different
accessions.
 Among these, six selections had fully developed translucent
anthers and had no pollen grains.
 This male sterility was found to be controlled by a single
recessive gene ms1 (Reddy et al., 1978), which was later
used in hybrid breeding.
 Subsequently, another source of male sterility characterized
by brown arrow-head shaped anthers and controlled by a
non-allelic single recessive gene ms2 was identified in
Australia (Saxena et al. 1983). 8

9. Conti….
 Six male sterile selections
were identified at ICRISAT
in 1977, derived from
totally two unrelated
species.
9
Ms-3A From ICP-
1555
Ms-3B
Ms-3C
Ms-3D
Ms-3E From ICP-
1596
Ms-4A

10. Conti….
 The visible marker, i.e. white translucent anther
provides an efficient way of recognizing these ms
plants in the field.
Fig.: Anthers of (left to right) translucent male-sterile ms1,
normal, and brown arrow-head male-sterile ms2.
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11. Distinctive characteristics of 12 genetic male sterility (GMS) systems
reported over time in pigeonpea.
Breakdown
stage
Distinctive information Genotype Reference
- Linked with female
sterility
- Deshmukh (1959)
- Variable pollen sterility - Reddy et al. (1977)
Tetrad Translucent anthers ms1 ms1 Reddy et al. (1978)
- Linked with obcordate leaf - Venkateshwarlu et al. (1981)
Pre‐meiotic Sparse pollen production - Saxena et al. (1981)
Pre‐meiotic Photoperiod insensitive - Dundas et al. (1982)
Pre‐meiotic Arrow‐head anthers ms2 ms2 Saxena et al. (1983)
- Single recessive gene - Gupta and Faris (1983)
- Linked to obcordate leaf - Pandey et al. (1994)
- Single recessive gene - Verulkar and Singh (1997)
- Single dominant gene - Wanjari et al. (2000)
- Rudimentary anthers ms3 ms3 Saxena and Kumar (2001)
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12. ICPH 8 – 1st commercial GMS based Pigeon pea hybrid
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High yield potential
Vigorous growth
Matures in 115-135 days
Wide adaptation
Drought tolerance
ICPH-8 was developed by ICRISAT and released for cultivation in India in 1992.
Parents: MS Prabhat DT × ICPL 161
Characteristics of ICPH 8

13. GMS based hybrids released in India
Character ICPH 8 PPH 4 CoH 1 CoH 2 AKPH
4104
AKPH
2022
State Telangana Punjab Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Maharashtra
Year of
release
1992 1994 1994 1997 1997 1998
Parentage MS
Prabhat
DT x
ICPL 161
MS Prabhat
DT x AL
688
MS T21 x
ICPL87109
MS CO5 x
ICPL83027
NA NA
Days to
maturity
125 (CZ) 137
(NWPZ)
117 (SZ) 120-130
(SZ)
130-140 180-200
Yield (q/ha) 17.8 19.3 12.1 10.5 NA NA
Control UPAS 120 UPAS 120 VBN 1 Co 1 BDN 2 BSMR 736
Heterosis % 31 32 32 35 35 64
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14. Genetic male sterility system was not
widely accepted due to…
 Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility system usually was a better option for
large scale seed production.
 Pigeonpea displays considerable natural out-crossing and now CMS lines
are available with different cytoplasmic backgrounds.
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1. The economics of large scale seed production.
2. The major drawback was rouging of fertile counterpart
from the female plot, which was time and labor
consuming.
3. Lack of necked eye marker for male sterility (linked
marker)
4. Difficult to maintain genetic purity (insect pollination)
5. Low amount of hybrid seed production (50%)

15. Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility
 Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility occurs due to
interaction between its cytoplasmic and nuclear
genomes.
 This system revolves around three distinct genotypes,
namely, male sterile (A), its maintainer (B), and its
fertility restorer (R) line.
 A cytoplasmic‐ nuclear male sterility (CMS) system in
plants can arise either through spontaneous mutation,
intra‐specific, inter‐specific or inter‐generic crosses.
 So far, the wide hybridization programs have been
more successful in producing CMS systems in
different crops (Kaul, 1988).
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16. Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility
 This CMS system stable across diverse environments and has an
excellent fertility restoration system.
 After the development of a stable CMS system, several experimental
hybrids were produced and evaluated.
 Kandalkar (2007) found that CMS-based hybrids recorded standard
heterosis up to 156% for grain yield.
 Saxena (2007) reported yield advantage of 50-100% over the popular
varieties/checks.
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The first workable CMS system in pigeonpea was produced at GAU,
Sardarkrushinagar by Tikka et al. (1997) from wild cytoplasm C.
scarabaeoides.
The second breakthrough in this technology was achieved when a CMS system
was developed by crossing C. cajanifolius (a wild species) and a cultivated
line ICP 28 (Saxena et al., 2005).

17. List of CMS sources derived from different
wild relatives of Pigeonpea
Sr.
No.
Cytoplasm Donor Characters
1 A1 Cajanus sericeus Envt sensitive, stable in long
photoperiod, low restores
2 A2 Cajanus scarabaeoides Stable CMS, inconsistent fertility
3 A3 Cajanus volubilis Fertility problem
4 A4 Cajanus cajanifolious Best stable CMS, many fertility, good
pod set and yield
5 A5 Cajanus cajan Maintainer from wild
6 A6 Cajanus lineatus Natural hybrid from wild
7 A7 Cajanus platycarpus Tertiary gene pool, embryo rescue
8 A8 Cajanus acutifolius -
9 A9 Cajan cajan - 17

18. GTH-1 - World’s 1st CGMS based Hybrid
 Characteristics of GTH-1
 Indeterminate Growth habit
 Early in maturity durations
 Very much stable fertility restoration
 Yellow color flower
 Green pod with streaks at base
 Bold and large white seed
 Batter dal recovery (87.2%) and grain
yield 32 and 42% higher than GT 101 and
AKP-4101
 Yield potential : 2827 kg/ha
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World first CGMS based hybrid of pigeonpea developed by SDAU by utilizing
the cytoplasm of wild species of Cajanus (Cajanus scarabaeoides)
Released from SDAU in 2004 for cultivation in Gujarat state and central zone of
India.
Parents : GT288 A (CMS line/cytoplasm of (Cajanus scarabaeoides) A2 and
GTR-11 (restorer/male)

19. ICPH 2671 – world's 1st commercial food legume hybrid
 Characteristics of ICPH 2671
 Indeterminate and semi-spreading
 Matures between 164-184 days
 Flower colour yellow with dense
red streaks
 Dark purple pod
 Dark brown seed colour
 Highly resistant to Fusarium wilt
and sterility mosaic disease
 Yield 2.5-3 tonne/ha
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ICRISAT developed the world's first cytoplasmic‐nuclear male sterility
(CMS)‐based commercial hybrid in a food legume, the pigeonpea.
Hybrid ICPH 2671 recorded 47% superiority for grain yield over the control
variety ‘Maruti’.
Parents: ICPA 2043 × ICPR 2671

20. ICPH 2740
 Characteristics of ICPH 2671
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Parents: ICPA 2047× ICPL 87119
Growth habit Determinate
Days to flowering 125-130
Days to 75% pod
maturity
176-189 days
Seed color Brown
Yield 2.7-3 tonne/ha
Superiority over check 30-40%

21. List of Various CGMS based hybrids
developed at ICRISAT
 ICPH 2438 (Early)
 ICPH 2433 (Early)
 ICPH 2363 (Early)
 ICPH 3491 (Medium)
 ICPH 3481 (Medium)
 ICPH 3497 (Medium)
 ICPH 3471 (Medium)
 ICPH 3494 (Medium)
 ICPH 2307 (Late)
 ICPH 2306 (Late)
 ICPH 2896 (Late) 21

22. TGMS - Temperature Sensitive
Male Sterility
 Some environmental factors such as temperature and
photo period are known to play a key role by
inducing male sterility in pigeonpea.
 The TGMS system uses two lines instead of three
(A, B and R in the CMS hybrid system), eliminating
the need of having maintainers and fertility restorers.
 This approach popularly known as two parent hybrid
breeding.
 The deleterious effects of cytoplasm on hybrids will
also be avoided, and incorporation of genetic
variability can be achieved in a short time and rather
easily. 22

23. First report of TGMS
 In pigeonpea, TGMS material derived from an inter-specific cross
involving C. sericeus, a wild relative of pigeonpea and a cultivar ICPA
85010, a cultivated species C. cajan (Saxena, 2014).
 The selection demonstrated marked changes in the fertility status of the
plants under field conditions in different temperature regimes.
 At > 25oC the plant were completely male sterile, while at < 24oC the
same plants became fully male fertile.
 These genotypes can be used to develop a two-line hybrid breeding
system in pigeonpea.
 This is the first report of Temperature–Sensitive Male Sterility system
in pigeonpea. 23

24. References
 Bajpai, G. C., Singh, J. and Tewari S. K. (2003). Pigeonpea hybrids - a
review. Pigeonpea hybrids - a review. Agric.Rev., 24(1): 1-15.
 Ginoya, A. V., (2017). Overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production
technology and its on-farm validation. M.Sc. (Agri.) seminar
submitted to Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat.
 Saxena, K. B. (2015). From concept to field: evolution of hybrid
pigeonpea technology in India. Indian J. Genet., 75(3): 279- 293.
 Saxena, K. B. and Sharma, D. (2018). Development
and Commercialization of CMS Pigeonpea Hybrids. Plant Breeding
Reviews, 41(1): 103-167.
 Singh, P., Singh, R. P., Mohapatra, C., Singh, M. and Singh, D. K.
(2014). Development of CMS and GMS based hybrids in pigeonpea:
present status and future prospects. Biologix (ch-6).
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