Thermal energy is the total energy of all the atoms and molecules in a substance and is related to how fast those molecules are moving. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances due to a temperature difference, which will continue until thermal equilibrium is reached where the substances have the same temperature. Specific heat capacity is a measure of how much thermal energy a substance needs to gain or lose in order to change its temperature by one degree.