The Hyperbolic Radio System in hydrographic surveying
Hyperbolic navigation systems are systems designed to provide long-distance positioning information. LORAN C system is operating and provides position information for ships and land vehicles, too. Today, there are some modernization programs called Euro fix, eLoran, which aim to increase the positioning accuracy, high reliability, and independence from satellite navigation systems. The theoretical accuracy of these modern systems is compatible with navigation satellite systems' accuracy.
NavikEye is the Multiconstellation GNSS simulator from MaxEye Technologies.
NavikEye Multi-constellation GNSS Simulator offers realtime generation of various global satellite navigation signals including dynamic scenarios and HIL simulation. The scenario generation can be fully automated using the remote TCP commands via Ethernet. This enables the implementation of dynamic HIL environment. The HIL test system can feed the realtime location coordinates, velocity and other vehicle dynamics to the GNSS Simulator. Based on this GNSS simulator updates the receiver position in realtime.
The simulator supports moving receiver scenarios with predefined waypoints using NMEA and KML files. NavikEye GNSS Simulator is based on National Instruments scalable and software defined PXI architecture powered by LabVIEW.
Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University
Satellite Communication Course project was to present on some satellite systems. I chose ORBCOMM Satellite System.
The Master Information Block (MIB), which includes a limited number of the most frequently transmitted parameters which are essential for a UE’s initial access to the network.
System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1), which contains parameters needed to determine if a cell is suitable for cell selection, as well as information about the time domain scheduling of the other SIBs.
System Information Block Type 2 (SIB2), which includes common and shared channel information
NavikEye is the Multiconstellation GNSS simulator from MaxEye Technologies.
NavikEye Multi-constellation GNSS Simulator offers realtime generation of various global satellite navigation signals including dynamic scenarios and HIL simulation. The scenario generation can be fully automated using the remote TCP commands via Ethernet. This enables the implementation of dynamic HIL environment. The HIL test system can feed the realtime location coordinates, velocity and other vehicle dynamics to the GNSS Simulator. Based on this GNSS simulator updates the receiver position in realtime.
The simulator supports moving receiver scenarios with predefined waypoints using NMEA and KML files. NavikEye GNSS Simulator is based on National Instruments scalable and software defined PXI architecture powered by LabVIEW.
Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University
Satellite Communication Course project was to present on some satellite systems. I chose ORBCOMM Satellite System.
The Master Information Block (MIB), which includes a limited number of the most frequently transmitted parameters which are essential for a UE’s initial access to the network.
System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1), which contains parameters needed to determine if a cell is suitable for cell selection, as well as information about the time domain scheduling of the other SIBs.
System Information Block Type 2 (SIB2), which includes common and shared channel information
LTE specifications support the use of multiple antennas at both transmitter (tx) and receiver (rx). MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) uses this antenna configuration.
LTE specifications support up to 4 antennas at the tx side and up to 4 antennas at the rx side (here referred to as 4x4 MIMO
configuration).
In the first release of LTE it is likely that the UE only has 1 tx antenna, even if it uses 2 rx antennas. This leads to that so called
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) will be supported only in DL (and maximum 2x2 configuration).
IP based communications over satellitesBektaş Şahin
IP based communications over satellites is a hard task however emerging technologies improve it's viability. This presentation gives some insight about how it is done and showcase some of the problems and solution approaches. Also some constellations are given as examples to how this process is done.
Discusses IP over satellite and IP via satellite. Satellite IP networks, Protocol-centric viewpoint of satellite IP network.
Satellite-centric viewpoint of global networks and the Internet
Network-centric viewpoint of satellite networks. IP over Satellite (IPoS) Global Standard
IPoS Standard Approvals
TIA Standard 1008, November 2003
ETSI Standard TS102354, TSS-B, January 2005 (ITU Approved) Advantages Optimized transponders Extends DVB-S with alternative uplink architecture
Scalable and economical
Extendable to Ka- and C-band
It utilizes a technology called DVB-S2 and supports data throughputs of up to 120 Mbps.
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is the most commonly used method to support voice services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks today, as the deployment of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is still in its infancy.
Satellite RF Communications and Onboard Processing Course SamplerJim Jenkins
Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern satellite communications and onboard data processing. This course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered, including those needed for constellations of satellites.
This course is recommended for engineers and scientists interested in acquiring an understanding of satellite communications, command and telemetry, onboard computing, and tracking. Each participant will receive a complete set of notes.
Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture: Bent Pipe a...Jim Jenkins
This four-day course, ATI Courses.com's Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture course , provides communications and satellite systems engineers and system architects with a comprehensive and accurate approach for the specification and detailed design of the communications payload and its integration into a satellite system. Both standard bent pipe repeaters and digital processors (on board and ground-based) are studied in depth, and optimized from the standpoint of maximizing throughput and coverage (single footprint and multi-beam). Applications in Fixed Satellite Service (C, X, Ku and Ka bands) and Mobile Satellite Service (L and S bands) are addressed as are the requirements of the associated ground segment for satellite control and the provision of services to end users.
Cell PCH state - Some Questions AnsweredFaraz Husain
Moving towards continuous Packet connectivity and avoiding signalling load, Operators are considering new methods to have an efficient set of methods. Cell PCH mode lets the UE retain its session ID in the network, while releasing radio resources and helps avoid the initial signalling process which is otherwise triggerred when UE goes into IDLE mode
INS/GPS integrated navigation system is studied in this paper for the hypersonic UAV in order to
satisfy the precise guidance requirements of hypersonic UAV and in response to the defects while the
inertial navigation system (INS) and the global positioning system (GPS) are being applied separately. The
information of UAV including position, velocity and attitude can be obtained by using INS and GPS
respectively after generating a reference trajectory. The corresponding errors of two navigation systems
can be obtained through comparing the navigation information of the above two guidance systems.
Kalman filter is designed to estimate the navigation errors and then the navigation information of INS are
corrected. The non-equivalence relationship between the platform misalignment angle and attitude error
angle are considered so that the navigation accuracy is further improved. The Simulink simulation results
show that INS/GPS integrated navigation system can help to achieve higher accuracy and better antiinterference
ability than INS navigation system and this system can also satisfy the navigation accuracy
requirements of hypersonic UAV.
LTE specifications support the use of multiple antennas at both transmitter (tx) and receiver (rx). MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) uses this antenna configuration.
LTE specifications support up to 4 antennas at the tx side and up to 4 antennas at the rx side (here referred to as 4x4 MIMO
configuration).
In the first release of LTE it is likely that the UE only has 1 tx antenna, even if it uses 2 rx antennas. This leads to that so called
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) will be supported only in DL (and maximum 2x2 configuration).
IP based communications over satellitesBektaş Şahin
IP based communications over satellites is a hard task however emerging technologies improve it's viability. This presentation gives some insight about how it is done and showcase some of the problems and solution approaches. Also some constellations are given as examples to how this process is done.
Discusses IP over satellite and IP via satellite. Satellite IP networks, Protocol-centric viewpoint of satellite IP network.
Satellite-centric viewpoint of global networks and the Internet
Network-centric viewpoint of satellite networks. IP over Satellite (IPoS) Global Standard
IPoS Standard Approvals
TIA Standard 1008, November 2003
ETSI Standard TS102354, TSS-B, January 2005 (ITU Approved) Advantages Optimized transponders Extends DVB-S with alternative uplink architecture
Scalable and economical
Extendable to Ka- and C-band
It utilizes a technology called DVB-S2 and supports data throughputs of up to 120 Mbps.
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is the most commonly used method to support voice services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks today, as the deployment of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is still in its infancy.
Satellite RF Communications and Onboard Processing Course SamplerJim Jenkins
Successful systems engineering requires a broad understanding of the important principles of modern satellite communications and onboard data processing. This course covers both theory and practice, with emphasis on the important system engineering principles, tradeoffs, and rules of thumb. The latest technologies are covered, including those needed for constellations of satellites.
This course is recommended for engineers and scientists interested in acquiring an understanding of satellite communications, command and telemetry, onboard computing, and tracking. Each participant will receive a complete set of notes.
Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture: Bent Pipe a...Jim Jenkins
This four-day course, ATI Courses.com's Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture course , provides communications and satellite systems engineers and system architects with a comprehensive and accurate approach for the specification and detailed design of the communications payload and its integration into a satellite system. Both standard bent pipe repeaters and digital processors (on board and ground-based) are studied in depth, and optimized from the standpoint of maximizing throughput and coverage (single footprint and multi-beam). Applications in Fixed Satellite Service (C, X, Ku and Ka bands) and Mobile Satellite Service (L and S bands) are addressed as are the requirements of the associated ground segment for satellite control and the provision of services to end users.
Cell PCH state - Some Questions AnsweredFaraz Husain
Moving towards continuous Packet connectivity and avoiding signalling load, Operators are considering new methods to have an efficient set of methods. Cell PCH mode lets the UE retain its session ID in the network, while releasing radio resources and helps avoid the initial signalling process which is otherwise triggerred when UE goes into IDLE mode
INS/GPS integrated navigation system is studied in this paper for the hypersonic UAV in order to
satisfy the precise guidance requirements of hypersonic UAV and in response to the defects while the
inertial navigation system (INS) and the global positioning system (GPS) are being applied separately. The
information of UAV including position, velocity and attitude can be obtained by using INS and GPS
respectively after generating a reference trajectory. The corresponding errors of two navigation systems
can be obtained through comparing the navigation information of the above two guidance systems.
Kalman filter is designed to estimate the navigation errors and then the navigation information of INS are
corrected. The non-equivalence relationship between the platform misalignment angle and attitude error
angle are considered so that the navigation accuracy is further improved. The Simulink simulation results
show that INS/GPS integrated navigation system can help to achieve higher accuracy and better antiinterference
ability than INS navigation system and this system can also satisfy the navigation accuracy
requirements of hypersonic UAV.
DUAL BAND GNSS ANTENNA PHASE CENTER CHARACTERIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONSjantjournal
High-accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is a prospective technology that will be used in future automotive navigation systems. This system will be a composite of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union’s Galileo. The major improvement in accuracy and precision is based on (1) multiband signal transmitting, (2) carrier phase correction, (3) Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Due to the size and high-cost of today’s survey-grade antenna solutions, this kind of technology is difficult to use widely in the automotive sector. In this paper, a low-cost small size dual-band ceramic GNSS patch antenna is presented from design to real sample. A further study of this patch antenna illustrates the absolute phase center variation measured in an indoor range to achieve a received signal phase error correction. In addition, this low-cost antenna solution is investigated when integrated into a standard multi-band automotive antenna product. This product is evaluated both on its own in an indoor range and on a typical vehicle roof at an outdoor range. By using this evaluation file to estimate the receiver position could achieve phase motion error-free result.
DUAL BAND GNSS ANTENNA PHASE CENTER CHARACTERIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONSjantjournal
High-accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is a prospective technology that will be used in future automotive navigation systems. This system will be a composite of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union’s Galileo. The major improvement in accuracy and precision is based on (1) multiband signal transmitting, (2) carrier phase correction, (3) Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Due to the size and high-cost of today’s survey-grade antenna solutions, this kind of technology is difficult to use widely in the automotive sector. In this paper, a low-cost small size dual-band ceramic GNSS patch antenna is presented from design to real sample. A further study of this patch antenna illustrates the absolute phase center variation measured in an indoor range to achieve a received signal phase error correction. In addition, this low-cost antenna solution is investigated when integrated into a standard multi-band automotive antenna product. This product is evaluated both on its own in an indoor range and on a typical vehicle roof at an outdoor range. By using this evaluation file to estimate the receiver position could achieve phase motion error-free result.
DUAL BAND GNSS ANTENNA PHASE CENTER CHARACTERIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONSjantjournal
High-accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is a prospective technology that will be used in future automotive navigation systems. This system will be a composite of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union’s Galileo. The major improvement in accuracy and precision is based on (1) multiband signal transmitting, (2) carrier phase correction, (3) Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Due to the size and high-cost of today’s survey-grade antenna solutions, this kind of technology is difficult to use widely in the automotive sector. In this paper, a low-cost small size dual-band ceramic GNSS patch antenna is presented from design to real sample. A further study of this patch antenna illustrates the absolute phase center variation measured in an indoor range to achieve a received signal phase error correction. In addition, this low-cost antenna solution is investigated when integrated into a standard multi-band automotive antenna product. This product is evaluated both on its own in an indoor range and on a typical vehicle roof at an outdoor range. By using this evaluation file to estimate the receiver position could achieve phase motion error-free result.
DUAL BAND GNSS ANTENNA PHASE CENTER CHARACTERIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONSjantjournal
High-accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is a prospective technology that will be used in future automotive navigation systems. This system will be a composite of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union’s Galileo. The major improvement in accuracy and precision is based on (1) multiband signal transmitting, (2) carrier phase correction, (3) Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Due to the size and high-cost of today’s survey-grade antenna solutions, this kind of technology is difficult to use widely in the automotive sector. In this paper, a low-cost small size dual-band ceramic GNSS patch antenna is presented from design to real sample. A further study of this patch antenna illustrates the absolute phase center variation measured in an indoor range to achieve a received signal phase error correction. In addition, this low-cost antenna solution is investigated when integrated into a standard multi-band automotive antenna product. This product is evaluated both on its own in an indoor range and on a typical vehicle roof at an outdoor range. By using this evaluation file to estimate the receiver position could achieve phase motion error-free result.
DUAL BAND GNSS ANTENNA PHASE CENTER CHARACTERIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONSjantjournal
High-accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is a prospective technology that will be used in future automotive navigation systems. This system will be a composite of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union’s Galileo. The major improvement in accuracy and precision is based on (1) multiband signal transmitting, (2) carrier phase correction, (3) Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Due to the size and high-cost of today’s survey-grade antenna solutions, this kind of technology is difficult to use widely in the automotive sector. In this paper, a low-cost small size dual-band ceramic GNSS patch antenna is presented from design to real sample. A further study of this patch antenna illustrates the absolute phase center variation measured in an indoor range to achieve a received signal phase error correction. In addition, this low-cost antenna solution is investigated when integrated into a standard multi-band automotive antenna product. This product is evaluated both on its own in an indoor range and on a typical vehicle roof at an outdoor range. By using this evaluation file to estimate the receiver position could achieve phase motion error-free result.
DUAL BAND GNSS ANTENNA PHASE CENTER CHARACTERIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONSjantjournal
High-accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is a prospective technology that will be used in future automotive navigation systems. This system will be a composite of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union’s Galileo. The major improvement in accuracy and precision is based on (1) multiband signal transmitting, (2) carrier phase correction, (3) Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Due to the size and high-cost of today’s survey-grade antenna solutions, this kind of technology is difficult to use widely in the automotive sector. In this paper, a low-cost small size dual-band ceramic GNSS patch antenna is presented from design to real sample. A further study of this patch antenna illustrates the absolute phase center variation measured in an indoor range to achieve a received signal phase error correction. In addition, this low-cost antenna solution is investigated when integrated into a standard multi-band automotive antenna product. This product is evaluated both on its own in an indoor range and on a typical vehicle roof at an outdoor range. By using this evaluation file to estimate the receiver position could achieve phase motion error-free result.
DUAL BAND GNSS ANTENNA PHASE CENTER CHARACTERIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONSjantjournal
High-accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is a prospective technology that will
be used in future automotive navigation systems. This system will be a composite of the United States'
Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System
(GLONASS), China Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union’s Galileo. The
major improvement in accuracy and precision is based on (1) multiband signal transmitting, (2) carrier
phase correction, (3) Real Time Kinematic (RTK). Due to the size and high-cost of today’s survey-grade
antenna solutions, this kind of technology is difficult to use widely in the automotive sector. In this paper, a
low-cost small size dual-band ceramic GNSS patch antenna is presented from design to real sample. A
further study of this patch antenna illustrates the absolute phase center variation measured in an indoor
range to achieve a received signal phase error correction. In addition, this low-cost antenna solution is
investigated when integrated into a standard multi-band automotive antenna product. This product is
evaluated both on its own in an indoor range and on a typical vehicle roof at an outdoor range. By using
this evaluation file to estimate the receiver position could achieve phase motion error-free result.
Application of differential systems in global navigation satellite systemsAli N.Khojasteh
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) include different parts such as control and monitoring stations for the Earth and space settings. Timing, positioning, and control of navigation methods are the main outputs of GNSS. Based on Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance (APV), local and global Satellite Navigation Systems used for positioning and precision approach in aviation instead of present systems like Instrumental Landing Systems (ILS) and its future predict of ICAO. But these systems have errors in positioning and
velocity measurements. The differential corrections are determined by single or multiple reference stations. The single reference station concept is simple but the position accuracy is decreases. This article compares differential systems methods for correcting the errors.
GPS World wide navigation and tracking systemarafyghazali
completer description about the historu and invention,developmental stages,architecture,working,advantages,errors,signals,functionality,aims,advancements and future prospects and remedies of solution about global positioning system.GPS
Enhanced Mobile Node Tracking With Received Signal Strength in Wireless Senso...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Node localization is important parameter in WSN. Node localization is required to report origin of
events which makes it one of the important challenges in WSN. Received signal strength (RSS) is used to
calculate distance between mobile node and reference node. The position of the mobile node is calculated using
multilateration algorithm (MA). Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is utilized to estimate the actual position. In this
paper, the implementation and enhancement of a tracking system based on RSS indicator with the aid of an
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is described and an adaptive filter is derived.
Keywords - Extended Kalman filter (EKF), mobile node tracking, multilateration algorithm (MA), received
signal strength (RSS), Wireless sensor networks (WSN)
Enhanced Mobile Node Tracking With Received Signal Strength in Wireless Senso...IOSR Journals
Node localization is important parameter in WSN. Node localization is required to report origin of
events which makes it one of the important challenges in WSN. Received signal strength (RSS) is used to
calculate distance between mobile node and reference node. The position of the mobile node is calculated using
multilateration algorithm (MA). Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is utilized to estimate the actual position. In this
paper, the implementation and enhancement of a tracking system based on RSS indicator with the aid of an
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is described and an adaptive filter is derived.
Engineering Project Management
This report is going to talk about and explain the basics of project
management, the importance of project management, the role of project
manager, the skills a good project manager must have, some key concepts
that almost every project must follow, the steps of the project and how the
project works and what effects it, and some of the reasons that may cause
problems in the process of the way that the project is going or some of the
problems that may actually make the project fail and not just create some
problems that can be solved, and the report also explains a small example
to make understanding the concept of engineering project management
easy.
The report explains the entire process of project management from the first
step before the project starts, and it explains on how to achieve the goal of
the project at the end when the project is finished.
The Effect of Declination on The Tide Pattern in Hydroghraphic SurveyingNzar Braim
The Effect of Declination on The Tide Pattern in Hydroghraphic Surveying.
I was discussed about the tide and what's meaning of tide
and I explained it with simple figure
Contribution Of Real Time Network (NRTK) for improvement of accuracyNzar Braim
Contribution Of Real Time Network (NRTK) for improvement of accuracy in GPS.
RTK GPS has seen incredible mechanical advances in the course of recent years and is currently routinely utilized in a wide assortment of building type applications. RTK GPS gives a centimeter-level situation in a moment or two, permitting laborers to get the exactness. One GPS
collector is put in a control point (named the reference station) with known directions. RTK framework consolidates GPS data and information radio correspondence with cutting edge calculations to figure the exact situation of the tasks, for example, parkway and extension, GIS venture.
Types of Walls (Brick,Concrete Block & Stone Walls)Nzar Braim
Types of Walls (Brick, Concrete
Block & Stone Walls)
The main objective of this project is to assess the contribution of nonstructural masonry walls to the safety of buildings after an unforeseeable
event and the definition of procedures to enhance this contribution
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and ManagementNzar Braim
Comparing alternatives in Engineering Economics and Management
In the real world, the majority of engineering economic analysis problems are
alternative comparisons. In these problems, two or more mutually exclusive
investments compete for limited funds. A variety of methods exists for selecting
the superior alternative from a group of proposals. Each method has its own merits
and applications
Differentiation between primary and secondary LIDAR system of Remote SensingNzar Braim
In this report I will explain the importance of remote sensing in general and explaining
one of the most important system or application which is LIDAR (light detection and
ranging) and I will explain all its types and uses and applications and the components
and advantage of this system and how it works then I will mention the imaging system
with explaining the primary and secondary return imaging in LiDAR
The concept of total Horizontal and Vertical UncertaintyNzar Braim
My aim in this report is showing The Importance and significance the subject
of hydrographic which is important science in our life especially for some
countries that's covered with the water or let's say the large amount of water
so we knew that survey engineer deals with the coordinates measurement,
errors ,accuracies , other sectors so hydrographic surveyor should observing
carefully because it deals with the water as we know water let's say level of
the water is not suitable changes from place to another due to the gravity of
the Earth and all above mentioned it should be considered for the the
movement of the ships the other water vehicles in the water
Thermostone in Constrication or ThermostoneNzar Braim
My aim in this report is showing the specialty of thermostone and about the
type of creation the chemical sectional and preparation then discuss about
the method and advantage of thermostone.s to improve the report we used
the Koya thermostone the rate of construction in the Kurdistan region (KRG)
has increased through the recent decade due to a wide scope of investments
in different projects and especially for residential projects, infrastructure and
others
Developing project objectives and Execution plan in Economy management Nzar Braim
my aim in creating this report is to discuss about developing project objectives and
execution plan ,In every project and work that is done we have to consider a set of
things because each project must have its own goals and objectives.
It has to have its own time and the project has to be successful in all areas And to
further support the report we put an example on the schedule talks about 150m street
in Erbil.
At first we discuss about execution, next discuss about elements, then discuss
developing project objectives, after that the factors that make the project a success.
Erbil Citadel is a fortified settlement on top of an imposing ovoid-shaped tell (a hill created by many generations of people living and rebuilding on the same spot) in the Kurdistan region, Erbil Governorate. A continuous wall of tall 19th-century façades still conveys the visual impression of an impregnable fortress, dominating the city of Erbil. The citadel features a peculiar fan-like pattern dating back to Erbil's late Ottoman phase.
Law of supply and demand in Economy and management.
In economics, the relationship between the quantity of a commodity that producers wish to sell at various prices and the quantity that consumers wish to buy. It is the main model of price determination used in economic theory. The price of a commodity is determined by the interaction of supply and demand in a market. The resulting price is referred to as the equilibrium price and represents an agreement between producers and consumers of the good. In equilibrium, the quantity of a good supplied by producers equals the quantity demanded by consumers.
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote SensingNzar Braim
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote Sensing
It should be clear by now that the electromagnetic waves are originator and
carrier of information in Earth observation. The information content of the products delivered by a given type of sensor is essentially related to the parameters, mainly frequency (or wavelength) and polarization, characterizing the observing system, including the geometry at which data are acquired. Therefore, the specifications of an EO system, which include the type of sensor, the band of operation, the observation angle, etc.
Car Parking Design in Urban Planning
The growing population of India has created many problems one of the
challenging ones being car parking which we confront almost every day.
Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road, greater is the
the problem of space for a parked vehicle considering that private vehicles
remain parked for most of their time. While residential projects still escape
with designated parking, the real problem lies with commercial spaces many
a time which is overcome by taking extra open spaces to park.
Portland Cement
Portland cement is extensively used in the construction of nuclear waste facilities and as a matrix for shielding and immobilization of radioactive species. It affords both a physical and chemical potential for immobilization. These potentials are quantified and related to specification, fabrication, and performance. However, performance in the long term depends on the cement formulation as well as the geochemistry of the disposal environment and interactions between cement and its near field environment including inactive waste components and other containment materials. Future performance can be estimated using data from natural analogs,
the experience of the performance of historic structures, and by modeling. A comparison of Portland cement with other non-Portland cement is also made.
Segregation in Concrete
The main explanation of this report of Segregation in concrete in terms of
concrete and self-compacting. The aim was to find an analytical relation to
estimating the risk of sedimentation, using the characteristics of the particles
and those of the mortars. The prediction of surface effect segregation (i.e.
transportation of different particle size fractions during heap formation) has
been the subject of a significant level of study.
Explanation of the type of segregation in term size, dry, wet, and water separate
and effect segregation in concrete in term strength and cracks, and
Prevention of Segregation in Concrete.
I brought up an example that supports segregation in concrete which is used
in Kurdistan Region, and explaining the example in term caused segregation
the effect in concrete.
Bar Graph Method in Engineering management Nzar Braim
Bar Graph Method in Engineering management
The main explanation of this report of the Bar Graph Method in terms of
schedule and constriction planning.
The time allowed for Bar graph Schedule performance is usually an
an important consideration for both the project owner and the project contractor.
I've explained the good side of the Bar Graph Method in terms of ( Clarity,
Communication, Motivation, Coordination, Creativity, Time Management
Flexibility, Manageability, Efficiency, Accountability ) and I've talked
about the downside.
I brought up an example that supports the Bar Graph Method which is used in
Kurdistan Region, name of example is (Quantity Estimation and Bar
Graph Schedule for the Project of 150 m Road- Erbil City).
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Surveying ProjectNzar Braim
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic
Surveying Project
This report talks about how the reconnaissance will be and it is effectively important the place that we survey and observation so the surveyor should prepare himself or herself for the project visiting site and site survey and planning and so on.
Observer visiting the site many times daily to see what is the situation and the condition and booking his or her notes recording them such as is the site ready to start the observation? Or is the site has safety to start? I mean replace safety conditions and also must have collected all this information and choose which instrument this site or this project and many other conditions should be considered after all above that I have mentioned he or she decides to start and beginning Project and surveying or not. This is the idea or this the outline recognizes.
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Survey ProjectNzar Braim
Reconnaissance for Hydrographic Survey Project
The system is able to withstand the harsh environment of the nearshore and acquire beach profile information across the surf zone. This paper describes the system and results of a comparison in Myrtle Beach, S.C., between surveys collected over a 3- day period by the personal watercraft system and by a similar system mounted aboard a traditional coastal survey vessel.
The bathymetric measurements for the personal watercraft-mounted echosounder surveying system display mean repetitive differences of 6 cm.
This workshop is an introductory course in Hydrographic surveying.
It is designed for surveyors, engineers, survey technicians, dredge operators, and hydrographers.
The course focuses on theoretical principles of hydrographic surveying, project description, operation, and map production.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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1. The Hyperbolic Radio System
Student Name:
Class: Fourth Stage
Course Title: Hydroghraphic Surveying
Department: Geomatics ( Surveying )
College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2019-2020
Copyright
2. 1
ABSTRACT
Hyperbolic navigation systems are systems designed to provide long
distance positioning information. LORAN C system is operating and
provides position information for ships and land vehicles, too. Today, there
are some modernization programmes called Eurofix, eLoran, which aim to
increase the positioning accuracy, high reliability, and independence from
satellite navigation systems. Theoretical accuracy of these modern systems
is compatible with navigation satellite systems accuracy.
3. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 1
Table of Contents 2
introduction 3
Loran C positioning accuracy 4
Loran C hyperbolic navigation systems perspecives 6
Integrated Loran C-DGPS Eurofix 6
eLoran system 7
Conclusion 15
Reference 15
4. 3
Introduction
Hyperbolic navigation systems are designed to provide long distance
positioning information. They have their origin in the third decade of the
twentieth century, when they began the first research study in the
realization of such a system, the precise control of aircraft and ships
motion, besides opportunities of visual orientation. One such system is the
LORAN system (Long Range Navigation), which is a time differential
hyperbolic system. The first series of Loran transmitters (repeaters) was set
to work in 1943; these would further become the hyperbolic system called
LORAN A.
A chain of LORAN A series was composed of a main station (master) and
several secondary stations (slave) located at a distance of 600 nautical
miles from one another, with a range of 800 ... 1200 nautical miles, at
daytime, and 1200 ... 1500 miles, at night time. This system worked until
1980, when it was replaced with the hyperbolic LORAN C system. The
Loran C hyperbolic navigation system is an advanced variant of the Loran
system, being a being a time and phase differential system. The main Main
features of Loran C system are: working frequency 100 KHz; power output
250 ... 400 KW; 1000 nautical miles range of direct wave, and up to 2300
nautical miles range of reflected wave . This system is currently in service
as Loran C1
: chains of stations: the Saudi Arabia northern chain the
China Sea southern chain, the East China Sea chain, the Korean chain,
the Pacific north-western chain, the Russian eastern chain, the Russian
western chain, and the European chains.
5. 4
LORAN C POSITIONING ACCURACY
Loran line of position is a hyperbole which represents the locus of all
points of equal time difference from two Loran transmitters, located the
focal spots of the hyperbole.The Loran point of accuracy depends on the
angle of intersection of the lines of position, and the accuracy with which
they were determined (Fig. 1)
N'
sh1
sh2
emax
N
LP2
LP1
a
Figure 1. The Loran point
The maximum error of the Loran fix is calculated using the ratio:
2 2
1 2 1 2e ec sh sh 2sh shmax cos cosa a (1)
where:
emax is the maximum error of a Loran fix;
sh1 and sh2 – the errors in determination of Loran lines of position;
a - the angle of intersection of Loran lines of position
6. 5
Table 1. The value of the maximum error of LORAN C fix
The
angle
a [0
]
The
error
point
sh1,sh2
5 cbl
emax
[cbl]
The
error
point
sh1,sh2
4 cbl
emax
[cbl]
The
error
point
sh1,sh2
3 cbl
emax
[cbl]
The
error
point
sh1,sh2
2 cbl
emax
[cbl]
The
error
point
sh1,sh2
1 cbl
emax
[cbl]
0 10 8 6 4 2
1 9,999 7,999 5,999 3,999 1,9999
2 9,998 7,998 5,999 3,999 1,9996
3 9,996 7,997 5,997 3,998 1,9993
4 9,993 7,995 5,996 3,997 1,9987
5 9,990 7,992 5,994 3,996 1,9980
10 9,961 7,969 5,977 3,984 1,9923
15 9,914 7,931 5,948 3,965 1,9828
20 9,848 7,878 5,908 3,939 1,9696
30 9,659 7,727 5,795 3,863 1,9318
40 9,396 7,517 5,638 3,758 1,8793
50 9,063 7,250 5,437 3,625 1,8126
60 8,660 6,928 5,196 3,464 1,7320
70 8,191 6,553 4,914 3,276 1,6383
80 7,660 6,128 4,596 3,064 1,5320
90 7,071 5,656 4,242 2,828 1,4142
Figure 2. The errors of the Loran fix according with the angle of LOP intersection
The errors of the Loran fix depinds on the angle of LOP intersection. The error is
maximum when the LOP intersection angle tends to zero and minimum when the
angle is 90 degrees.
7. 6
LORAN C HYPERBOLIC NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
PERSPECIVES
There are two directions to hyperbolic navigation systems evolution:
integration with other positioning systems; establishing a new,
independent, modernized, system compatible with present – day satellite
navigation systems, which are also in a continuous process of
modernization
Integrated LORAN C - DGPS Eurofix
The European EUROFIX navigation system is a modern integrated system,
encompassing possibilities of the LORAN C hyperbolic system and the
GPS - DGPS differential satellite system. This system is developed in
western Europe where it uses the Loran C chains of transmitters on the
northwestern coasts of Europe, and the chain DGPS transmitters in the
area, ensuring coverage of over 1000 km, with a positioning accuracy
which goes lower than five meters, and with the possibility of determining
the position in three dimensions using information from three satellites
only. The Eurofix system can work as a DGPS system using data from
LORAN C corrected through GPS. Both types of position information may
be received together or separately, to the same receiver : these LORAN C,
and DGPS items of information, which are compared for determining the
ship’s position; there exist the possibility to replace each other in the event
of failure of one of the systems components.
8. 7
eLORAN System
The upgraded eLoran (Enhanced Loran - eLoran) is an international
standard positioning service, in 2D (two dimensions), navigation and time
(Positioning, Navigation, and Timing - PNT), on the frequency of 100 kHz,
for different transport modes and other civilian positioning applications [7].
eLoran is an improved version of hyperbolic navigation system Loran C
answers the requirements of performance, precision, integrity, and
availability necessary for: air navigation during approach to landing;
coastal navigation in intense traffic areas, during the operations of port
entry, in low visibility conditions; land navigation; terrestrial
positioning; telecommunications and other areas (Internet, etc..), by
providing UTC reference time signals, with an accuracy of 50 ns (Table 2).
Table 2. The eLoran system performances
Accuracy Availability Integrity Continuity
0,004-0,01
nm
(8…20 m)
0,999-
0,9999
0,999999
(1x10-7
)
0,999-
0,9999
over 150
sec
9. 8
The eLoran system is a hyperbolic independent system, distinct and at the
same time to complementary the Global Satellite Navigation System
(Global Navigation Sattelite Navigation System-GNSS). The system, still
under observation, will be developed by 2020.
The first eLoran station was built in Anthor, England (540
55'N; 030
15'W).
This station has been transmitting eLoran messages with Group Repetition
Interval (GRI), GRI = 67310s value and delay of emission of 27300 s
value since. The eLoran messages sent by this station are EUROFIX type
messages and contain differential Loran, differential GPS, information, as
well as integrity data with reference to UTC.
The main advantages of the eLoran system are:
- civilian control;
- eLoran signal is not intentionally degraded;
- UTC synchronized transmission by a method which is independent of the
satellite systems method;
- if the eLoran emission source is synchronized with the same UTC time
source as the one of satellite systems, the eLoran signal can be used in
combination with the satellite navigation signal;
- the eLoran signal can be received in areas where the satellite signal has no
coverage;
- sending a signal, in real time (less than 10 sec), about possible damage, or
loss of signal integrity;
- repeatable positioning accuracy is good;
10. 9
- in addition to the Loran C system, teh signal contains a data channel that
provides specific corrections about the state of the system and information
integrity;
- the implementation and maintenance costs are much lower than those of
satellite systems;
- it can be used to provide differential corrections for satellite systems.
The eLoran system ensures safe and low-cost services for
government and private institutions, and also for users in the aviation,
maritime field, by:
- ensuring all the flight phases (take-off, free flight, approching and
landing);
- providing information for eNavigation, including the use of temporary
and permanent means for ensuring maritime navigation (Aids to Navigation
- AtoNs) to mark dangerous water areas;
- identification of land vehicles;
- maintenance and synchronization of telecommunications wired and
wireless.
eLoran is designed as a complete and complex formed off: (Fig. 3) control
centers; broadcasters; monitoring points; eLoran receivers.
Monitoring
points
eLoran
control center
eLoran users :
aviation
marine
terrestrial transport
time service
telecommunications
eLoran
Broadcasting
stations
Monitoring
points
Figure 3. eLoran design
11. 10
eLoran services are provided by a primary center by specialized
applications. Main distributor provides original and accurate eLoran
information under the operational specifications of the Loran C signal.
Specialized applications for aviation, maritime and navy,etc. provide
specific information by eLoran data channel (eg differential eLoran
messages).
eLoran
differential reference
stations
Control center
Monitoring
points
Broadcasting
stations
Naval receivers
eLoran differential corrections
eLoran
main system
eLoran signaleLoran integration signal
differential corrections eLoran signal
eLoran signal
eLoran differential corrections
eLoran integration signal
maritime system
eLoran
eLoran
differential corrections
Figure 4. The eLoran main system
The eLoran signal is a complex signal that contains the following
information: identification data of eLoran transmitter; The Almanac of
eLoran transmitters and of monitoring points; UTC time scale reference;
time difference between the eLoran time and the UTC time;the eLoran
signal; warnings about abnormal radio propagation conditions due to
specific atmospheric conditions; message identifying the emission eLoran
users; differential -satellite corrections.
The eLoran signal for naval users has a circuit for elaboration, evaluation,
verification and updating, which comes from the Main eLoran System and
reaches the eLoran onbord receivers by the Maritime eLoran System. The
eLoran receiver picks up eLoran signal and also the integrity signal of
eLoran data, as well as the eLoran differential corrections.
12. 11
The eLoran signal emission is done automatically. For eLoran signal
modern SSX transmitters (Solid StateTransmitter) are used with continuous
energy sources, equipped with systems of time and frequency
control. The eLoran signal phase corrections are made continuously.
eLoran time is provided by high performance cesium clocks or other
technology of the same accuracy class with them.
Anomalies in the work of eLoran transmitter stations are signaled in a very
short time, as in Loran C system, warning the user not to use eLoran
information until the problem is solved.
The eLoran control centers ensure rapid resolution of faults and provide
conditions for maintenance, continuity, availability of signal in accordance
with the announced performance.
The system’s maintenance is planned in such a way, so as to minimize the
impact on transmitter stations work.
Monitoring points are designed to ensure signal integrity for all users of
eLoran system. The receivers in these points permanently monitor the
eLoran signal quality, throughout the area of responsibility. Some
monitoring stations are used as reference stations to generate eLoran
messages. Also, some monitoring stations will provide real-time
differential corrections for onbord ships receivers, as well as warnings for
aviation.
The eLoran receivers provide acquisition and signal tracking of eLoran
messages received from several eLoran stations, in order indicate a more
accurate positioning and time. Also, the eLoran receivers can ensure the
13. 12
correctness of each eLoran signal alone. The eLoran receivers receive and
decode eLoran messages based on specific applications.
The exchange of information between the eLoran Control Center, eLoran
emmiters, and monitoring points are shown in Fig.5.
eLoran broadcasting stations
-
- /
eLoran control station
- transmite the corrections from the
broadcasting station
-
Monitoring points
-
-
validate the corrections received
from control stations and format
them for transmission
transmit the eLoran signal /
eLoran corrections
validate and stores the corrections
received from monitoring stations
receive the eLoran signals and applies
the necessary corrections to ensure the
integrity of information
receive the eLoran signals and
generates the corrections
Figure 5. The exchange of informations
An eLoran receiver determines its position (latitude and longitude) and
UTC time by measuring the times of receiving impulses from the last three
eLoran stations within its range of visibility.The eLoran signals passing
over various relief forms produce deviations of reception times called
additional secondary factors (Aditional Secundary Factors - ASF) as
compared to theoretical reception times, and hence, decreased accuracy in
the point. However, by using differential information – eLoran the
accuracy is growing ; it becomes very good, of about 10 meters. An ASF
error of 1 s can produce, in time, an error in distance of 300 m. An ASF
chart contains the nominal values of ASF factors for a certain area and for
a specific transmitter.
14. 13
ASF value in μs, depending on the relief forms is as follows:
0.00 - surface of the sea;
1.65 - clay soil;
2.36 - marsh and sea ice;
4.94 - land with shrubs;
6.12 - dry;
6.62 - sand (desert);
The modern integrated eLoran receivers type eLoran – GPS LORADD can
receive signals having the following technical characteristics: individual
reception of an eLoran positioning message; for areas where there are
ASF maps (using ASF corrections) the accuracy of the point increases;
eLoran and GPS combined signal reception; by comparing the two signals,
the positioning accuracy is very good; working power 4 W; 9...36 V DC
voltage; 90% humidity accepted; UTC reference; antenna used: type E - for
eLoran signal reception, type H - for receiving combined eLoran and GPS
signals.
The eLoran applications system are based on minimum operational
performance standards. For aviation, eLoran provides information for
guiding in a horizontal plane and not so much information about latitude,
for all phases of flight (takeoff, free flight, approach and landing).
Maritime eLoran system will provide positioning information and time
with high accuracy, to meet the provisions of IMO Resolution
A.953/23/2003 related to global navigation system (navigation systems
System-Wide World WWRNS). These performance standards apply to the
15. 14
approach and entry into ports, navigation in coastal areas with heavy traffic
and high risk (Table 3).
Table 3. The eLoran performance sdandard
Accuracy Availability
Time
alarm
Confidence
level
10m
(95%)
0,998
over 2
years
10
sec.
0,9997
over 3
ohours
By applying differential - eLoran corrections, in real time, these
performance standard are fulfilled. For time information,the eLoran system
comes under ITU G.811/1997.
In addition, if a suitable antenna is attached to an eLoran receiver this can
be used as a eLoran compass, with which eLoran bearings to the emissions
stations can be measured; also, the ship’s course can be read at a precision
lower than 10
, independent of the ships’s position and movement.
It also envisages coupling the eLoran receivers coupled with ECDIS and
AIS systems.
16. 15
CONCLUSIONS
An eLoran system will also provide the following for the maritime
navigation :
a. enhanced safety: it can be used with high accuracy compared to other
methods and visual navigation aids, as a backup system of a satellite
navigation system;
b. security: provides the functionality of collision warning systems, when
satellite navigation systems, or traffic control systems – VTS are not
working,
c. econony of resources:
- potential reduction in the number of collisions and groundings and hence,
reducing the number of cases of oil pollution;
- assist in monitoring marine pollution;
- potential reduction of cost with the aids to navigation
REFERENCES
[1] ALRS vol. 2 NP 282, 2011/12, Admiralty List of Radio Signals, UKHO
[2] BOŞNEAGU, R., Navigaţia electronică. Navigaţia ortodromică, Editura
DHM, Constanţa, 2013
[3] BOŞNEAGU, R., Navigaţia maritimă, Editura DHM, Constanţa, 2011
[4] NORRIS, A., RADAR and AIS, Integrated Bridge Systems, vol.1, The
Nautical Institute, 2008
[5] NORRIS, A., ECDIS and POSITIONING, Integrated Bridge Systems,
vol. 2, The Nautical Institute, 2010