My aim in this report is showing the specialty of thermostone and about the
type of creation the chemical sectional and preparation then discuss about
the method and advantage of thermostone.s to improve the report we used
the Koya thermostone the rate of construction in the Kurdistan region (KRG)
has increased through the recent decade due to a wide scope of investments
in different projects and especially for residential projects, infrastructure and
others
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
Actual Cooling curve, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation, Critical radius of nucleation
Reference: Material Science and Engineering, William Callister
Artificial Construction Materials- A beginners presentationPrashant P
Artificial Construction Materials- Materials including commonly used ones as well as new in the industry. Basic Presentation for beginners in the civil engineering field. I had prepared this in the first year of my diploma course.
Sustainable building materials in Green building construction.Tendai Mabvudza
Defining sustainable building materials with concern to green buildings construction. Architectural Short thesis withdebatable topics. Principles of sustainable building.
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
Actual Cooling curve, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation, Critical radius of nucleation
Reference: Material Science and Engineering, William Callister
Artificial Construction Materials- A beginners presentationPrashant P
Artificial Construction Materials- Materials including commonly used ones as well as new in the industry. Basic Presentation for beginners in the civil engineering field. I had prepared this in the first year of my diploma course.
Sustainable building materials in Green building construction.Tendai Mabvudza
Defining sustainable building materials with concern to green buildings construction. Architectural Short thesis withdebatable topics. Principles of sustainable building.
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
Experiment and Analysis on the Impact of Flexural Strength on Beam with Parti...ijtsrd
In this examination the correlation silica fume, and copper slag concrete quality utilizing destructive test equipment have been completed. In this investigation three sorts of squanders materials silica fume and copper slag and ordinary aggregate were utilized for preparing beam specimens. There are M30 grade of blended extent are used. Squander materials are used in concrete with the substitution bond of 10 , 20 and 30 . These beams are tried on 28 days. The flexural quality are determined with the help of destructive test equipments. Racit Rawat | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari "Experiment & Analysis on the Impact of Flexural Strength on Beam with Partial Replacement of Cement by Silica Fume & Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47962.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47962/experiment-and-analysis-on-the-impact-of-flexural-strength-on-beam-with-partial-replacement-of-cement-by-silica-fume-and-copper-slag/racit-rawat
Performance of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures: Utilizing A Blended Ordinar...IOSR Journals
This study aimed at investigating the effect of subjecting concrete, produced with cement being
partially replaced with saw dust ash (SDA) to elevated temperatures. The performance of the test concrete cubes
was done by exposing them to elevated temperatures of 200oC, 400oC, 600oC and 800oC, and allowed to cool
down to room temperature before testing for their properties. Both the physical and thermal properties of the
concrete cubes were determined. The concrete produced by blending cement with 10% SDA with an average
percentage loss of 23.04% retained more of its compressive strength when exposed to the different
temperatures, than concrete produced using only OPC, which has an average percentage loss of 29.11%. It is
also found that, at an elevated temperature of 800oC, concrete fail totally in flexure due to the effect of high
heat on binding elements. The flexural strength of both the control concrete (at 0% OPC replacement) and
OPC/SDA blended concrete (at 10% OPC replacement) decreased as the temperature is increased. The
replacement of OPC by 10% SDA increased the thermal shock resistance of the concrete by 11 cycles than the
0% OPC concrete at the same temperature. The concrete produced with OPC has better thermal conductivity
than the concrete produced by blending OPC with SDA, as a result, the dislodgement of the concrete edges is
relatively lower in the SDA blended cement concrete than in the OPC concrete. The result shows that, blending
OPC with SDA in concrete performed better at elevated temperatures than concrete produced with only OPC.
Therefore, the replacement of OPC with 10% SDA can be applied as a fire resisting bonding material in
concrete.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregat...YogeshIJTSRD
Production of one ton of Portland cement emits one ton of CO2 and different greenhouse gases main to atmospheric pollution. Hence the want arises to exchange cement with some different cementitious material. Disposal of Pond ash which is combination of Fly ash andamp Bottom ash into massive lakes reasons land air pollution and different environmental effects. The cause of this find out about is to locate the suitability of silica fume as a alternative cloth for cement and pond ash as a alternative fabric for first rate combination in concrete except compromising the power andamp sturdiness of traditional concrete. The bodily and chemical property of silica fume and pond ash is to be studied and each the industrial wastes are used to substitute the cement and great aggregate. Pond ash is in part changed for fantastic mixture with the aid of various percentages 10 to 30 , additionally silica fume is introduced by way of 10 to 20 by way of the weight of cement. The specimens will be examined for its mechanical houses such as compressive strength, cut up tensile energy and flexural electricity on 7, 28 andamp 56 days. After identifying the houses of the concrete mixes, the foremost share of alternative tiers of silica fume and pond ash will be carried out and Reinforced Concrete Beams had been forged to decide the flexural behaviour for the optimized concrete Mix. Mr. K. Soundirarajan | Telem Shidartha "Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in a Silica Fume Based Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45048.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45048/experimental-study-of-using-pond-ash-as-partial-replacement-for-fine-aggregate-in-a-silica-fume-based-concrete/mr-k-soundirarajan
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
RockMaxpan providing chloride free Magnesium oxide board is made of magnesium oxide cement and foam particle, mostly used for interior construction or renovation project, Sandwich insulation panel, Marine decoration, Fireplaces Pad, Fire resistant door and more.
Cement refers to the commodities that are produced by burning mixtures of limestone and other
minerals or additives at high temperature in a rotary kiln, followed by cooling, finish mixing, and
grinding. This is the manner in which the vast majority of commercially-important cementations
materials are produced in the United States. Cements are used to chemically bind different
materials together. The most commonly produced cement type is "Portland" cement, though
other standard cement types are also produced on a limited basis.
Cement plants produced 99.8 million metric tons of cement. Worldwide production accounted
for about 2.5 billion metric tons. As with most large manufacturing industries, by-product
materials are generated. These industrial by-product and waste materials must be managed
responsibly to insure a clean and safe environment.
Engineering Project Management
This report is going to talk about and explain the basics of project
management, the importance of project management, the role of project
manager, the skills a good project manager must have, some key concepts
that almost every project must follow, the steps of the project and how the
project works and what effects it, and some of the reasons that may cause
problems in the process of the way that the project is going or some of the
problems that may actually make the project fail and not just create some
problems that can be solved, and the report also explains a small example
to make understanding the concept of engineering project management
easy.
The report explains the entire process of project management from the first
step before the project starts, and it explains on how to achieve the goal of
the project at the end when the project is finished.
The Effect of Declination on The Tide Pattern in Hydroghraphic SurveyingNzar Braim
The Effect of Declination on The Tide Pattern in Hydroghraphic Surveying.
I was discussed about the tide and what's meaning of tide
and I explained it with simple figure
Contribution Of Real Time Network (NRTK) for improvement of accuracyNzar Braim
Contribution Of Real Time Network (NRTK) for improvement of accuracy in GPS.
RTK GPS has seen incredible mechanical advances in the course of recent years and is currently routinely utilized in a wide assortment of building type applications. RTK GPS gives a centimeter-level situation in a moment or two, permitting laborers to get the exactness. One GPS
collector is put in a control point (named the reference station) with known directions. RTK framework consolidates GPS data and information radio correspondence with cutting edge calculations to figure the exact situation of the tasks, for example, parkway and extension, GIS venture.
Types of Walls (Brick,Concrete Block & Stone Walls)Nzar Braim
Types of Walls (Brick, Concrete
Block & Stone Walls)
The main objective of this project is to assess the contribution of nonstructural masonry walls to the safety of buildings after an unforeseeable
event and the definition of procedures to enhance this contribution
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and ManagementNzar Braim
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and Management
In the real world, the majority of engineering economic analysis problems are
alternative comparisons. In these problems, two or more mutually exclusive
investments compete for limited funds. A variety of methods exists for selecting
the superior alternative from a group of proposals. Each method has its own merits
and applications
Differentiation between primary and secondary LIDAR system of Remote SensingNzar Braim
In this report I will explain the importance of remote sensing in general and explaining
one of the most important system or application which is LIDAR (light detection and
ranging) and I will explain all its types and uses and applications and the components
and advantage of this system and how it works then I will mention the imaging system
with explaining the primary and secondary return imaging in LiDAR
The concept of total Horizontal and Vertical UncertaintyNzar Braim
My aim in this report is showing The Importance and significance the subject
of hydrographic which is important science in our life especially for some
countries that's covered with the water or let's say the large amount of water
so we knew that survey engineer deals with the coordinates measurement,
errors ,accuracies , other sectors so hydrographic surveyor should observing
carefully because it deals with the water as we know water let's say level of
the water is not suitable changes from place to another due to the gravity of
the Earth and all above mentioned it should be considered for the the
movement of the ships the other water vehicles in the water
Developing project objectives and Execution plan in Economy management Nzar Braim
my aim in creating this report is to discuss about developing project objectives and
execution plan ,In every project and work that is done we have to consider a set of
things because each project must have its own goals and objectives.
It has to have its own time and the project has to be successful in all areas And to
further support the report we put an example on the schedule talks about 150m street
in Erbil.
At first we discuss about execution, next discuss about elements, then discuss
developing project objectives, after that the factors that make the project a success.
Erbil Citadel is a fortified settlement on top of an imposing ovoid-shaped tell (a hill created by many generations of people living and rebuilding on the same spot) in the Kurdistan region, Erbil Governorate. A continuous wall of tall 19th-century façades still conveys the visual impression of an impregnable fortress, dominating the city of Erbil. The citadel features a peculiar fan-like pattern dating back to Erbil's late Ottoman phase.
Law of supply and demand in Economy and management.
In economics, the relationship between the quantity of a commodity that producers wish to sell at various prices and the quantity that consumers wish to buy. It is the main model of price determination used in economic theory. The price of a commodity is determined by the interaction of supply and demand in a market. The resulting price is referred to as the equilibrium price and represents an agreement between producers and consumers of the good. In equilibrium, the quantity of a good supplied by producers equals the quantity demanded by consumers.
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote SensingNzar Braim
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote Sensing
It should be clear by now that the electromagnetic waves are originator and
carrier of information in Earth observation. The information content of the products delivered by a given type of sensor is essentially related to the parameters, mainly frequency (or wavelength) and polarization, characterizing the observing system, including the geometry at which data are acquired. Therefore, the specifications of an EO system, which include the type of sensor, the band of operation, the observation angle, etc.
The Hyperbolic Radio System in hydrographic surveying
Hyperbolic navigation systems are systems designed to provide long-distance positioning information. LORAN C system is operating and provides position information for ships and land vehicles, too. Today, there are some modernization programs called Euro fix, eLoran, which aim to increase the positioning accuracy, high reliability, and independence from satellite navigation systems. The theoretical accuracy of these modern systems is compatible with navigation satellite systems' accuracy.
Car Parking Design in Urban Planning
The growing population of India has created many problems one of the
challenging ones being car parking which we confront almost every day.
Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road, greater is the
the problem of space for a parked vehicle considering that private vehicles
remain parked for most of their time. While residential projects still escape
with designated parking, the real problem lies with commercial spaces many
a time which is overcome by taking extra open spaces to park.
Portland Cement
Portland cement is extensively used in the construction of nuclear waste facilities and as a matrix for shielding and immobilization of radioactive species. It affords both a physical and chemical potential for immobilization. These potentials are quantified and related to specification, fabrication, and performance. However, performance in the long term depends on the cement formulation as well as the geochemistry of the disposal environment and interactions between cement and its near field environment including inactive waste components and other containment materials. Future performance can be estimated using data from natural analogs,
the experience of the performance of historic structures, and by modeling. A comparison of Portland cement with other non-Portland cement is also made.
Segregation in Concrete
The main explanation of this report of Segregation in concrete in terms of
concrete and self-compacting. The aim was to find an analytical relation to
estimating the risk of sedimentation, using the characteristics of the particles
and those of the mortars. The prediction of surface effect segregation (i.e.
transportation of different particle size fractions during heap formation) has
been the subject of a significant level of study.
Explanation of the type of segregation in term size, dry, wet, and water separate
and effect segregation in concrete in term strength and cracks, and
Prevention of Segregation in Concrete.
I brought up an example that supports segregation in concrete which is used
in Kurdistan Region, and explaining the example in term caused segregation
the effect in concrete.
Bar Graph Method in Engineering management Nzar Braim
Bar Graph Method in Engineering management
The main explanation of this report of the Bar Graph Method in terms of
schedule and constriction planning.
The time allowed for Bar graph Schedule performance is usually an
an important consideration for both the project owner and the project contractor.
I've explained the good side of the Bar Graph Method in terms of ( Clarity,
Communication, Motivation, Coordination, Creativity, Time Management
Flexibility, Manageability, Efficiency, Accountability ) and I've talked
about the downside.
I brought up an example that supports the Bar Graph Method which is used in
Kurdistan Region, name of example is (Quantity Estimation and Bar
Graph Schedule for the Project of 150 m Road- Erbil City).
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Surveying ProjectNzar Braim
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic
Surveying Project
This report talks about how the reconnaissance will be and it is effectively important the place that we survey and observation so the surveyor should prepare himself or herself for the project visiting site and site survey and planning and so on.
Observer visiting the site many times daily to see what is the situation and the condition and booking his or her notes recording them such as is the site ready to start the observation? Or is the site has safety to start? I mean replace safety conditions and also must have collected all this information and choose which instrument this site or this project and many other conditions should be considered after all above that I have mentioned he or she decides to start and beginning Project and surveying or not. This is the idea or this the outline recognizes.
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Survey ProjectNzar Braim
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Survey Project
The system is able to withstand the harsh environment of the nearshore and acquire beach profile information across the surf zone. This paper describes the system and results of a comparison in Myrtle Beach, S.C., between surveys collected over a 3- day period by the personal watercraft system and by a similar system mounted aboard a traditional coastal survey vessel.
The bathymetric measurements for the personal watercraft-mounted echosounder surveying system display mean repetitive differences of 6 cm.
This workshop is an introductory course in Hydrographic surveying.
It is designed for surveyors, engineers, survey technicians, dredge operators, and hydrographers.
The course focuses on theoretical principles of hydrographic surveying, project description, operation, and map production.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. Thermostone
Student Name:
Class: 4th
Stage
Course Title: Elective Subject
Department: Geomatics (Surveying) Engineering
College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2019-2020
Copyright
2. 1
Abstract
My aim in this report is showing the specialty of thermostone and about the
type of creation the chemical sectional and preparation then discuss about
the method and advantage of thermostone.s to improve the report we used
the koya thermostone the rate of construction in the Kurdistan region (KRG)
has increased through the recent decade due to a wide scope of investments
in different projects and especially for residential projects, infrastructure and
others.
Thermostone block has a good marketing demand in KRG due to its
preferable specification low unit weight and exceptional thermal insulation;
it is known as light weight concrete.
It is used for the inner sections and in conjunction with the various insulation
materials. The manufacturing technology of thermostone is not complicated,
but there are limited thermostone factories in the Kurdistan region, and
mainly all the thermostone construction materials are imported from outside
Iraq. So the manufacturing of thermostone locally would have a positive
additional value as a result of substituting imported material, providing jobs
and the availability of raw materials around Koya city. The idea of this paper
is to promote local and foreign investors for the establishment of
thermostone factories in Koya city to produce standard blocks and panels. It
is found from the study that a 10 ton/day
factory capacity is a good startup to produce thermostone.
3. 2
Table of content
Subject page
Abstract...................................................................................................... 1
Table of content ......................................................................................... 2
Introduction................................................................................................ 3
Thermostone .............................................................................................. 5
Raw material.............................................................................................. 6
Method....................................................................................................... 7
Theory...................................................................................................... 10
Manufacturing procedures........................................................................ 11
Advantages of thermostone...................................................................... 13
Conclusion .............................................................................................. 16
Refernce .................................................................................................. 17
4. 3
Introduction
It is a modern construction material that has a white medium textured
surface. It is a unique and excellent type of building material due to its super
heat, fire and sound resistance; it is known as light weight concrete (LWC).
Thermostone blocks offer ultimate workability, flexibility, durability, easy
to handle, quickly to install and can be easily cut, chased and fixed into. The
local market demand for that material is very high in KRG for its positive
specifications and because of highly building rate but there is shortage in the
local production of that material due to the lack of factories it is shown that
the announced information for investment in KRG shows only one factory
in Erbil , and the main amount of thermostone that is used now in KRG is
imported from other countries (Turkey or Iran) . For these reasons and
because of its positive economic data, the production of thermostone is
considered to be an important subject for urban development.
It Developed in Sweden in the 1920s by Dr. Johan Axel Eriksson who was
looking for a building material with the properties of wood without the
disadvantages of wood: combustibility, decay and insect damage. He was
working on a variety of aerated concrete samples.
Running short of time, he decided to speed up the curing process by placing
the sample in the laboratory autoclave. The porous mass survived the
overnight autoclaving and the resulting cured brick possessed greatly
increased strength and a new, stronger crystalline composition. In the heat
and pressure of the steam curing, the silica and lime components had become
fused into a form of calcium silicate hydrate crystal, similar to the volcanic
rock,known in nature as Tobermorite.
5. 4
He succeeded in producing a highly cellular, lightweight masonry material,
and quickly became very popular and was often referred to as "blue
concrete"in Sweden due to its blueish tinge.
Thermo stone is a lightweight manufactured building stone.It is used in a
wide range of commercial, industrial, and residential applications and has
been in use in Europe for over 70 years, the Middle East for the past 40 years,
and South America and Australia for approximately 20 years.
Thermo stone is very light colored. It contains many small voids that can be
clearly seen when looked at closely.
The closed air pockets contribute to the material’s insulating properties and
also its aerated nature. Although there is no direct path for water to pass
through the material, an appropriate coating is required to prevent water
penetrating into the thermostone material.
6. 5
Thermostone
Thermostone can be described as a light unite weight building with
exceptional thermal and sound insulation. Usually thermostone used as a
partition due to their high quality of thermal insulation and in some cases
used as bearing walls or in ribbed slabs. Thermostone unite have a white
medium textured surface (below figure) available in different dimensions
according the requirements. The unite weight of thermostone ranging from
(500-550) kg/m3
and the compressive strength ranged between (4-7 Mpa)
or little more.
Figure 1: thermostone
7. 6
Raw material
The common raw materials used to manufacture thermostone blocks in Iraq
are Portland cement, hydrated lime (calcium oxide), aluminum fine powder,
water, and sand, are shown in table one .
Table 1: Raw materials specifications and proportions
No. Matenal Specifications Wt. %
1 Sand
Silica content more than 80%.
Sieve analysis 85% pass through sieve 90
micron.
The density of the sand slurry should be not
more than 1.7 gm/cc.
25
2 Lime (Ca0)
Sieve analysis 95% pass through sieve 90
micron. Produced by calcination of
limestone rock (CaC03).
9—10
3
Portland
cement
Loss on ignition: 0.7% , CaO %:70% 25
4
Alummium
Powder
50—100 microns O. 04
5 Water Tap water 40
8. 7
Chemical analysis of the Koay Heibat Sultan soil shows it contains a mixture
of metal oxide related to iron, alumina, magnesium, silica and calcium. The
mixture of metal oxide inter inside the grain structure of thermostone and
change specifications towards better strength and heat insulation. The big
Portland cement factories in Sulaymaniea (Taslouga and Bazyan) are not far
from Koya and according to that Koya is suitable place to establish such a
factory because the raw materials are available either in Koya or around.
9. 8
Method
In an attempt to solve the problems mentioned previously, Thermostone
blocks ( 20 X 20 X 60cm) with different ratios of additives were made and
tested. Each result represents the average of three tests and the following
tests were conducted during the present work:
1. Compressive strength test: (According to ASTM C 1386)
2. Dry bulk density test: (According to ASTM C 1386)
3. Apparent porosity test: (According to ASTM C-830 )
4. Thermal conductivity test: (According to ASTM C518 )
5. Capillary absorption test: According to Iraqi specification for cellular
concrete blocks (Thermostone) No.1441/2000), samples were put vertically
in a water bath for 24 hours and the level of water ascendance was
measured.
6. Measuring the reaction temperature:
In order to investigate the problem of no pores formation or weak reaction
between lime and Aluminum powder a special device (Fig.2) was used to
measure the reaction temperature after adding Aluminum. It mainly consists
of a mixing motor and a thermometer. Aluminum powder is added after
mixing with small amounts of sand to prevent the powder from floating on
the surface of the mixer, the mixing continues up to 2 minutes, and the whole
test time ends within 3 hours.
10. 9
7. X-Ray diffraction technique:
X-ray (powder) diffraction technique and chemical analysis were carried out
on raw materials and Thermostone blocks after autoclaving to determine the
phases formed during curing. Analysis of the samples (powder method) was
carried out by XRD with diffractometer DRON-7 (the wavelength of
radiation =17902 nm).
Fig. 2: Measuring the temperature of reaction of lime and aluminum
11. 10
Theory
Aluminum powder reacts with calcium hydroxide and water to produce
hydrogen gas which aerates the mixture producing millions of microscopic
hydrogen bubbles.
2Al + 3Ca (OH)2 + 6H20 3CaO.AI203.6H2O + 3H2.…..equation(1)
Aluminum powder+ hydrated lime becomes tricalcium hydrate+ hydrogen
The hydrogen bubbles cause the concrete to expand to roughly two times its
original volume. The hydrogen subsequently evaporates, leaving a highly
closed-cell aerated concrete. The now aerated concrete is cut into blocks or
panels which are steam and pressure-cured in an autoclave to build grain
crystal structure of thermostone.
The chemical reaction that takes place in the presence of steam in the
Autoclave is:
Ca (OH)2 + SiO2 + xH2O CaO.SiO2 xH2O……...equation (2)
Lime in binder + silica + water becomes mono calcium silicate hydrate.
12. 11
Manufacturing procedures
1. Prepare a suitable stock of raw materials that are pass the laboratory test
in a silos normally three silos for cement, lime and washed grinded sand also
supplied by water storage tank and containers for clay and additives (fly ash)
for different block specifications. The capacity of silos, water tank and
containers depend on production capacity and quality.
2. Mixing raw materials (lime, cement, sand, aluminum fine powder and
water) in a pan mixer for a specified time suitable with raw material
specifications and proportions and at a temperature between 43–55°C, it was
observed that no reactions occurs at a temperature less than 40°C . The
mixing process will be kept under designed constant temperature by adding
cold or hot water automatically according to the requirement. The return
slurry density is to be controlled every hour and to be maintained 1.4gm/cc .
The mixing process is PLC controlled fully automatic system.
3. Block production: the slurry is fed into vibro-hydraulic press machine for
molding into casting block and leave to settle in greased molds. It takes from
30 minutes to 4 hours for the mixture to harden enough to be cut by wires
into the desired standard dimension shapes and transported to an autoclave.
4. The blocks put on standard dimensions wooden pallet and arranged in such
a way that the pressurized steam surround each block for curing which done
at a pressure 10 atmosphere, temperature 180 ̊ C and 100% relative humidity
for 10–12 hours.
13. 12
5. The finished product of blocks, panels or slabs is commonly shrink-
wrapped in plastic and transported directly to the construction site.
Figure 3 : Thermostone Block Machine Small
14. 13
Advantages of thermostone
1. Faster Construction
Reduces construction time by 20%.
Different sizes of blocks help reduce the number of joints in wall
masonry.
Lighter blocks make construction easier and faster.
Easy to install. Sets and hardens quickly.
2. Reduces Noise Pollution and Improves Indoor Air Quality An additional
quality contributing to the sustainability of a building product is its ability to
reduce and absorb noise or to improve or maintain indoor air quality. Due to
its millions of independent air cells, which dampen sound transmission,
thermo stone has excellent sound insulation and absorption qualities.
Moreover, because thermo stone construction has very low air infiltration,
indoor air quality of thermo stone structures is improved relative to
competitors.
3. High Thermal Efficiency and energy saving Building constructed of
thermo stone provides substantial energy saving in both hot and cold
climates. The unique closed celluar structure and the thermal mass contribute
to a high R-value and air tightness which reduce heating and cooling costs
and improve indoor air quality.
4. Fire Resistance
Non-combustible and fire resistant up to 1600° C.
Can withstand up to 6 hours of direct exposure.
15. 14
5. Earthquake Resistant
Thermo stone blocks reduce mass of a structure, thus decreasing the
impact of an earthquake on a building.
Non-combustible nature provides an advantage against fires, which
commonlycaccompany earthquakes.
6. Precision
Available in exact sizes.
Results in smooth walls with perfect contact between different elements.
Reduces finished and plastering.
7. Workability
Thermo stone products can be easily cut, drilled, nailled and grooved with
manual or power tools. This provides higher productivity in hydro- sanitary
and electrical installation such as pipe or ducts which can be placed after the
structure has been built.
8. Sustainable
Retains properties over time.
Made of non-allergenic material.
Use of thermo stone improves indoor air quality.
9. Cost Effective
Reduces operating cost by 30% to 40%.
Reduces overall construction cost by 2.5% as it requires less jointing
and reduces need for cement and steel.
16. 15
High-insulation blocks save up to 30% in energy costs.
Wall painting and plastering last longer as almost nil efflorescence
affects. This translates into lower maintenance costs.
10. Lightweight
3-4 times lighter than traditional bricks, therefore, easier and cheaper to
transport.
Usage reduces overall dead load of a building, thereby allowing
construction of taller buildings.
17. 16
Conclusion
1. The establishment of a thermostone factory in Koya city is a feasible
project.
2. The soil analysis of Koay Heibat Sultan shows that it contains ferric,
magnesium and alumina oxide which are important for high quality
thermostone.
3. The production process is batch and takes approximately one day for a
cycle including charging raw material and discharge products about.
4. Describe Advantages of thermostone
18. 17
Reference
[1]- Production of thermostone in Koya city
[2] - Narayanan N., Ramamurthy K., Structure and properties of aerated
concrete: a review, Cement and Concrete Composites Journal ,Vol. 22 ,
PP.321-329. 2000.
[3] - www.imiweb.org. The sole guide for masonry design and construction.
International Masonry Institute, technology brief article; February (2010).
[4]-Narayanan N., Ramamurthy K., Structure and properties of aerated
concrete: a review, Cement and Concrete Composites Journal ,Vol. 22 ,
PP.321-329. 2000.
[5]-Abdulameer A.A. ,and Muhammed M. A. , Analysis of Cracking of
Cellular Concrete Blocks (Thermostone) , Iraqi Journal for materials and
mechanical Eng. , Vol.8 ,No.3 , PP. 272-282, 2008.