This document provides an overview of thermodynamics concepts for a diploma in mechanical engineering. It defines thermodynamics as the science dealing with thermal energy and its conversion between other forms of energy. The document outlines several key concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, the first law of thermodynamics, and conversions between thermal, mechanical, and electrical energy. Examples of thermodynamic processes in common appliances like fans, refrigerators, and pressure cookers are provided to illustrate applications of basic thermodynamic principles.
This document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science concerned with energy storage and transformations, mostly involving heat and work. The three main concepts introduced are systems, surroundings, and boundaries. A system is the quantity of matter or region being studied, surroundings are outside the system, and boundaries separate the two. Thermodynamic properties can be intensive, like temperature, or extensive, like energy. Thermodynamic processes involve changes between equilibrium states.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including definitions of thermodynamics, thermodynamic systems, properties, processes and cycles. It discusses important thermodynamic concepts such as state, path, reversible and irreversible processes, equilibrium, and measurement of pressure. Examples are given to illustrate compression processes and the use of the Pascal's law for pressure measurement.
This document discusses the first law of thermodynamics. It provides:
1) An overview of the first law for closed and open systems, including Joule's experiment that established the law.
2) Key concepts such as the steady flow energy equation, throttling devices, nozzles, and diffusers.
3) Applications of the first law to engineering problems involving fluid flow and energy transfers as work and heat.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) design. It begins with definitions of key terms like thermal load and psychrometry. It then discusses outdoor and indoor design conditions, principles of cooling load, and components of heating and cooling load. Specific topics covered include psychrometric processes, properties of air like temperature and humidity, and factors that affect human comfort like air movement and clothing. Methods of heat transfer and concepts like thermal conductivity and U-values are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines principles of air cooling and different types of air conditioners.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of defining key vocabulary, reviewing unit systems, and explaining basic concepts like system, state, equilibrium, process and cycle. It then discusses energy and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document also defines properties of systems, intensive vs extensive properties, and concepts like continuum, density, and the state postulate. Finally, it covers processes, cycles, temperature scales, and pressure. The overall aim is to establish foundational thermodynamics concepts.
This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and thermodynamics concepts. It discusses how heat transfer is related to thermodynamics and distinguishes between different forms of energy. The three main modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. Heat is defined as the transfer of energy between two systems due to a temperature difference, and will flow from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature one. The document provides objectives and outlines concepts like thermal energy, mechanisms of heat transfer, Fourier's law of conduction and applications of heat transfer.
This document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the science concerned with energy storage and transformations, mostly involving heat and work. The three main concepts introduced are systems, surroundings, and boundaries. A system is the quantity of matter or region being studied, surroundings are outside the system, and boundaries separate the two. Thermodynamic properties can be intensive, like temperature, or extensive, like energy. Thermodynamic processes involve changes between equilibrium states.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document provides an overview of basic thermodynamics concepts including definitions of thermodynamics, thermodynamic systems, properties, processes and cycles. It discusses important thermodynamic concepts such as state, path, reversible and irreversible processes, equilibrium, and measurement of pressure. Examples are given to illustrate compression processes and the use of the Pascal's law for pressure measurement.
This document discusses the first law of thermodynamics. It provides:
1) An overview of the first law for closed and open systems, including Joule's experiment that established the law.
2) Key concepts such as the steady flow energy equation, throttling devices, nozzles, and diffusers.
3) Applications of the first law to engineering problems involving fluid flow and energy transfers as work and heat.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) design. It begins with definitions of key terms like thermal load and psychrometry. It then discusses outdoor and indoor design conditions, principles of cooling load, and components of heating and cooling load. Specific topics covered include psychrometric processes, properties of air like temperature and humidity, and factors that affect human comfort like air movement and clothing. Methods of heat transfer and concepts like thermal conductivity and U-values are also summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines principles of air cooling and different types of air conditioners.
This document provides an introduction to basic thermodynamics concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of defining key vocabulary, reviewing unit systems, and explaining basic concepts like system, state, equilibrium, process and cycle. It then discusses energy and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The document also defines properties of systems, intensive vs extensive properties, and concepts like continuum, density, and the state postulate. Finally, it covers processes, cycles, temperature scales, and pressure. The overall aim is to establish foundational thermodynamics concepts.
This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and thermodynamics concepts. It discusses how heat transfer is related to thermodynamics and distinguishes between different forms of energy. The three main modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. Heat is defined as the transfer of energy between two systems due to a temperature difference, and will flow from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature one. The document provides objectives and outlines concepts like thermal energy, mechanisms of heat transfer, Fourier's law of conduction and applications of heat transfer.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to thermodynamics. It discusses microscopic and macroscopic approaches, defines key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, and state. It classifies thermodynamic systems and properties, and describes concepts like equilibrium, path, process, and cycle. It defines different forms of energy specifically work and heat. It also gives the first law of thermodynamics and discusses other thermodynamic processes.
Thermodynamic Chapter 2 Properties Of Pure SubstancesMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase change processes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition throughout. Pure substances can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases. Phase change processes like melting, boiling, and condensation occur at saturation conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. Properties like specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy vary based on temperature, pressure, and quality (ratio of vapor mass to total mass) of mixtures. Property tables and interpolation are used to determine properties at given conditions for pure substances like water. Examples show how to apply these concepts to calculate properties like pressure, temperature, and enthalpy at different states.
Heat Transfer Applications
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.
Introduction
Applications
References
conclusion
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms (first law of thermodynamics). Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature (second law of thermodynamics). Thermodynamics is the study of energy and how it transfers between systems and their surroundings. A system is a quantity of matter selected for study, while surroundings are what is outside the system boundary.
Thermodynamic Chapter 3 First Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems. It defines key terms like internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. It presents the general energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing various processes like constant volume, constant pressure, or adiabatic. Example problems demonstrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy or heat transfer. The document also discusses thermodynamic cycles and how the first law applies to systems that return to their initial state.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in thermodynamics. It discusses the four laws of thermodynamics, the classification of thermodynamics into classical and statistical approaches, and definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, state, property, process, cycle, and path. The conversion of energy is governed by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and thermodynamic equilibrium refers to thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium within a system.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of Thermodynamics I. It discusses:
- The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, which relates work, heat, and the energy content of a system.
- How the first law can be written as an equation for closed systems and control volumes, accounting for changes in internal energy, work, heat transfer, and flow energy.
- The thermodynamic property of enthalpy, defined as the sum of internal energy and flow energy.
- Applications of the steady flow energy equation to devices like turbines, compressors, pumps, nozzles, and diffusers.
1) The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including the limitations of the first law, heat engines, heat pumps, and parameters of performance like coefficient of performance.
2) It also covers the second law of thermodynamics including Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, perpetual motion machines, and the equivalence of the statements.
3) Additionally, it discusses Carnot's principle and cycle, the thermodynamic temperature scale, and an elementary treatment of the third law of thermodynamics.
This document discusses different thermodynamic processes and properties of steam. It defines four main cyclic processes: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic. It then explains the characteristics of each process and provides examples of their P-V graphs. The document also discusses key steam properties like saturation temperature, dryness fraction, latent heat of vaporization, and enthalpy. It introduces the Mollier chart and how to use it to calculate enthalpy values for wet, dry, and superheated steam at different conditions. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate using steam tables and the Mollier chart.
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics concepts including:
- The microscopic and macroscopic approaches to studying thermodynamic systems.
- Key definitions including systems, surroundings, boundaries, states, properties, paths, processes and cycles.
- The four laws of thermodynamics with explanations of the zeroth and first laws.
- Different types of thermodynamic processes and the relationships between heat, work and internal energy as described by the first law.
- Common thermodynamic properties including temperature, heat, work, enthalpy and the different forms of energy.
MICROSCOPIC & MACROSCOPIC POINT OF VIEW , THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM & CONTROL VO...KRUNAL RAVAL
Thermodynamics is science of energy transfer and its effects on properties.
Main aim is to convert disorganized form of energy into organized form of energy in an efficient manner. Based on the macroscopic approach which does not require knowledge of behavior of individual particles and is called classical thermodynamics.
This course covers fundamentals of thermodynamics and its applications. The objectives are to understand various energy concepts and laws of thermodynamics. Key topics include the first law relating heat and work, the second law and concept of entropy, properties of pure substances and steam, and analysis of common thermodynamic cycles. Assessment is based on assignments, tests, and a final exam covering all topics with emphasis on later modules. The course content is divided into six units covering topics such as the second law of thermodynamics, properties of steam, gas power cycles, vapor power cycles, air compressors, and gas turbines.
This document provides information about a thermodynamics course including:
- Recommended textbooks for the course
- Policies such as prohibiting cell phone disturbances and not accepting late assignments
- How to access the course outline and materials online
- An introduction to concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, processes, and the first law of thermodynamics.
Ch 3 energy transfer by work, heat and massabfisho
The document discusses energy transfer through heat, work, and mass. It defines key concepts like the first law of thermodynamics, heat transfer, work, power, and various types of work including boundary work, shaft work, spring work, and more. It provides equations to calculate work, heat transfer, and power for different processes. It includes several examples calculating work, heat transfer, and analyzing processes on P-V diagrams for closed systems operating in various thermodynamic cycles and processes.
Thermodynamics chapter discusses properties of liquids and vapors including:
- Constant pressure process where boiling occurs at a fixed temperature for a given pressure.
- Saturation temperature is the boiling point corresponding to a pressure.
- Quality is the dryness fraction of wet steam.
- Tabulated properties include values for saturated water, steam, compressed water, wet steam and superheated steam.
- Constant pressure, constant volume, isothermal, adiabatic and polytropic processes are examined for non-flow systems involving changes to steam.
This document discusses heat transfer and provides objectives and an overview of key concepts. It begins by defining heat transfer and its relationship to thermodynamics. It then outlines the main objectives, which are to understand the basic heat transfer mechanisms of conduction, convection, and radiation. It also discusses how heat transfer problems are used in engineering applications and provides background on the historical development of theories around heat and thermal energy.
This document defines and explains various types of thermodynamic processes including: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic, and polytropic processes. It provides the key equations for work, internal energy change, heat transfer, enthalpy change, and PVT relationships for each process type. The document also defines gas constant in terms of universal gas constant and molecular weight.
This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- Thermodynamics is the science concerned with energy storage and transformations within a body.
- A system, its surroundings and boundaries are defined. Systems can be isolated, closed, or open.
- Properties of a system include intensive and extensive properties, and specific properties.
- States, equilibrium, and processes are discussed, along with different types of processes like isobaric, isothermal, isochoric.
The document summarizes key concepts from thermodynamics including:
- The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. For a closed system, the net energy transferred as heat and work equals the net change in internal energy.
- Derivations from the First Law relate internal energy change, enthalpy change, and specific heat capacities for constant volume and constant pressure processes. Relationships between specific heat capacities are also derived for ideal gases.
- Several examples show applying the
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics, including:
- Definitions of thermodynamics as the study of thermal energy and its conversion between other forms of energy.
- Examples of common energy conversions including thermal to mechanical in engines, mechanical to thermal in brakes, and others.
- An overview of basic and applied thermodynamics, where basic thermodynamics covers fundamental laws and properties while applied thermodynamics deals with engineering applications.
- Descriptions of key concepts like systems, properties, the first law of thermodynamics, and distinctions between non-flow and flow processes.
Thermodynamics studies energy transfer as heat and work. The first law states that energy is conserved and can change forms but not be created or destroyed. The amount of heat absorbed by a system equals its change in internal energy plus work done by the system. The second law limits the direction of heat transfer and states that heat cannot be fully converted to work. Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system that always increases due to the second law. The Carnot cycle uses reversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes to achieve the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to thermodynamics. It discusses microscopic and macroscopic approaches, defines key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, and state. It classifies thermodynamic systems and properties, and describes concepts like equilibrium, path, process, and cycle. It defines different forms of energy specifically work and heat. It also gives the first law of thermodynamics and discusses other thermodynamic processes.
Thermodynamic Chapter 2 Properties Of Pure SubstancesMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of properties of pure substances and phase change processes. It defines a pure substance as having a fixed chemical composition throughout. Pure substances can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases. Phase change processes like melting, boiling, and condensation occur at saturation conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. Properties like specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy vary based on temperature, pressure, and quality (ratio of vapor mass to total mass) of mixtures. Property tables and interpolation are used to determine properties at given conditions for pure substances like water. Examples show how to apply these concepts to calculate properties like pressure, temperature, and enthalpy at different states.
Heat Transfer Applications
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.
Introduction
Applications
References
conclusion
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change forms (first law of thermodynamics). Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature (second law of thermodynamics). Thermodynamics is the study of energy and how it transfers between systems and their surroundings. A system is a quantity of matter selected for study, while surroundings are what is outside the system boundary.
Thermodynamic Chapter 3 First Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems. It defines key terms like internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. It presents the general energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing various processes like constant volume, constant pressure, or adiabatic. Example problems demonstrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy or heat transfer. The document also discusses thermodynamic cycles and how the first law applies to systems that return to their initial state.
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in thermodynamics. It discusses the four laws of thermodynamics, the classification of thermodynamics into classical and statistical approaches, and definitions of key terms like system, surroundings, boundary, state, property, process, cycle, and path. The conversion of energy is governed by the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and thermodynamic equilibrium refers to thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium within a system.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of Thermodynamics I. It discusses:
- The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, which relates work, heat, and the energy content of a system.
- How the first law can be written as an equation for closed systems and control volumes, accounting for changes in internal energy, work, heat transfer, and flow energy.
- The thermodynamic property of enthalpy, defined as the sum of internal energy and flow energy.
- Applications of the steady flow energy equation to devices like turbines, compressors, pumps, nozzles, and diffusers.
1) The document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including the limitations of the first law, heat engines, heat pumps, and parameters of performance like coefficient of performance.
2) It also covers the second law of thermodynamics including Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, perpetual motion machines, and the equivalence of the statements.
3) Additionally, it discusses Carnot's principle and cycle, the thermodynamic temperature scale, and an elementary treatment of the third law of thermodynamics.
This document discusses different thermodynamic processes and properties of steam. It defines four main cyclic processes: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic. It then explains the characteristics of each process and provides examples of their P-V graphs. The document also discusses key steam properties like saturation temperature, dryness fraction, latent heat of vaporization, and enthalpy. It introduces the Mollier chart and how to use it to calculate enthalpy values for wet, dry, and superheated steam at different conditions. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate using steam tables and the Mollier chart.
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics concepts including:
- The microscopic and macroscopic approaches to studying thermodynamic systems.
- Key definitions including systems, surroundings, boundaries, states, properties, paths, processes and cycles.
- The four laws of thermodynamics with explanations of the zeroth and first laws.
- Different types of thermodynamic processes and the relationships between heat, work and internal energy as described by the first law.
- Common thermodynamic properties including temperature, heat, work, enthalpy and the different forms of energy.
MICROSCOPIC & MACROSCOPIC POINT OF VIEW , THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM & CONTROL VO...KRUNAL RAVAL
Thermodynamics is science of energy transfer and its effects on properties.
Main aim is to convert disorganized form of energy into organized form of energy in an efficient manner. Based on the macroscopic approach which does not require knowledge of behavior of individual particles and is called classical thermodynamics.
This course covers fundamentals of thermodynamics and its applications. The objectives are to understand various energy concepts and laws of thermodynamics. Key topics include the first law relating heat and work, the second law and concept of entropy, properties of pure substances and steam, and analysis of common thermodynamic cycles. Assessment is based on assignments, tests, and a final exam covering all topics with emphasis on later modules. The course content is divided into six units covering topics such as the second law of thermodynamics, properties of steam, gas power cycles, vapor power cycles, air compressors, and gas turbines.
This document provides information about a thermodynamics course including:
- Recommended textbooks for the course
- Policies such as prohibiting cell phone disturbances and not accepting late assignments
- How to access the course outline and materials online
- An introduction to concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, processes, and the first law of thermodynamics.
Ch 3 energy transfer by work, heat and massabfisho
The document discusses energy transfer through heat, work, and mass. It defines key concepts like the first law of thermodynamics, heat transfer, work, power, and various types of work including boundary work, shaft work, spring work, and more. It provides equations to calculate work, heat transfer, and power for different processes. It includes several examples calculating work, heat transfer, and analyzing processes on P-V diagrams for closed systems operating in various thermodynamic cycles and processes.
Thermodynamics chapter discusses properties of liquids and vapors including:
- Constant pressure process where boiling occurs at a fixed temperature for a given pressure.
- Saturation temperature is the boiling point corresponding to a pressure.
- Quality is the dryness fraction of wet steam.
- Tabulated properties include values for saturated water, steam, compressed water, wet steam and superheated steam.
- Constant pressure, constant volume, isothermal, adiabatic and polytropic processes are examined for non-flow systems involving changes to steam.
This document discusses heat transfer and provides objectives and an overview of key concepts. It begins by defining heat transfer and its relationship to thermodynamics. It then outlines the main objectives, which are to understand the basic heat transfer mechanisms of conduction, convection, and radiation. It also discusses how heat transfer problems are used in engineering applications and provides background on the historical development of theories around heat and thermal energy.
This document defines and explains various types of thermodynamic processes including: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic, and polytropic processes. It provides the key equations for work, internal energy change, heat transfer, enthalpy change, and PVT relationships for each process type. The document also defines gas constant in terms of universal gas constant and molecular weight.
This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- Thermodynamics is the science concerned with energy storage and transformations within a body.
- A system, its surroundings and boundaries are defined. Systems can be isolated, closed, or open.
- Properties of a system include intensive and extensive properties, and specific properties.
- States, equilibrium, and processes are discussed, along with different types of processes like isobaric, isothermal, isochoric.
The document summarizes key concepts from thermodynamics including:
- The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. For a closed system, the net energy transferred as heat and work equals the net change in internal energy.
- Derivations from the First Law relate internal energy change, enthalpy change, and specific heat capacities for constant volume and constant pressure processes. Relationships between specific heat capacities are also derived for ideal gases.
- Several examples show applying the
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics, including:
- Definitions of thermodynamics as the study of thermal energy and its conversion between other forms of energy.
- Examples of common energy conversions including thermal to mechanical in engines, mechanical to thermal in brakes, and others.
- An overview of basic and applied thermodynamics, where basic thermodynamics covers fundamental laws and properties while applied thermodynamics deals with engineering applications.
- Descriptions of key concepts like systems, properties, the first law of thermodynamics, and distinctions between non-flow and flow processes.
Thermodynamics studies energy transfer as heat and work. The first law states that energy is conserved and can change forms but not be created or destroyed. The amount of heat absorbed by a system equals its change in internal energy plus work done by the system. The second law limits the direction of heat transfer and states that heat cannot be fully converted to work. Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system that always increases due to the second law. The Carnot cycle uses reversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes to achieve the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs.
This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics, including definitions of key concepts and summaries of important laws and principles. It begins with an overview of the course content, which covers topics like the definitions of thermodynamics, heat, work, and systems. It then discusses the significance of thermodynamics in applications ranging from household appliances to power plants. The document proceeds to define fundamental concepts like temperature, pressure, energy and power. It also explains the first and second laws of thermodynamics. In its concluding sections, it summarizes processes, criteria for reversibility, and the specific thermodynamic laws of Boyle and Charles.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on thermodynamics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter's content sections and objectives. The remainder of the document consists of slides covering topics in thermodynamics, including heat, work, internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics, heat engines, refrigerators, the second law of thermodynamics, and entropy. Sample problems and multiple choice questions are also included.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on thermodynamics. It outlines how to view the presentation as a slideshow and advance through the slides. It also describes how to access additional resources and specific lesson sections from the chapter menu. The user can exit the slideshow at any time by pressing the Esc key. The document then provides an overview of the thermodynamics chapter, including objectives, concepts, and sample problems for each of the three sections: relationships between heat and work, the first law of thermodynamics, and the second law of thermodynamics.
I wish the person who shared this with me had put their name to the presentation - if it was you, please let me know if you would prefer not to have it on Slideshare.
Thermochemistry is the study of energy and its interconversions. The document discusses several key concepts in thermochemistry including:
1) Energy can exist in potential or kinetic forms. Chemical reactions can release or absorb energy in the form of heat depending on whether the bonds in the products are stronger (exothermic) or weaker (endothermic) than the reactants.
2) Enthalpy is a state function that accounts for the internal energy and pressure-volume work of a system. The change in enthalpy of a reaction indicates whether heat is evolved (exothermic) or absorbed (endothermic).
3) Calorimetry experiments allow scientists to calculate the heat/enthal
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat, temperature, and their relation to energy and work. A thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system undergoes a series of processes and returns to its initial state. Common thermodynamic cycles include the Carnot cycle, Otto cycle, and Diesel cycle. The Carnot cycle is the most efficient but not achievable in practice. The Otto and Diesel cycles more accurately model internal combustion engines. Thermodynamics has many applications, as heat engines that operate on thermodynamic cycles power most electric generation and vehicles.
Solution Manual – Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Application, 5th e...kl kl
Solution Manual – Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Application, 5th edition
Author: Yunus A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
ISBN of textbook: 978-007-339818-1
This document discusses thermochemistry and thermodynamics concepts. It defines energy and different types of energy like potential and kinetic energy. The conservation of energy and first law of thermodynamics are introduced. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are defined based on whether energy is released or absorbed during chemical reactions. Enthalpy is defined as a state function that takes into account both internal energy changes and work done on or by a system. Calorimetry experiments can be used to determine enthalpy changes during chemical reactions.
The document discusses thermochemistry and thermodynamics concepts. It defines key terms like:
- Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its interconversions.
- Energy can exist in potential or kinetic forms. Potential energy is due to position or composition, while kinetic energy depends on an object's mass and velocity.
- Enthalpy (H) is the combination of a system's internal energy and the work done on or by the system. It is a state function like internal energy.
- Calorimetry involves measuring heat changes using devices like coffee cup or bomb calorimeters. It relates heat to changes in temperature and heat capacity.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics from Chapter 10, including:
1) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved and relates heat, work, and changes in internal energy of a system.
2) The second law states that no cyclic process can convert all heat into work. Heat engines and refrigerators operate cyclically between high and low temperatures.
3) Entropy measures the disorder of a system. The second law can be expressed as the entropy of the universe always increasing in natural processes.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy, heat, work, and their interconversion between different forms. It describes processes involving changes in temperature, phase, or energy of a system.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The second law states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases, reaching a maximum at equilibrium.
Thermodynamic properties describe a system and include intensive properties like temperature and pressure, as well as extensive properties like volume and energy. A system's state is defined by the values of its properties, and equilibrium occurs when properties no longer change with time.
The document discusses thermodynamic cycles and processes. It defines basic thermodynamic cycles like isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes. It explains that a thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system returns to its initial state after a series of processes. Common power cycles like Otto and diesel cycles are discussed as examples. Applications of thermodynamics principles in engines, vehicles, power plants and other systems are also mentioned.
System, property, work and heat interactions, zeroth law, first law of thermodynamics, application of first law to closed systems and flow processes. Thermodynamic properties of fluids. Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle, temperature scale, Clausis inequality, entropy increase, availability.
The document discusses the three laws of thermodynamics:
1. Zeroth law defines temperature and thermal equilibrium. It allows for temperature measurement.
2. First law states that energy is conserved and can change forms but not be created or destroyed. It defines heat, work, and internal energy. Heat engines and refrigerators are discussed.
3. Second law introduces the concept of entropy and establishes limits on heat engine efficiency below 100% and prohibits converting heat to work without temperature difference. Carnot cycle and Carnot efficiency are introduced.
The laws establish fundamental thermodynamic principles and define key concepts like heat, work, efficiency. Processes must obey both the first and second laws or would create impossible
FINAL_201 Thursday A-3 Convective and Radiant Heat TransferKaylene Kowalski
This document describes an experiment on heat transfer through various modes. Thermocouples measured the temperature of a heated cylinder surface and surrounding air temperature. The experiment determined heat loss coefficients and amounts due to radiation, natural convection, and forced convection by varying voltage, temperature, and air velocity. Total heat loss was calculated from individual heat losses to understand heat transfer under different conditions.
Introduction to Magnetic RefrigerationSamet Baykul
DATE: 2019.06
We have given a lecture to the class in the course of "Refrigeration Systems" in ODTÜ.
Refrigeration technology has an important role over various areas such as medicine, food, manufacturing, and it is a very important element for a comfortable life for the society. It directly affects the people’s life by permiting to store the medicines and foods for long times, manufacturing with very high accuracy, air conditioning applications, etc.
Although refrigeration technology have lots of benefits which has been mentioned above, conventional vapor compression/expansion systems have some weaknesses. Refrigerant fluids that are used in the traditional cooling/refrigeration applications have important effects over the global warming and ozone depletion. To be able to overcome these disadvantages of the refrigeration applications, new thecnologies which does not use harmful matirals such as traditional refrigerants are investigated. One of these developing technologies is magnetic refrigeration systems.
Magnetic refrigeration systems are commonly used in the low temperature applications and it also has usage in air conditioning applications, aerospace technologies and telecommunication technologies.
Magnetic refrigeration has lots of advantages such that:
1. It uses very small amount of energy compared to compressor work inlet of a similar size vapor compression/expansion system.
2. It is highly more compact and makes less noise than the traditional systems.
3. It has a lower operating and maintenance cost.
4. It is environment friendly and does not cause the global warming or ozone depletion.
Although the magnetic refrigeration has lots of benefits which have been described above, because of its high initial cost and need of the very rare materials in the system, it is not very common recent days, however, it has a high potential for the future.
This document provides information about a thermodynamics tutorial session. It lists the topic as Thermodynamics Tutorial 4, and provides the name of the instructor, Dr. SUN Weimeng, along with his email and office number. The document also mentions there is a question and solution provided, and it closes with a thank you and invitation for questions.
This document contains the solutions to 4 questions regarding thermodynamics. It involves calculations using the continuity equation, steady flow energy equation, and properties of water and steam at various conditions. Key steps and results are shown, including enthalpy values for water and steam at different pressures and temperatures. The questions involve calculations for energy transferred in various processes involving the mixing of steam and water.
This document contains a thermodynamics tutorial with 9 questions covering topics like volume, density, specific gravity, mass, heat, work, and other thermodynamic concepts. It provides the questions, equations, values, and step-by-step workings to solve each problem. Tables are included to organize the relevant variables, units, and calculated values for each question. The document aims to help students learn and practice applying thermodynamic principles to different scenarios.
This document contains a thermodynamics tutorial with 11 questions covering concepts like states of water and steam, properties from steam tables, processes involving heat and work. Key concepts covered include determining the state of water/steam based on pressure and other properties, calculating heat, work and internal energy change using the first law of thermodynamics for various processes involving water and steam.
This document contains 6 problems involving calculations of heat and entropy changes for various thermodynamic processes involving steam and gases. Problem 1 involves heating steam at constant pressure. Problem 2 involves condensing steam at constant pressure. Problem 3 involves heating steam in a rigid vessel with changing pressure. Problem 4 involves heating nitrogen in a rigid cylinder. Problem 5 involves heating and cooling air in a constant pressure and constant volume process. Problem 6 involves expanding and compressing air while keeping temperature constant in one process and rejecting heat at constant pressure in another.
This document contains 4 problems regarding steam power plants and steam systems. Problem 1 calculates the heat supplied to a boiler and the power generated by a turbine. Problem 2 calculates turbine power and heat rejected from a condenser. Problem 3 calculates boiler heat input and mass flow rates of hot and cold water. Problem 4 determines the ratio of steam to water mass flow rates needed to produce hot water at a given temperature.
This document contains 11 problems related to thermodynamics concepts like steam tables, properties of steam at different conditions, processes involving gases in closed systems. The problems involve determining states, properties, energies and sketching processes on p-v diagrams. The document provides the questions and expects the answers to be provided using concepts of thermodynamics.
This document contains 9 problems related to thermodynamics. Problem 1 asks to determine volume, density, and specific gravity of a fluid in a storage tank given its mass and the tank dimensions. Problem 2 asks to determine volume and mass of helium in a balloon given the specific volume of helium. Problem 3 asks to determine volume, density, and specific gravity of a fluid given the masses of an empty bottle and the bottle filled with the fluid and water.
This document provides an overview of thermodynamic concepts related to steady flow processes involving steam and water in common power plant devices. It describes the basic functions and analysis of a steam boiler, steam turbine, steam condenser, and mixing chamber. The analysis involves applying the continuity equation and the steady flow energy equation to determine heat transfer rates and work output. Sample problems are provided to illustrate the use of thermodynamic property tables and calculations for each device.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
2. o Contents
Section Sub-Section Description
1.1 Define Thermodynamics
1.1.1 Basic Thermodynamics and Applied Thermodynamics
1.2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
- System, Surroundings, Boundary, Properties of a
System, Thermal Equilibrium, Work Transfer, Heat
Transfer
1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
1.4 Derive the Non-flow Energy Equation
1.5 Derive the Steady Flow Energy Equation
3. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics
Simple definitions:
A science which deals with the relationship between
thermal energy (heat) and all other forms of energy
(e.g. mechanical, electrical, etc.).
A study of thermal engineering.
4. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
Human activity requires energy
Energy considered as something which “gives life” to
otherwise inanimate objects
Where does this
energy come from?
5. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
Energy source:
The major source of energy for humanity is the
thermal energy received directly from the sun in the
form of solar radiation
For engineering applications, the most common
source of thermal energy is from combustion, that is,
the burning of fuel such as wood, coal or oil.
6. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
Primitive man discovered that fire provided him with
thermal energy to keep warm and to cook food
Modern man often makes direct use of thermal
energy, it is a fact that energy in this form is less
useful, and must first be converted into one of the
other energy forms before it can be used to power
many of our modern machines
7. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
Similarly, it is often necessary to convert between all
the other forms of energy
Some of these energy conversion processes might
require several steps to produce energy in the form
it is needed.
Common energy conversion processes
8. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
(a) Thermal energy to mechanical energy
An example of this energy conversion process is the
motor car engine.
Fuel is burned to produce thermal energy which the
engine then converts into the mechanical energy
needed to move the car along the road
9. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
(b) Mechanical energy to thermal energy
The reverse process occurs when a moving car is
stopped by applying the brakes
The mechanical energy of the car is absorbed by the
brakes and converted into thermal energy,
evidenced by the fact that the brakes become hot
after application
10. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
(c) Thermal energy to electrical energy
In a power station fuel such as coal or oil is burned
to produce thermal energy. This is used to produce
steam which drives the machinery that produces
electrical energy
11. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
(d) Electrical energy to thermal energy
Electrical energy can be turned into thermal energy,
as in the case of a domestic electric kettle
An interesting comparison is the use of electrical
energy to remove thermal energy, as in the case of a
refrigerator (or air-conditioning unit). A refrigerator
removes the thermal energy from the food stored
inside the insulated box
12. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
(e) Electrical energy to mechanical energy
Electrical energy supplied to a motor causes the
motor shaft to rotate. The resulting mechanical
energy can, for example, be used to drive a machine
tool or propel a vehicle
13. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
(f) Mechanical energy to electrical energy
The rotating shaft of an internal combustion engine
can be used to drive an electrical generator, thus
providing a portable power source for use in remote
areas
Regenerative braking
14. o 1.1 What is Thermodynamics (continued)
Many more involving conversions between all the
different forms of energy
Thermodynamics is the science that deals with these
processes
It is concerned with how they occur, with the laws which
control their occurrence, as well as with the engineering
of the machinery needed to convert between the various
energy forms
It is also concerned with what actually happens within
this machinery, both microscopically and macroscopically
As such, Thermodynamics is a subject at the very core of
engineering practice
15. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is all about energy, and the various
transformations between the different forms of energy
16. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied Thermodynamics (continued)
In Basic Thermodynamics, we are concerned not only
with the different forms of energy, but also with various
process by which energy is changed from one form to
another.
We are also concerned with the fundamental physical
laws which must be obeyed during these transforming
processes.
It is essential that we understand the important
properties of the substances which are involved in the
process, for it is by the changes in these properties that
we measure the changes of energy.
17. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied Thermodynamics (continued)
In Applied Thermodynamics, we are concerned with the
application of basic thermodynamics principles to actual
engineering problems.
We are not only concerned with the physical details of
the hardware, but also with how the thermodynamic
processes actually occur inside the machinery, as well as
with the factors which affect the performance and
effectiveness of such machinery.
This is clearly a very practical area of study.
18. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
(continued)
Some typical domestic examples to elaborate how
Basic Thermodynamics applies to the machinery
19. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied
Thermodynamics (continued)
(a) Electric Fan
Electrical energy is supplied to
a motor causing the shaft to
rotate, and with it the fan
blades, which in turn create a
draft of air. Here electrical
energy is converted into
mechanical energy
20. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied
Thermodynamics (continued)
(b) Refrigerator
Electrical energy is supplied to a
compressor which produces a flow of
working fluid known as a refrigerant.
This fluid is used to remove thermal
energy from inside an insulated box
to make a cold space where we can
preserve our food. Here an input of
electrical energy results in the
removal of thermal energy. However,
in making one place cold, we have to
make another place hot, which means
we can actually heat water using a
refrigerator.
21. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied
Thermodynamics (continued)
(c) Air conditioner
It works in much the same way as a
refrigerator, except that the
refrigerant is used to remove the
thermal energy from the air inside a
room. This cools the air to a
comfortable temperature for the
occupants. Here again, an input of
electrical energy results in the
removal of thermal energy. When we
cool a room with an air conditioner,
we sometimes see that the windows
in the room are covered with droplets
of dew. Here we are actually
extracting water from air.
22. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied
Thermodynamics (continued)
(d) Pressure cooker
A little water is placed inside a sealed
container along with the food to be
cooked. The cooker is placed over a
gas burner where the chemical energy
of the fuel is converted into thermal
energy. This energy is supplied to the
cooker to boil the water and produce
pressurized steam inside the
container, enabling us to cook the
food quickly.
One result of using a pressure cooker
is that we save fuel, and hence fuel
cost at the same time.
23. o 1.1.1 Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
(continued)
We can see from all these examples that a study of
Basic Thermodynamics can help us to understand
how many basic domestic appliances work.
The principles of thermodynamics are evident all
around us and are not merely confined to the world
of engineers.
24. o 1.2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
Basic units of the S. I. System:
Quantity Unit
Mass kg
Length m
Time s
25. o 1.2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics (continued)
Derived units for thermodynamics in the S. I. System:
Force
A measure of the “push” or “pull” which is often
exerted on a body.
F=m∙a
F: force, 1 N = 1 kg∙m/s2
m: mass (kg); a: acceleration (m/s2)
26. o 1.2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics (continued)
Derived units for thermodynamics in the S. I. System:
Weight
The gravitational attractive force which the earth exerts on
a mass. It depends on the acceleration due to gravity and
varies with height and location on the earth.
w=m∙g
w: weight, 1 N = 1 kg∙m/s2
m: mass (kg); g: gravity (assumption: 9.81m/s2)
27. o 1.2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics (continued)
System
A collection of matter within a prescribed region
System
Cylinder
Boundary
Piston
Surroundings
Surrounding: the region enclosing the system
Boundary: the surface that separates the system from the surroundings
28. o 1.2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics (continued)
Properties of a system ( to define its condition)
Most common:
Pressure
Temperature
Volume and specific volume
Density and specific gravity
Additional:
Internal energy
Enthalpy
Entropy
At least 2
independent
properties of a fluid
known, then the state
of the system is
known
31. Atmospheric pressure, patm
A pressure due to the atmosphere at the surface of
the earth. It depends on the weight of air above the
surface.
Sea level ≈ 1.01325 × 105 N/m2 ≈ 1.01325 bar
Gauge pressure, pgauge
A pressure measured with respect to the
atmospheric pressure.
E.g Pressure= 2atm; Gauge Pressure= 1atm
patm
+
-
32. Absolute pressure, pabs
A pressure measured above the absolute zero
pressure, which is a perfect vacuum.
Relationship:
pabs = pgauge + patm
33. Example:
The gauge pressure of the air in a vessel is 10 kN/m2.
Determine the absolute pressure of the air. Assume
the atmospheric pressure is 100 kN/m2.
Solution:
pabs = pgauge + patm
pabs = 10 + 100
= 110 kN/m2
34. Temperature, T (K)
For the degree of hotness or coldness of anything.
The same temperature interval
Conversion between the two
temperature scales:
T(K) = t(˚C) + 273
Celsius Kelvin
boiling pt*
freezing pt*
*atmospheric pressure
100˚C
0˚C
-273˚C
373 K
273 K
0 K (absolute zero)
35. A thermodynamics property may be defined as
any quantity that describes the state of a system
and, conversely, as any quantity, the value of
which depends solely on the state of the system.
In other words, the thermodynamic property is
independent of how the system reaches a given
state.
36. Properties are broadly classified into two
categories, namely extensive properties and
intensive properties.
37. In a given state, the value of an extensive property
depends on the amount of mass in the system.
Volume is an example of this type of property. The
greater the mass, the greater is the volume.
Extensive properties are denoted by upper case
letters. For example, volume is denoted by V.
38. A property that is independent of the mass of the
system is called an intensive property. Pressure and
temperature come into this category.
Specific Property: At a given state, the volume (V) is
directly proportional to the mass (m) of the system.
The quantity V/m is a specific property known as
specific volume and is denoted by v (lower case).
Similarly, all extensive properties expressed per unit
mass become specific properties, and are denoted by
lower case letters.
39. Volume, V(m3)
The amount of space which it occupies.
Specific volume, v(m3/kg)
The volume occupied by unit mass of the
substance.
40. Example:
1.29 kg of the compressed air is contained in a rigid
vessel of volume 1.0 m3. Determine the specific
volume of the air.
Solution:
41. Density, ρ(kg/m3)
Mass per unit volume
The density is also the reciprocal of specific volume
42. Solution:
Volume = Length × Width
× height
Vair = 6.0×4.0×2.9
= 69.6 m3
Example:
4.0 m
2.9m
A living room: density of air
ρ=1.2 kg/m3
What is the mass of air?
43. Specific gravity, s.g.sub (-)
A ratio of the density of a substance over the
density of water at 4˚C (1000 kg/m3)
Example:
The density of sea water is 1025kg/m3. What is
the specific gravity of sea water?
Solution:
44. System equilibrium
If a system is completely stable when one
particular value of any property (e.g. pressure)
is the same at all points throughout the system
at that particular instant.
In practice, the properties of a system changes
and it is usually assumed that the initial and
final conditions are in states of equilibrium.
45. Work transfer
Rectilinear motion
Work transfer of a constant force F is the product
of the force and the distance traveled by the force
measured along the line of action of the force.
F F
S
Work transfer = F × S
46. Work transfer
Angular motion
» Work transfer of a constant torque is the
product of the torque and the angular
displacement by the torque.
torque
Work transfer = r × θ
r: torque in N·m
θ: angular displacement in rad
47. Work transfer
Convention
» Positive: when work energy is transferred from the
system to the surroundings
» Negative: when work energy is transferred into the
system from the surrounding
system
surroundings
work output
(positive)
work input
(negative)
boundary
48. Heat transfer
A form of energy which crosses the boundary of a
system during a change of state produced by a
difference of temperature between the system and its
surrounding.
49. Heat transfer
Convention
» Positive: when heat energy flows into the system
from the surroundings
» Negative: when heat energy flows from the system
to the surroundings
system
surroundings
heat loss
(negative)
heat supplied
(positive)
boundary
50. The principle of the conservation of energy states:
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
» The First Law of Thermodynamics refers to heat
energy and work energy
51. The First Law of Thermodynamics:
When a system undergoes a thermodynamics cycle
then the net heat supplied to the system from its
surroundings is equal to the net work done by the
system on its surroundings.
ΣQ = ΣW
Where:
ΣQ: the net heat supplied
ΣW: the net work done/work output
52.
53. Example:
A system undergoes a complete thermodynamic cycle.
Determine the value of the work output, Wout.
system
surroundings
Qin=10 kJ boundary
Qout=3 kJ Wout
Win=2 kJ
Solution:
ΣQ = ΣW
Qin + Qout = Win + Wout
Wout = Qin + Qout - Win
=10×103 + (-3 ×103) – (-2 ×103)
=9×103 J (9 kJ)
54. Non-flow Processes
» In a closed system energy may be transferred across
the boundary in the form of work energy and heat
energy but the working fluid itself never crosses the
boundary
» Any process undergone by a closed system is
referred to as a non-flow process.
55. Non-flow Processes
Example:
i. Suction stroke:
» The working fluid
flows into the
cylinder, which is
then sealed by
closing of the inlet
valve
A cylinder of an internal combustion engine
T T
Fluid flows in
56. Non-flow Processes
Example:
ii. Compression stroke:
» Whilst the cylinder
is sealed, the fluid is
compressed by the
piston moving into
the cylinder
A cylinder of an internal combustion engine
T T
Non-flow
process
57. Non-flow Processes
Example:
iii. Working stroke:
» Heat energy is
supplied so that the
fluid possesses
sufficient energy to
force the piston
downward and
produce work output
A cylinder of an internal combustion engine
T T
Non-flow
process
58. Non-flow Processes
Example:
iv. Exhaust stroke:
» The exhaust valve is
opened for the fluid
to flow out of the
cylinder
A cylinder of an internal combustion engine
T T
Fluid flows out
59. Non-flow Energy Equation
» When the fluid in a closed system is undergoing a non-
flow process from State 1 to State 2, the internal energy
of a fluid depends on pressure and temperature.
» The non-flow energy equation:
or U2 - U1 = Q12 – W12
• U2 the internal energy of the fluid at State 2
• U1 the internal energy of the fluid at State 1
• Q12 the net heat energy transferred to the system
from the surrounding
• W12 the net work energy transferred from the
system to the surrounding
60. Non-flow Energy Equation
» The fluid in a closed system produces work
amounting to 600 kJ whilst heat energy amounting
1000 kJ is transferred into it. Determine the change
of internal energy of the fluid and state whether it is
an increase or decrease.
Solution:
U2 - U1 = Q12 – W12
=1000 – 600
=400 kJ
Since U2 > U1, the internal energy has increased.
Q=1000 kJ W=600 kJ
61. Flow Processes
» In an open system, in addition to energy transfers
taking place across the boundary, the fluid may also
cross the boundary.
» Any process undergone by an open system is called a
flow process.
» Steady flow processes, and unsteady flow processes
62. Steady Flow Processes
The conditions:
» The mass of fluid flowing past any section in the system
must be constant with respect to time
» The properties of the fluid at any particular section in
the system must be constant with respect to time
» All transfers of work energy and heat energy which take
place must do so at a uniform rate
63. Steady Flow Processes:
Example:
A steam boiler under constant load
» To maintain the water level in the
boiler:
» To maintain the production of team at
this rate ( )at a steady pressure, the
furnace will need to supply heat
energy at a steady rate
» Under these conditions, the
properties of the working fluid at any
section within the system must be
constant with respect to time
Boiler
Qin (from
furnace)
Feed
water in
Steam
out
Boundary
wm
sm
64. The Continuity of Mass Equation
» In steady flow, the mass flow rate of fluid is the same
across any section in the system
» Consider kg/s of fluid flowing through a system in
which all conditions are steady (i.e. under steady flow
conditions)
Specific volume, v1
Velocity, c1
Specific volume, v2
Velocity, c2
Cross-sectional area, A1 Cross-sectional area, A2
𝑚
·
=
𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴
𝑣Continuity of mass equation: in out
m m
65. The Steady Flow Energy Equation
» The working fluid flows along the inlet pipe at a constant rate and
enter the system at point 1.
» Various energy transfers take place across the boundary of the
system.
» The fluid flows out of the system at point 2 along the outlet pipe.
system
1
2
pressure, p1
inlet velocity, c1
specific internal energy, u1
pressure, p2
outlet velocity, c2
specific internal energy, u2
inQ
outQ
outW
inWZ1
Z2
66. Energy balance:
The total amount of
energy entering the
system
The total amount of
energy leaving the
system=
or
The total energy entering the system :
• Rate of heat energy entering the system per second,
• Rate of work energy entering the system per second,
• The rate of energy of the fluid entering the system
Internal energy,
Potential energy,
Kinetic energy,
• The rate of work energy required to push the fluid across the boundary and
enter the system,
inQ
inW
1 1m u
1 1m gZ
2
1 1
1
2
m c
1 1 1m p v
67. Therefore:
Similarly:
Since:
And
Hence:
Steady flow energy equation
2
1
1 1 1 1 1( )
2
in inin
c
E Q W m u p v gZ
2
2
2 2 2 2 2( )
2
out outout
c
E Q W m u p v gZ
in outE E
h u pv
2 2
1 2
1 21 1 2 2( ) ( )
2 2
in outin out
c c
Q W m h gZ Q W m h gZ
Specific enthalpy, h, is a measure of the total energy of a
thermodynamic system. It includes the internal energy,
which is the energy required to create a system, and the
amount of energy required to make room for it by
displacing its environment and establishing its volume
and pressure.
68. Example
» In an open system, the fluid flow through the system at 17
kg/s and the power developed by the system is 14 000 kW.
The specific enthalpy of the fluid at inlet and outlet are 1 200
kJ/kg and 360 kJ/kg respectively, and the velocities of the
fluid at inlet and outlet are 60 m/s and 150 m/s respectively.
Assuming the change in potential energy is negligible.
Determine:
a. the rate at which heat is rejected from the system
b. the area of inlet pipe, given that the specific volume of the
fluid at inlet is 0.5 m3/kg
69. Solution:
a. Applying the continuity of mass equation
Applying steady flow energy equation
outQ
outW
outlet
inlet
Hence:
71. Example
» Fluid flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through an open
system, entering at 6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a
specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a
pressure of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m3/kg. The
specific internal energy of fluid leaving is 88 kJ/kg, greater
than that of the fluid entering. 59 kJ/s of heat is rejected
from the system to its surrounding and assuming the change
in potential energy is negligible.
Determine:
a. the power required to drive the system
b. the inlet and outlet pipe cross-sectional area
72. Solution:
a. Applying the continuity of mass equation
Applying steady flow energy equation
outQ
outlet
inlet
Hence:
inW
meter for length
kilogram for mass
second for time
ampere for electric current
kelvin for temperature
candela for luminous intensity
mole for the amount of substance