theories of nursing management for BSc & MSc Nursing students

1. Theories of
management
Presented by:
Harsh Rastogi
Nursing Tutor
M.S. Institute of Nursing

2. Theories of
management
▪ The study in the development of management
theories can be useful to nursing leaders in
creating their own management style.
▪ No single management theory is sufficient in itself
to guide the nursing leaders in every situation.
▪ Selecting from the most applicable theory, they
may be able to develop their own individual
management style & most effective in their
situation.

3. Theories of
management
Classical
theories
Scientific
theories
Human
relations
Behavioral
sciences

4. Classical management
theory
▪ It is the oldest theory and is
sometimes referred to as traditional
management theory.
▪ It views organization as a whole rather
than focusing solely on production,
managerial activities & controlling.

5. Cont…
▪ Henri Fayol (1841-
1925)
▪ French industrialist,
known as father of
management process.
▪ Studied functions of
managers &
concluded that
management is
universal.

6. Cont…
▪ Max Weber is German
psychologist (1894-
1920).
▪ Father of organizational
theory.
▪ Emphasized on rules
instead of individuals &
on competencies over
favoritism.
▪ Concept of bureaucracy,
structure of authority to
accomplish
organizational
objectives.

7. Cont…
▪ James Mooney (1884-
1957)
▪ Believed that
management is a
technique to direct
people &
organization;
technique of relating
functions.
▪ Organization is
management’s
resposibility.

8. Human Relation
Management Theory
▪ In this theory, the focus is on the empowerment of the
individual worker as a source of control, motivation, and
productivity in the organizations.
▪ The Hawthorne studies led to belief that human relations
between workers and managers and among the workers
were the main determinants of efficiency.
▪ The Hawthorne effect refers to the phenomenon of how
being observed or studied result in a change of behaviour.
▪ This theory also emphasizes on the participatory decision
making which increases worker's autonomy.
▪ It also lays emphasis on the training of the employees to
improve work

9. Cont…
▪ Mary Parker Follett
(1868-1933)
▪ Stressed upon
importance of
coordination of
psychological and
sociological aspect of
management.

10. Cont…
▪ Kurt Lewin (1890-
1947)
▪ Focused on the study
of group dynamics.
▪ Advocated democratic
supervision.
▪ Democratic groups
solve their own
problems & consult
with leader are most
effective.

11. Scientific Management
Theory
▪ In this theory, the focus is on the goals and productivity.
▪ The organization is viewed as a machine to be run
efficiently to increase production.
▪ Managers must closely supervise the work to assure
maximum efficiency.
▪ Workers must have proper tools and equipments.
▪ There is a focus on training the workers to work more
efficiently and performance incentives are used.
▪ Time and motion studies are the vehicle for determining
how to do and organize the work in the most efficient
manner.

12. Cont…
▪ FrederickW.Taylor (1856-
1915)
▪ Father of Scientific
Management.
▪ Conducted time & motion
studies to time the workers.
▪ Analyzed worker’s
movements & set their
standards using
stopwatches.
▪ Applied principles of
observation, measurement
& comparison to determine
effective way to accomplish
a task.

13. Cont…
▪ Henry L. Gantt (1891-1919)
▪ Concerned with problems
related to efficiency.
▪ Refined previous work of
Taylor, explained relation
between work completed
& time needed.
▪ Bonus remuneration plan
to stimulate higher
performance, non-
monetary incentives.
▪ More humanitarian
approach by management.
▪ Worker are selected
scientifically.

14. Cont…
▪ Harrington Emerson (1853-
1936)
▪ Emphasized on conversation
& organization’s goals &
objectives.
▪ Clear goals & ideas;
evaluation of changes;
essentiality of competent
counsel; strengthening of
discipline; adequate, reliable
& immediate information
should be available;
production scheduling;
standardized schedules to
facilitate performance;
efficiency rewards.

15. Cont…
▪ Charles Babbage (1791-
1871)
▪ Mathematician,
developed principles of
cost accounting &
nature of relations
between various
disciplines.
▪ Division & assignment
of work based on skills;
means to determine
feasibility of replacing
manual operations with
automatic machinery.

16. Behavioral management
theories
▪ Thebehavioural management theory is often
calledthehuman relations movement
becauseitaddressesthehuman dimensionof
work.
▪ Behavioural theoristsbelievedthatabetter
understandingofhumanbehaviouratwork,
such as motivation,conflict,expectations,and
group dynamics,improved productivity.

17. Cont…
▪ HugoMunsterberg
(1863-1916)
▪ Hugo Munsterberg is
known as the “fatherof
industrial psychology”
▪ Hefocused to provide a
view ofpsychology’s
practicalapplications.
Munsterberg believed
thatindustry canbe
benefitedby
psychologists in three
majorareas:

18. Cont…
 Seeking modern ways to hiretheright
person forthe rightjob.
 Achieving optimum efficiencyby identifying
the psychologicalconditions.
 Finding methods todirect behaviourof
individual employeesto bein harmony with
the management’s objectives.

19. Cont…
▪ DouglasMcGregor
(1906-1964)
▪ Expressed his views of
humannature intwosets
ofassumptions.
▪ Theyarepopularly
known as ‘Theory X’and
‘TheoryY’.

20. Cont…
▪ Theory X stands for the set of traditional beliefs
held, while Theory-Y stands for the set of beliefs
based on researchers in behavioural science which
are concerned with modern social views on the
man at work.
▪ These two theories represent the extreme
ranges of assumptions. The managerial attitudes
and supervisory practices resulting from such
assumptions have an important bearing on
employees’ behaviour.

21. Cont…
● Theory X assumptions:Employees inherently dislike
work and,whenever possible, willattempt to avoid
it.
● Since employees dislikework,they must be coerced,
controlled, or threatened withpunishment.
● Employees willavoid responsibilities and seek
formaldirection wheneverpossible.
● Most workers placesecurityabove allother factors
andwilldisplay little ambition.

22. Cont…
▪ Theory Y assumptions:
● Employees can view work as being as natural as
rest or play.
● People will exercise self-direction and self-
control if they are committed to the objectives.
● The average person can learn to accept, even
seek, responsibility.
● The ability to make innovative decisions is
widely dispersed throughout the population.

23. Cont…
▪ Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970)
▪ A practicing
psychologist, developed
one ofthe most widely
recognizedneed
theories,atheory of
motivation based upon a
consideration ofhuman
needs .

24. Cont…
▪ His theory ofhuman needs had threeassumptions:
1. Humanneeds arenever completelysatisfied.
2. Humanbehaviour ispurposefulandis motivated by
theneed forsatisfaction.
3. Needs canbe classifiedaccordingto ahierarchical
structureof importance, fromthe lowest tohighest.

26. Cont…
▪ Maslow broke downtheneeds hierarchyintofivespecific
areas:
 Physiological needs:Maslow grouped allphysical needs
necessary for maintaining basichuman well‐being, suchas
food anddrink,intothis category.Aftertheneed is
satisfied,however,itisno longeris amotivator.
 Safetyneeds:Theseneeds includetheneed for basic
security,stability,protection,and freedom fromfear.A
normalstateexistsforanindividualtohaveallthese needs
generallysatisfied.Otherwise, they become primary
motivators.

27. Cont…
Socialbelonging& loveneeds:Afterthe physical and
safetyneeds aresatisfiedand areno longer motivators,
theneed forbelonging andlove emerges as aprimary
motivator.Theindividual strives to establish meaningful
relationships with significantothers.
Esteemneeds:An individual must develop
self‐confidenceand wants to achievestatus,
reputation, fame,andglory.

28. Cont…
Self‐actualization needs: Assuming that all
the previous needs in the hierarchy are
satisfied, an individual feels a need to find
himself.
 Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory helped
managers visualize employee motivation.

29. Cont…
▪ Rensis Likert (1903-
1981)
▪ Categorized 4
management systems;
identified 3 variables in
organization:
1. Casual variable includes
leadership behavior.
2. Intervening variables
are perception, attitude
& motivation.
3. End results variables
are measures of profits,
costs & productivity.

30. Cont…
▪ Factors measured by Likert scale:
1. Motivation
2. Managerial
3. Communication
4. Decision making process
5. Goal setting
6. Staff development

31. Cont…
▪ 4 types of managements:
1. Exploitative authoritative:
 Associated 1st system with least effective in
performance.
 Manager shows less confidence in staff
associates & ignore their ideas.
 Consequently staff associates do not feel free
to discuss their jobs with their managers.

32. Cont…
2. Benevolent authoritative:
 Staff associates ideas are sometimes sought, but
they do not feel free to discuss their jobs with the
managers.
Top & middle management are responsible for
setting goals.
Minimal communication; mostly downwards &
received with suspicion.
Decisions are made at top levelwih some
delegation.

33. Cont…
3. Consultative system:
 Manager has substantial confidence in staff.
 Their ideas are usually sought.
 They feel free to discuss their job with the manager.
 Goal setting is fairly general.
 It has limited accuracy & accepted with some
caution.

34. Cont…
 Broad policy is set at top level.
 Decision making prevails through out the
organization.
 Control functions are delegated to lower levels.
 Rewards & self-guidance are used.
 Resistance from informal groups in the
organization.

35. Cont…
4. Participative group:
Most effective group performance.
Manager has complete confidence in their staff
associates.
Ideas are sought & discuss their jobs with the
manager.
Goals are set at all levels.
Great upward & downwards communication
works, later that is accurate is received with open
mind.

36. References
▪ Vati Jogindra; Principles & Practice Of Nursing
Management & Administration For B.Sc. &
M.Sc. Nursing; Edition 2018; Page no. 47-53.
▪ Clement Nisha; Essentials of Management of
Nursing Service & Education; Edition 2016; Page
no. 23-30.