This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics concepts for gas turbine cycles and cycle simulation tools. It discusses key thermodynamic concepts such as internal energy, enthalpy, specific heat capacities, and the ideal Brayton cycle. The ideal Brayton cycle is described using temperature-entropy diagrams. Equations are provided for calculating work and thermal efficiency in the Brayton cycle. References on gas property models and their impact on performance calculations are also listed.
in this presentation , the different engine inefficiencies has been discussed including all sort of friction losses which affects the brake power of the engine. It includes volumetric efficiency, thermal efficiency, IMEP, BMEP, brake power etc.
Equivalence of The Kelvin Plank and Clausius Statements | Mechanical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
The first law of thermodynamics is based on the law of conservation of energy. It states that the cyclic integral of net heat transfer is equal to the cyclic integral of network transfer. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Equivalence of The Kelvin Plank and Clausius Statements:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/laws-of-thermodynamics/equivalence-kelvin-plank-statement.aspx
Clearance. It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in a meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance circle.
2. Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circle of a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
Solution manual for the finite element method in engineering, fifth edition ...physicsbook
https://unihelp.xyz/solution-manual-finite-element-method-in-engineering-rao/
Solution Manual for The Finite Element Method in Engineering – Fifth Edition
This manual cover the chapters 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 of the text.
in this presentation , the different engine inefficiencies has been discussed including all sort of friction losses which affects the brake power of the engine. It includes volumetric efficiency, thermal efficiency, IMEP, BMEP, brake power etc.
Equivalence of The Kelvin Plank and Clausius Statements | Mechanical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
The first law of thermodynamics is based on the law of conservation of energy. It states that the cyclic integral of net heat transfer is equal to the cyclic integral of network transfer. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Equivalence of The Kelvin Plank and Clausius Statements:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/laws-of-thermodynamics/equivalence-kelvin-plank-statement.aspx
Clearance. It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in a meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance circle.
2. Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circle of a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
Solution manual for the finite element method in engineering, fifth edition ...physicsbook
https://unihelp.xyz/solution-manual-finite-element-method-in-engineering-rao/
Solution Manual for The Finite Element Method in Engineering – Fifth Edition
This manual cover the chapters 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 of the text.
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
Mechanical Technology Grade 10 Chapter 10 Systems And ControlFuture Managers
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
Update On June One Presenting at the Power & Energy Conference, Power Energy 2017-3191 “New Tech Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGT) - Analysis of Water Swirled into Gas Turbine Technology” - Thursday, June 29th in the session that is scheduled from 2:00 – 3:30 pm”. Recently I did TG Advisors May 2017 two day course on gas turbine / steam turbine electrical generation. There were enough changes that I am sharing a paper about my technology. This presentation is to preliminarily explain and analyze a system inclusive of the benefits of water swirled into the turbine section and/or after such of a combine cycle gas turbine electrical generation unit to improve the efficiency of the unit as described in United States Patents 8,671,696 , 9,376,933 and Ap # 15/443,692. Beyond electrical generation there is benefit in aircraft propulsion etc.. The technology is to increase thrust power output per unit of fuel with water or other volatile. Asked where is the analysis on claims of heard by me of 12 % less gas fuel to get electricity output ! The answer in my presentation.
Again asked where is the analysis on claims of heard by me of 12 % less gas fuel to get electricity output compared to combined cycle now in use and lower capital cost combined cycle units and efficiency of gas turbine electrical generator units 1 to 400 MW nearly the same which would greatly reduce electrical distribution losses and much lower startup shut down cost. This is a start ! Great for rig power, transportation marine, train combined cycle gas turbines. Fit in aircraft for fuel savings. At World Petroleum Congress heard +30 percent.
Basic Scheme Open Cycle Gas Turbine Plant Aman Gupta
Gas Turbine Power Plant
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine.
Types of gas turbine power plant
1 Open cycle gas power plant
2 Closed cycle gas power plant
Spacecraft structures are designed to support the maximum quasi-static loads they will be subjected to during their lifetime. It is a normal practice in these space projects to perform a test to qualify this structural design. The standard testing approach is achieved by subjecting the structure or satellite to those loads using a wiffle tree, a centrifuge machine or an electrodynamic shaker. Each one of these testing options has its own weak points: wiffle tree is not able to test actual flight spacecrafts; centrifuge tests require a very expensive facility and can only be used to test low mass spacecrafts and the current electrodynamic shaker tests have maximum mass and minimum frequency limitations. Because of these limitations, a simple and efficient alternative that can fulfill almost any mass, frequency and load requirement is herein proposed. This non-conventional approach is based in the simplest way to generate a quasi-static acceleration wave using the spring-mass-damper concept. Due to its simplicity, this system does not require high technology components helping to obtain a very low cost quasi-static testing machine. Then, the main objective of this presentation is to show the key characteristics of this solution including a detailed table comparing its performance versus the standard ones, finally it must be highlighted that in spite the design to be presented is able to test spacecrafts from 100 to 4000 kg this concept has no limitations for testing lighter or heavier satellites.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power plant history you can see all history of plant that you can describe the power plant history in your college and school you can get history that you can refer to your freind and teacher also history is main thing that it is necessary to take knowledge of the power plant
And get all your data from this slide
Experimental validation of effect of equivalence ratio on detonation characte...ijmech
Experimental studies were carried out for using Propane as fuel for Pulse Detonation Engine application. In the present study Detonation Characteristics of Propane & Oxygen mixture at various equivalence ratios were presented. In these experiments Propane and Oxygen under regulated pressures were injected into a Detonation Tube from the head end using unlike impinging doublet injector. The fuel and oxidizer were allowed to mix and fill the tube. Subsequently, the mixture was ignited using a spark plug positioned close to the head end of the tube. The pressures generated due to the combustion of the mixtures were captured using five high frequency pressure transducers which were spaced 100mm apart on the detonation tube. Apart from these pressures, velocities of the combustion wave were computed using ‘time of flight’ method. These
tests were done for different equivalence ratios varying from 0.8 to 1.6 by varying the feeding pressure of
Propane. In the present study the performance of the combustion wave at different locations and effect of
equivalence ratios on detonation characteristics were presented. In addition effect of presence of obstacles in
the flow path i.e., Shchelkin spirals were also studied in reducing the Deflagration to Detonation Transition
(DDT) distance.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
Thermodynamics for gas turbine cycles 1of2
1. Introduction to Thermodynamics for Gas
Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
A
Cycle
Innova-ons
Tutorial
Session
by
Pavlos
K.
Zachos
-‐
Luis
Sanchez
de
Leon
Department
of
Power
&
Propulsion
Cranfield
University,
UK
ASME Turbo Expo 2013
San Antonio, US
1
2. CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF POWER & PROPULSION
These slides have been prepared by Cranfield University for the
personal use of tutorial attendees. Accordingly, they may not be
communicated to a third party without the express permission of the
author(s). The slides are intended to support the tutorial in which they
are to be presented. However the content may be more comprehensive
than the presentations they are supporting.
Some of the data contained in the notes/slides may have been obtained
from public literature. However, in such cases, the corresponding
manufacturers or originators are in no way responsible for the accuracy
of such material.
All the information provided has been judged in good faith as appropriate
for the course. However, Cranfield University accepts no liability
resulting from the use of such information.
Disclaimer
2
3. Who we are...
Pavlos K. Zachos
Lecturer in Aerothermal Performance of Turbomachinery
Department of Power & Propulsion
Cranfield University, UK
p.zachos@cranfield.ac.uk
Luis Sanchez de Leon
Doctoral Researcher in Advanced Cycle Performance
Department of Power & Propulsion
Cranfield University, UK
l.sanchezdeleon@cranfield.ac.uk
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
3
4. PART I - Thermodynamics in our every day life.
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
4
5. PART II - A little bit of modelling.
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
5
6. PART III - A whole lot of modelling.
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
6
7. Why do you care ?
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
7
8. The science.
The people.
The product.
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
8
11. 1650
Otto von Guericke
invents the vacuum pump
1656
Boyle & Hooke
notice a correlation between
pressure, temperature and volume
18501750
1824
Carnot
correlates heat , power, energy & engine efficiency
Rankine - Clausius - Lord Kelvin
1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
1750
Savery
builds the first steam piston engine
to be later improved by Watt
Father of
Thermodynamics
equation of
state
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
11
12. Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1 2
34
Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2
3
4
Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2
3
4
v =
const.
v = const.
P = const.
v = const.
Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2
3
4
P =
const.
P = const.
Carnot cycle Ideal Otto cycle
Ideal Diesel cycle Ideal Brayton cycleThermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
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14. Why do you care ?
EAT.
BREATH.
TRAVEL.
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
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15. Case study:
London to New York
5,526 km
100 days in 1866 by sailing ship
15 days in 1910 by early steam ships
3 days in 1960 by the fastest steam ship
< 8 hrs today by plane !!
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
15
16. = £475 per kg
[source: http://www.bullionbypost.co.uk on 21.5.2013]
=
Courtesy of Rolls-Royce
per kg
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
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16
18. Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2
3
4
P =
const.
P = const.
George Brayton
1830 - 1892
Sir Frank Whittle
1907 - 1996
Dr Hans von Ohain
1911 - 1998
Courtesy of Rolls-Royce
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
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19. Here’s to the crazy ones.
The misfits.
The rebels.
The troublemakers.
The ones who see things differently.
They are not fond of rules.
And they have no respect for the status quo.
You can praise them, disagree with them, quote,
disbelieve them, glorify or vilify them.
About the only thing you can’t do...
Apple advertising campaign
September 1997
19
23. Let’s talk about today...
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
23
24. 6 Trillion kg CO2
source: ClimateCrisis.netThermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
24
25. 20,000 kg
CO2 per year and person
4,500 kg
CO2 per year and person
source: ClimateCrisis.netThermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
25
30. 10% less rainfall
source: ClimateCrisis.netThermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
30
35. Families of thermodynamic cycles
Power
cycles
Refrigeration
cycles
Gas
cycles
Vapor
cycles
Closed
cycles
Open
cycles
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
35
36. Families of thermodynamic cycles
Power
cycles
Refrigeration
cycles
Gas
cycles
Vapor
cycles
Closed
cycles
Open
cycles
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
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37. Basic considerations in the analysis of power cycles
1. Study the ideal cycle first
No friction
No heat losses
Quasi-equilibrium compressions & expansions
2. Neglect kinetic and potential energies
3. Use P-v or T-s diagrams
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
37
38. • Air as working fluid
• Ideal gas
Air standard assumptions
Equation of State: PV = RT
Cp
Cv
= γ R = Cp - Cv
• Semi-perfect gas
Cp / Cv functions of Temperature
γ= 1.33 - Turbines
γ= 1.40 - Compressors
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
38
39. Internal Energy
=
The total energy contained by a thermodynamic system
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
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40. Internal Energy = u(T)
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
40
41. u(T) + pV = Enthalpy
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
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42. u(T) + pV = Enthalpy
u(T) + RT = Enthalpy = h(T)
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
42
43. Specific Heat Capacity at ConstantVolume
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
43
44. Specific Heat Capacity at ConstantVolume
=
Cv
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
44
45. Specific Heat Capacity at ConstantVolume
=
Cv =
du
dT
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
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46. Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
46
47. Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
=
Cp
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
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48. Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
=
Cp =
dh
dT
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
48
49. Ideal Gas Model
PV = RT
Internal Energy = u(T) = Cv T
Enthalpy = u(T) + RT = h(T) = Cp T
Cp
Cv
=γ
γ= 1.33 - Turbines
γ= 1.40 - Compressors
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
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50. Wilcock R. C.,Young J. B., and Horlock J. H., 2002,“Gas properties as
a limit to gas turbine performance.”
Kyprianidis K., SethiV., Ogaji S. O., PILIDIS P., Singh R., and KALFAS A. I., 2009,
“Thermo-Fluid Modelling for Gas Turbines-Part I:Theoretical Foundation and
Uncertainty Analysis.”
Kyprianidis K., SethiV., Ogaji S. O., PILIDIS P., Singh R., and KALFAS A. I., 2009,
“Thermo-Fluid Modelling for Gas Turbines-Part II: Impact on Performance
Calculations and Emissions Predictions at Aircraft System Level.”
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
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51. Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2
3
4
P2 =
const.
P1 = const.
heat in
heat out
work
in
maximum cycle pressure
limited by compressor
technology
maximum cycletemperaturelimited by turbinetechnology
work out
Useful
work
(Net)
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
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52. Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2
3
4
P2 =
const.
P1 = const.
heat in
heat out
work
in
work
out
Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
Ideal Brayton cycle processes:
1-2: Isentropic compression
2-3: Constant pressure heat addition
3-4: Isentropic expansion
4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
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53. Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
53
54. win
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
54
59. Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2
3
4
P2 =
const.
P1 = const.
heat in
heat out
work
in
work
out
Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
Fresh
air
Fuel
Exhaust
gases
work out
wnet = qin - qout
qin = h3 - h2 = cp (T3 - T2)
qout = h4 - h1 = cp (T4 - T1)
ηthermal =
wnet
qin
= 1-
qout
qin
using...
T2
T1
=
P2
P1
( )
γ-1/γ
=
P3
P4
( )
γ-1/γ
=
T3
T4
ηthermal = 1-
1
P2
P1
γ-1/γ
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
59
60. Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2
3
4
P2 =
const.
P1 = const.
heat in
heat out
work
in
work
out
Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
Fresh
air
Fuel
Exhaust
gases
work out
ηthermal = 1-
1
P2
P1
γ-1/γ
ηthermal Pressure ratio
Is this right ?
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
60
61. Entropy, s
Temperature,T
1
2s
4s2a
in reality...
- no compression/expansion is
isentropic &
- some pressure loss is inevitable
4a
3
ηcompr
ηturb
=
=
h2s - h1
h2a - h1
h3 - h4a
h3 - h4s
Component isentropic
efficiencies:
note
for preliminary cycle
modelling component
efficiencies can be guessed
or estimated
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
61
62. Case
study
#1:
Effect
of
compressor
efficiency
on
cycle
performance
Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
- Standard air assumptions
- Standard ISA conditions:
288.15K @ 1 bar
- Constant ηt,is
- T3 = 1600K
- Combustion efficiency=0.98
- Account for cooling flows
isentropic
Isentropic
0.9
0.85
0.8
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
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63. 0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
OVERALL PRESSURE RATIO
ISENTROPICEFFICIENCY
POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY = 0.90
0.85
0.8
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
63
64. Case
study
#2:
Effect
of
Turbine
Entry
Temperature
on
cycle
performance
Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
- Standard air assumptions
- Standard ISA conditions:
288.15K @ 1 bar
- Constant ηt,is
- Combustion efficiency=0.98
- Account for cooling flows
Assuming a value for the polytropic efficiency of
our compressor a new isentropic efficiency is
calculated for every pressure ratio based on:
TET = 1000 K
1200 K
1400 K
1600 K 1800 K
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
64
65. Cycle
design
in
a
gas
turbine
performance
solver
Use
of
“BRICKS”
Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
Thrust
per unit flow
Intake
Fresh
air
ALTITUDE
MACH No.
Rel. Humidity
PRESSURE
RECOVERY
FACTOR
PRESSURE
RATIO
POLYTROPIC
EFFICIENCY
BLEED FLOWS
COMBUSTION
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE
LOSS
TURBINE ENTRY
TEMPERATURE
(TET)
ISENTROPIC
EFFICIENCY
COOLING
FLOWS
Nozzle
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
65
66. Cycle
design
in
a
gas
turbine
performance
solver
Use
of
“BRICKS”
Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
Intake
Fresh
air
ALTITUDE
MACH No.
Rel. Humidity
PRESSURE
RECOVERY
FACTOR
PRESSURE
RATIO
POLYTROPIC
EFFICIENCY
BLEED FLOWS
COMBUSTION
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE
LOSS
TURBINE ENTRY
TEMPERATURE
(TET)
ISENTROPIC
EFFICIENCY
COOLING
FLOWS
Output Power
per unit flow
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
66
67. Case
study
#3:
Single
spool
gas
generator
design
space
exploraIon
Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
Intake
Fresh
air
ALTITUDE
MACH No.
Rel. Humidity
PRESSURE
RECOVERY
FACTOR
PRESSURE
RATIO
POLYTROPIC
EFFICIENCY
BLEED FLOWS
COMBUSTION
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE
LOSS
TURBINE ENTRY
TEMPERATURE
(TET)
ISENTROPIC
EFFICIENCY
COOLING
FLOWS
Output Power
per unit flow
0.9
0.98
5%
0.91
Specific
Fuel
Consumption
=
Fuel flow [kg/s]
definitions
or SFC
Specific
Power
=
Net Output [J/s]
Net Output [J/s]
Mass flow [kg/s]
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
67
68. PR = 3
PR = 6
PR = 15TET = 1000 K
TET = 1200 K
TET = 1400 K
TET = 1600 K
Large size
High weight
Small size
Low weight
Low
technology
High
technology
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
68
69. Compressor Turbine
Combustion
chamber
Intake
Fresh
air
ALTITUDE
MACH No.
Rel. Humidity
PRESSURE
RECOVERY
FACTOR
PRESSURE
RATIO
POLYTROPIC
EFFICIENCY
BLEED FLOWS
COMBUSTION
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE
LOSS
TURBINE ENTRY
TEMPERATURE
(TET)
ISENTROPIC
EFFICIENCY
COOLING
FLOWS
Thrust
per unit flow
Nozzle
Thermodynamics for Gas Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
ASME Turbo Expo San Antonio,Texas, 6th June 2013
69
77. Introduction to Thermodynamics for Gas
Turbine Cycles & Cycle Simulation Tools
further
info,
compliments
&
complaints
to
be
addressed
to:
p.zachos@cranfield.ac.uk
ASME Turbo Expo 2013
San Antonio, US
77