SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Theories Of Dispersion
And Pharmaceutical
Dispersion
Presented BY:
Abhishek Chauhan
M.Pharm 1st year
Dept.of Pharmaceutics
ISFCP,Punjab
Facilitated To:
Mr. Balak Das Kurmi
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
ISFCP,Punjab
contents:
Theories of Dispersion
Emulsion Definition
Method of Preperation of Emulsion
And Stability
Suspension Definition
Preperation of Suspension And
Stability
4.Interfacial tension theory
:
There are mainly 4 theories
1.Viscousity theory
2. Film Theory or adsorption theory
3.Wedge Theory
. LIMITATIONS OF THE THEORY
1.VISCOUSITY THEORY
As per this theory, an increase in viscosity of emulsion will lead
to an increase in stability
This theory failed to explain about the milk, which shows
considerable stability even though its viscosity is less.
LIMITATIONS
2.FILM THEORY OR ADSORPTION THEORY
As per this theory, the added emulsifying agent forms a
mechanical film by getting adsorbed at the interface of the
liquids (i.e at the interface between the dispersed globules and
the dispersion medium).
This offers stability to the emulsion
This theory could not explain the formation of type of emulsion
According to this theory, monovalent soaps like sodium sterate
gives o/w type emulsion and divalent soaps like calcium sterate
gives w/o type emulsion.
The calcium sterate will not obey this theory, it will ionize and
will not exist as a wedge.
3.WEDGE THEORY
This was explained by the successful accommodation of the
soap molecules at the interface and subsequent possible
orientation of the soap molecules to give the type of emulsion .
This theory could not explain the stability of an emulsion.
. LIMITATIONS
. Hence a stable emulsion is formed.
4.INTERFACIAL TENSION THEORY
Initially when the oil and water are mixed together, they will
become immiscible due to the interfacial tension.
The added emulsifying agent reduces the interfacial tension
between the oil and the water phase.
Where as the dispersed medium is known as the external or
continuous phase.
Emulsion:
A thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least 2
immiscible liquid phases, 1 of which is dispersed as globules in
the other liquid phase.
.The dispersed liquid is known as the internal or discontinuous
phase.
5.In situ Soap Method
Methods of Preparation Of Emulsions
Commercially, emulsions are prepared in large volume mixing
tanks and refined and stabilized by passage through a colloid
mill or homogenizer. Extemporaneous production is more
concerned with small scale methods.
Methods:
1.Dry Gum Method 2.Wet Gum Method
3.Bottle Method 4.Beaker Method
When all agents have been incorporated, the emulsion should
be transferred to a calibrated vessel, brought to final volume
with water.
1.DRY GUM Method:
Dry gum method is used to prepare the initial or primary
emulsion from oil, water, and a hydrocolloid or "gum" type
emulsifier
. Dry Gum Methodology (4 parts oil, 2 parts water, and 1 part
Emulsifier).
Procedure:
Take mortar, 1 part gum is levigated with the 4 parts oil until
the powder is thoroughly wetted; then the 2 parts water are
added all at once, and the mixture is vigorously triturated until
the primary emulsion formed is creamy white and produces a
"cliking" sound as it is triturated.
Active ingredients, preservatives, colour, flavours are added as a solution
to the primary emulsion.
.Then other ingredients may be added as in the continental
method.
2.Wet Gum Method:
: Methodology
(Oil 4 parts + Water 2 parts + Emulsifier 1 parts)
Procedure:
In this method, the proportions of oil, water, and emulsifier
are the same (4:2:1), but the order and techniques of mixing
are different
The 1 part gum is triturated with 2 parts water to form a
mucilage; then the 4 parts oil is added slowly, in portions, while
triturating
After all the oil is added, the mixture is triturated for several
minutes to form the primary emulsion.
To this, the required volume of water is added all at once, and
the mixture is shaken thoroughly until the primary emulsion
forms.
3.Bottle Method:
This method may be used to prepare emulsions of volatile oils,
Oleaginous substances of very low viscosities
This method is a variation of the dry gum method.
One part powdered acacia (or other gum) is placed in a dry
bottle and four parts oil are added.
The bottle is capped and thoroughly shaken.
The internal phase is then added to the external phase with
stirring until the product reaches room temperature.
4.Beaker Method:
Dividing components into water soluble and oil soluble
components
All oil soluble components are dissolved in the oily phase in
one beaker and all water soluble components are dissolved in
the water in a separate beaker
Oleaginous components are melted and both phases are
heated to approximately 70°C over a water bath.
5.In situ Soap Method:
Two types of Soaps developed by this Methods
Calcium Soaps
Soft Soaps
1) Calcium Soaps: W/O type Emulsions.
E.g. Oleic acid + Lime water. Prepared by simple mixing of
equal volumes of Oil and Lime water.
Emulsifying agent used is Calcium salt of free fatty acids.
E.g. Olive Oil + Oleic acid
Instability in Emulsion:
Instability Factors
1) Uniform globule size distribution.
2) Opposite charge on globule surface.
3) Low viscosity of external medium.
1) Globul size.
2) Viscosity of external medium.
3) Differences in density of oil-water
(aq>oil)
1. Insufficient amount of E.A
2. Altered partitioning of E.A
3. Incompatibility between E.A
Preventions
1) Uniform sized globules.
2) Use same charged ionic electrolytes.
3) Viscosity improving agents
hydrocolloids.
NO this is permanent change
Floculations:Globules
come closes to each other
to form aggregates.
Creaming:
Concentration of globules
at top/bottom of
emulsion.
Coalescence:
Few globules fuse to form
bigger globules emulsifier
film is destroyed.
1. Homogenization uniformed sized
globules.
2. 2. Thickening agents to improve
viscosity.
3. 3. Reducing density differences
(Bromoform+oil).
Suspension:
A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in which
internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout the external
phase.
Method of Preparation of suspension:
Suspension can be prepared by 2 methods :
Dispersion method
Precipitation methods
: Precipitation methods:
Double decomposition
Three main methods
Organic solvent precipitation
Precipitation effected by changing pH of the medium
Organic solvent precipitation:
Water insoluble drugs
Dissolve in organic solvent
Add organic phase to water
organic solvent include
ethanol,methanol,propylene glycol and
polyethylene glycol.
Precipitation effected by changing pH of the medium:
Applicable to those drugs in which solubility is
dependent on ph value.
Concentrated solution in favourable ph
Pour to other system to change ph
On agitation precipitate will form
e.g. estradiol suspension.
Double decomposition:
Two water soluble reagents forms a water insoluble products.
e.g. white lotion NF
Zinc sulphate solution
Solution of sulphurated potash
Precipitate of zinc polysulphide
2.Dispersion method:
Vehicle is formulated
solid phase is wetted and dispersed
use of surfactant to ensure wetting of
hydrophobic solids.
Stability of suspension:
The increase in surface area means also an liquids leading to
an increase in viscosity of a system.
1)Small particle size:
Reduce the size of the dispersed particle increase the total
surface area of the solid. The greater the degree the
subdivision of a given solid the larger the surface area.
Temperature fluctuations can lead caking of claying.
2) Temperature:
Another factor which negatively affects the stability and
usefulness of pharmaceutical suspensions is fluctuation of
temp.
The more viscous the preparation, the slower Is likely to be the
release of a drug sometimes this property may be desirable for
depot preparations.
3.Increasing the viscosity:
Increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase can lead to the
stability of suspension this is so because the rate of
sedimentation can be reduce by increase in viscosity.
Viscosity increase is brought about by addition of thickening
agents to the external phase. In water these must be either
soluble or swell.
It is important to note that the rate of release of a drug from a
suspension is also dependent on viscosity of a product.
5. Pharmaceutical preformulation by J.T.Carstensen, Ph.D
. REFERENCE
1. Leon Lachmann,HerbertA. Lieberman. The Theory & Practice
of Industrial Pharmacy. 2009 Edition
2. Text book of Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Varghese
publication
3. Text book of Modern Pharmaceutics by Gilbert &Banker
4. Text book of pharmaceutical practice by M .Alton. pharmaceutical dosage forms
THANK YOU

More Related Content

What's hot

Objectives and policies of cGMP & Inventory management and control
Objectives and policies of cGMP & Inventory management and controlObjectives and policies of cGMP & Inventory management and control
Objectives and policies of cGMP & Inventory management and control
Arul Packiadhas
 
Vaccines and single shot vaccines
Vaccines and single shot vaccinesVaccines and single shot vaccines
Vaccines and single shot vaccines
SafalataJain
 
Drug excipient interaction
Drug excipient interaction Drug excipient interaction
Drug excipient interaction
DeeptiGupta154
 
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptx
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptxTheories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptx
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptx
DipeshGamare
 
DRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE, IN VITRO
DRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE, IN VITRODRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE, IN VITRO
DRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE, IN VITRO
Ankit Malik
 
Single shot vaccines Naveen Balaji
Single shot vaccines Naveen BalajiSingle shot vaccines Naveen Balaji
Single shot vaccines Naveen Balaji
Naveen Balaji
 
DIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptx
DIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptxDIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptx
DIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptx
Kailas Mali
 
Effect of friction, distribution of force, compaction and solubility suraj se...
Effect of friction, distribution of force, compaction and solubility suraj se...Effect of friction, distribution of force, compaction and solubility suraj se...
Effect of friction, distribution of force, compaction and solubility suraj se...
Suraj Pund
 
Compression and compaction
Compression and compactionCompression and compaction
Compression and compaction
Mehak AggarwAl
 
GRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit time
GRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit timeGRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit time
GRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit time
RESHMAMOHAN24
 
Mechanism of dds1
Mechanism of dds1Mechanism of dds1
Mechanism of dds1
Sachin G
 
Current Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial Management
Current Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial ManagementCurrent Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial Management
Current Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial Management
Lukman N Kerur
 
Buccal drug delivery system
Buccal drug delivery systemBuccal drug delivery system
Buccal drug delivery system
Siddu K M
 
Outsourcing BA and BE to CRO
Outsourcing BA and BE to CROOutsourcing BA and BE to CRO
cGMP AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
cGMP AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENTcGMP AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
cGMP AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
JayeshRajput7
 
Drug excipients interaction : Types and techniques
Drug excipients interaction : Types and techniquesDrug excipients interaction : Types and techniques
Drug excipients interaction : Types and techniques
Hemant Khandoliya
 
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery SystemSelf Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
Sagar Savale
 
Evaluation of protein & peptide dds
Evaluation of protein & peptide ddsEvaluation of protein & peptide dds
Evaluation of protein & peptide dds
Māľāý Păųļ
 
Consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profile
Consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profileConsolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profile
Consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profile
Zahid1392
 
Drug product perfomance in vitro
Drug product perfomance in vitroDrug product perfomance in vitro
Drug product perfomance in vitro
S.N.A.Institute of Pharmacy- Haidergarh,Barabanki
 

What's hot (20)

Objectives and policies of cGMP & Inventory management and control
Objectives and policies of cGMP & Inventory management and controlObjectives and policies of cGMP & Inventory management and control
Objectives and policies of cGMP & Inventory management and control
 
Vaccines and single shot vaccines
Vaccines and single shot vaccinesVaccines and single shot vaccines
Vaccines and single shot vaccines
 
Drug excipient interaction
Drug excipient interaction Drug excipient interaction
Drug excipient interaction
 
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptx
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptxTheories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptx
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptx
 
DRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE, IN VITRO
DRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE, IN VITRODRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE, IN VITRO
DRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE, IN VITRO
 
Single shot vaccines Naveen Balaji
Single shot vaccines Naveen BalajiSingle shot vaccines Naveen Balaji
Single shot vaccines Naveen Balaji
 
DIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptx
DIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptxDIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptx
DIffusion, Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Parameters.pptx
 
Effect of friction, distribution of force, compaction and solubility suraj se...
Effect of friction, distribution of force, compaction and solubility suraj se...Effect of friction, distribution of force, compaction and solubility suraj se...
Effect of friction, distribution of force, compaction and solubility suraj se...
 
Compression and compaction
Compression and compactionCompression and compaction
Compression and compaction
 
GRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit time
GRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit timeGRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit time
GRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit time
 
Mechanism of dds1
Mechanism of dds1Mechanism of dds1
Mechanism of dds1
 
Current Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial Management
Current Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial ManagementCurrent Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial Management
Current Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial Management
 
Buccal drug delivery system
Buccal drug delivery systemBuccal drug delivery system
Buccal drug delivery system
 
Outsourcing BA and BE to CRO
Outsourcing BA and BE to CROOutsourcing BA and BE to CRO
Outsourcing BA and BE to CRO
 
cGMP AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
cGMP AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENTcGMP AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
cGMP AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
 
Drug excipients interaction : Types and techniques
Drug excipients interaction : Types and techniquesDrug excipients interaction : Types and techniques
Drug excipients interaction : Types and techniques
 
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery SystemSelf Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
 
Evaluation of protein & peptide dds
Evaluation of protein & peptide ddsEvaluation of protein & peptide dds
Evaluation of protein & peptide dds
 
Consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profile
Consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profileConsolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profile
Consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profile
 
Drug product perfomance in vitro
Drug product perfomance in vitroDrug product perfomance in vitro
Drug product perfomance in vitro
 

Similar to Theories Of Dispersion. abhishek chauhan.pptx

Mp(theories of dispersion) seminar
Mp(theories of dispersion) seminarMp(theories of dispersion) seminar
Mp(theories of dispersion) seminar
Sachin G
 
Emulsions by n j v s pavan
Emulsions by n j v s pavanEmulsions by n j v s pavan
Emulsions by n j v s pavan
N J V S Pavan
 
Emulsion
EmulsionEmulsion
Emulsion
Amit M Gupta
 
Methods of preparation of novel emulsion
Methods of preparation of novel emulsionMethods of preparation of novel emulsion
Methods of preparation of novel emulsion
Manali Parab
 
Emulsion process and physical details of pharmaceutical
Emulsion process and physical  details of pharmaceuticalEmulsion process and physical  details of pharmaceutical
Emulsion process and physical details of pharmaceutical
RubaetToha1
 
Emulsions Dr.pptx
Emulsions Dr.pptxEmulsions Dr.pptx
Emulsions Dr.pptx
Dr. Samia
 
PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION (BIPHASIC SYSTEM).pdf
PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION (BIPHASIC SYSTEM).pdfPHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION (BIPHASIC SYSTEM).pdf
PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION (BIPHASIC SYSTEM).pdf
BALASUNDARESAN M
 
COARSE DISPERSION (PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION)
COARSE DISPERSION (PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION)COARSE DISPERSION (PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION)
COARSE DISPERSION (PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION)
BALASUNDARESAN M
 
emulsions Dr Samia.pdf
emulsions Dr Samia.pdfemulsions Dr Samia.pdf
emulsions Dr Samia.pdf
Dr. Samia
 
Emulsion 1 & 2.pptx
Emulsion 1 & 2.pptxEmulsion 1 & 2.pptx
Emulsion 1 & 2.pptx
AbsarAhmed29
 
EMULSIONS LECTURE presentation lecture five
EMULSIONS LECTURE presentation lecture fiveEMULSIONS LECTURE presentation lecture five
EMULSIONS LECTURE presentation lecture five
perssivesimangavwa20
 
Theories of emulsification.ppt
Theories of emulsification.pptTheories of emulsification.ppt
Theories of emulsification.ppt
monikabajaj22
 
Microemulsion & multiple emulsion
Microemulsion & multiple emulsionMicroemulsion & multiple emulsion
Microemulsion & multiple emulsion
Amit Attri
 
SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptx
SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptxSELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptx
SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptx
DipeshGamare
 
Emulsion.docx
Emulsion.docxEmulsion.docx
Emulsion.docx
HaroonRahim1
 
Emulsion
EmulsionEmulsion
Emulsion
BushraDeshpande
 
pharmaceutical_emulsions.ppt
pharmaceutical_emulsions.pptpharmaceutical_emulsions.ppt
pharmaceutical_emulsions.ppt
SumitHazra14
 
Emulsiones Parenterales
Emulsiones ParenteralesEmulsiones Parenterales
Emulsiones Parenterales
Ronald Márquez
 
Emulsions and microemulsions- computer in pharmaceutical formulatation
Emulsions and microemulsions- computer in pharmaceutical formulatationEmulsions and microemulsions- computer in pharmaceutical formulatation
Emulsions and microemulsions- computer in pharmaceutical formulatation
SUJITHA MARY
 
Emulsion and cream gp b
Emulsion and cream gp bEmulsion and cream gp b
Emulsion and cream gp b
Tehmina Adnan
 

Similar to Theories Of Dispersion. abhishek chauhan.pptx (20)

Mp(theories of dispersion) seminar
Mp(theories of dispersion) seminarMp(theories of dispersion) seminar
Mp(theories of dispersion) seminar
 
Emulsions by n j v s pavan
Emulsions by n j v s pavanEmulsions by n j v s pavan
Emulsions by n j v s pavan
 
Emulsion
EmulsionEmulsion
Emulsion
 
Methods of preparation of novel emulsion
Methods of preparation of novel emulsionMethods of preparation of novel emulsion
Methods of preparation of novel emulsion
 
Emulsion process and physical details of pharmaceutical
Emulsion process and physical  details of pharmaceuticalEmulsion process and physical  details of pharmaceutical
Emulsion process and physical details of pharmaceutical
 
Emulsions Dr.pptx
Emulsions Dr.pptxEmulsions Dr.pptx
Emulsions Dr.pptx
 
PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION (BIPHASIC SYSTEM).pdf
PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION (BIPHASIC SYSTEM).pdfPHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION (BIPHASIC SYSTEM).pdf
PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION (BIPHASIC SYSTEM).pdf
 
COARSE DISPERSION (PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION)
COARSE DISPERSION (PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION)COARSE DISPERSION (PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION)
COARSE DISPERSION (PHARMACEUTICAL EMULSION)
 
emulsions Dr Samia.pdf
emulsions Dr Samia.pdfemulsions Dr Samia.pdf
emulsions Dr Samia.pdf
 
Emulsion 1 & 2.pptx
Emulsion 1 & 2.pptxEmulsion 1 & 2.pptx
Emulsion 1 & 2.pptx
 
EMULSIONS LECTURE presentation lecture five
EMULSIONS LECTURE presentation lecture fiveEMULSIONS LECTURE presentation lecture five
EMULSIONS LECTURE presentation lecture five
 
Theories of emulsification.ppt
Theories of emulsification.pptTheories of emulsification.ppt
Theories of emulsification.ppt
 
Microemulsion & multiple emulsion
Microemulsion & multiple emulsionMicroemulsion & multiple emulsion
Microemulsion & multiple emulsion
 
SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptx
SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptxSELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptx
SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SEDDS).pptx
 
Emulsion.docx
Emulsion.docxEmulsion.docx
Emulsion.docx
 
Emulsion
EmulsionEmulsion
Emulsion
 
pharmaceutical_emulsions.ppt
pharmaceutical_emulsions.pptpharmaceutical_emulsions.ppt
pharmaceutical_emulsions.ppt
 
Emulsiones Parenterales
Emulsiones ParenteralesEmulsiones Parenterales
Emulsiones Parenterales
 
Emulsions and microemulsions- computer in pharmaceutical formulatation
Emulsions and microemulsions- computer in pharmaceutical formulatationEmulsions and microemulsions- computer in pharmaceutical formulatation
Emulsions and microemulsions- computer in pharmaceutical formulatation
 
Emulsion and cream gp b
Emulsion and cream gp bEmulsion and cream gp b
Emulsion and cream gp b
 

Recently uploaded

Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementPhenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
IshaGoswami9
 
Sciences of Europe journal No 142 (2024)
Sciences of Europe journal No 142 (2024)Sciences of Europe journal No 142 (2024)
Sciences of Europe journal No 142 (2024)
Sciences of Europe
 
molar-distalization in orthodontics-seminar.pptx
molar-distalization in orthodontics-seminar.pptxmolar-distalization in orthodontics-seminar.pptx
molar-distalization in orthodontics-seminar.pptx
Anagha Prasad
 
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
hozt8xgk
 
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxThe use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
MAGOTI ERNEST
 
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdfBob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
 
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC  APPERCEPTION  TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...THEMATIC  APPERCEPTION  TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
 
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionThe cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Carl Bergstrom
 
Oedema_types_causes_pathophysiology.pptx
Oedema_types_causes_pathophysiology.pptxOedema_types_causes_pathophysiology.pptx
Oedema_types_causes_pathophysiology.pptx
muralinath2
 
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptxShallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
Gokturk Mehmet Dilci
 
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
Advanced-Concepts-Team
 
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Aditi Bajpai
 
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNERandomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
University of Maribor
 
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Leonel Morgado
 
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
by6843629
 
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theoryEquivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Daniel Tubbenhauer
 
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdfApplied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
University of Hertfordshire
 
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureDirect Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
International Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
 
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngThe debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Sérgio Sacani
 
Topic: SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN CHILDREN-3.pdf
Topic: SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN CHILDREN-3.pdfTopic: SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN CHILDREN-3.pdf
Topic: SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN CHILDREN-3.pdf
TinyAnderson
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementPhenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
 
Sciences of Europe journal No 142 (2024)
Sciences of Europe journal No 142 (2024)Sciences of Europe journal No 142 (2024)
Sciences of Europe journal No 142 (2024)
 
molar-distalization in orthodontics-seminar.pptx
molar-distalization in orthodontics-seminar.pptxmolar-distalization in orthodontics-seminar.pptx
molar-distalization in orthodontics-seminar.pptx
 
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
 
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxThe use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
 
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdfBob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
 
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC  APPERCEPTION  TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...THEMATIC  APPERCEPTION  TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
 
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionThe cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
 
Oedema_types_causes_pathophysiology.pptx
Oedema_types_causes_pathophysiology.pptxOedema_types_causes_pathophysiology.pptx
Oedema_types_causes_pathophysiology.pptx
 
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptxShallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
 
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
 
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
 
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNERandomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
 
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
 
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
 
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theoryEquivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
 
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdfApplied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
 
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureDirect Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
 
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngThe debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
 
Topic: SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN CHILDREN-3.pdf
Topic: SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN CHILDREN-3.pdfTopic: SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN CHILDREN-3.pdf
Topic: SICKLE CELL DISEASE IN CHILDREN-3.pdf
 

Theories Of Dispersion. abhishek chauhan.pptx

  • 1. Theories Of Dispersion And Pharmaceutical Dispersion Presented BY: Abhishek Chauhan M.Pharm 1st year Dept.of Pharmaceutics ISFCP,Punjab Facilitated To: Mr. Balak Das Kurmi Dept. of Pharmaceutics ISFCP,Punjab
  • 2. contents: Theories of Dispersion Emulsion Definition Method of Preperation of Emulsion And Stability Suspension Definition Preperation of Suspension And Stability
  • 3. 4.Interfacial tension theory : There are mainly 4 theories 1.Viscousity theory 2. Film Theory or adsorption theory 3.Wedge Theory
  • 4. . LIMITATIONS OF THE THEORY 1.VISCOUSITY THEORY As per this theory, an increase in viscosity of emulsion will lead to an increase in stability This theory failed to explain about the milk, which shows considerable stability even though its viscosity is less.
  • 5. LIMITATIONS 2.FILM THEORY OR ADSORPTION THEORY As per this theory, the added emulsifying agent forms a mechanical film by getting adsorbed at the interface of the liquids (i.e at the interface between the dispersed globules and the dispersion medium). This offers stability to the emulsion This theory could not explain the formation of type of emulsion
  • 6. According to this theory, monovalent soaps like sodium sterate gives o/w type emulsion and divalent soaps like calcium sterate gives w/o type emulsion. The calcium sterate will not obey this theory, it will ionize and will not exist as a wedge. 3.WEDGE THEORY This was explained by the successful accommodation of the soap molecules at the interface and subsequent possible orientation of the soap molecules to give the type of emulsion . This theory could not explain the stability of an emulsion. . LIMITATIONS
  • 7. . Hence a stable emulsion is formed. 4.INTERFACIAL TENSION THEORY Initially when the oil and water are mixed together, they will become immiscible due to the interfacial tension. The added emulsifying agent reduces the interfacial tension between the oil and the water phase.
  • 8. Where as the dispersed medium is known as the external or continuous phase. Emulsion: A thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least 2 immiscible liquid phases, 1 of which is dispersed as globules in the other liquid phase. .The dispersed liquid is known as the internal or discontinuous phase.
  • 9. 5.In situ Soap Method Methods of Preparation Of Emulsions Commercially, emulsions are prepared in large volume mixing tanks and refined and stabilized by passage through a colloid mill or homogenizer. Extemporaneous production is more concerned with small scale methods. Methods: 1.Dry Gum Method 2.Wet Gum Method 3.Bottle Method 4.Beaker Method
  • 10. When all agents have been incorporated, the emulsion should be transferred to a calibrated vessel, brought to final volume with water. 1.DRY GUM Method: Dry gum method is used to prepare the initial or primary emulsion from oil, water, and a hydrocolloid or "gum" type emulsifier . Dry Gum Methodology (4 parts oil, 2 parts water, and 1 part Emulsifier). Procedure: Take mortar, 1 part gum is levigated with the 4 parts oil until the powder is thoroughly wetted; then the 2 parts water are added all at once, and the mixture is vigorously triturated until the primary emulsion formed is creamy white and produces a "cliking" sound as it is triturated. Active ingredients, preservatives, colour, flavours are added as a solution to the primary emulsion.
  • 11. .Then other ingredients may be added as in the continental method. 2.Wet Gum Method: : Methodology (Oil 4 parts + Water 2 parts + Emulsifier 1 parts) Procedure: In this method, the proportions of oil, water, and emulsifier are the same (4:2:1), but the order and techniques of mixing are different The 1 part gum is triturated with 2 parts water to form a mucilage; then the 4 parts oil is added slowly, in portions, while triturating After all the oil is added, the mixture is triturated for several minutes to form the primary emulsion.
  • 12. To this, the required volume of water is added all at once, and the mixture is shaken thoroughly until the primary emulsion forms. 3.Bottle Method: This method may be used to prepare emulsions of volatile oils, Oleaginous substances of very low viscosities This method is a variation of the dry gum method. One part powdered acacia (or other gum) is placed in a dry bottle and four parts oil are added. The bottle is capped and thoroughly shaken.
  • 13. The internal phase is then added to the external phase with stirring until the product reaches room temperature. 4.Beaker Method: Dividing components into water soluble and oil soluble components All oil soluble components are dissolved in the oily phase in one beaker and all water soluble components are dissolved in the water in a separate beaker Oleaginous components are melted and both phases are heated to approximately 70°C over a water bath.
  • 14. 5.In situ Soap Method: Two types of Soaps developed by this Methods Calcium Soaps Soft Soaps 1) Calcium Soaps: W/O type Emulsions. E.g. Oleic acid + Lime water. Prepared by simple mixing of equal volumes of Oil and Lime water. Emulsifying agent used is Calcium salt of free fatty acids. E.g. Olive Oil + Oleic acid
  • 15. Instability in Emulsion: Instability Factors 1) Uniform globule size distribution. 2) Opposite charge on globule surface. 3) Low viscosity of external medium. 1) Globul size. 2) Viscosity of external medium. 3) Differences in density of oil-water (aq>oil) 1. Insufficient amount of E.A 2. Altered partitioning of E.A 3. Incompatibility between E.A Preventions 1) Uniform sized globules. 2) Use same charged ionic electrolytes. 3) Viscosity improving agents hydrocolloids. NO this is permanent change Floculations:Globules come closes to each other to form aggregates. Creaming: Concentration of globules at top/bottom of emulsion. Coalescence: Few globules fuse to form bigger globules emulsifier film is destroyed. 1. Homogenization uniformed sized globules. 2. 2. Thickening agents to improve viscosity. 3. 3. Reducing density differences (Bromoform+oil).
  • 16. Suspension: A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in which internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout the external phase. Method of Preparation of suspension: Suspension can be prepared by 2 methods : Dispersion method Precipitation methods : Precipitation methods: Double decomposition Three main methods Organic solvent precipitation Precipitation effected by changing pH of the medium
  • 17. Organic solvent precipitation: Water insoluble drugs Dissolve in organic solvent Add organic phase to water organic solvent include ethanol,methanol,propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol.
  • 18. Precipitation effected by changing pH of the medium: Applicable to those drugs in which solubility is dependent on ph value. Concentrated solution in favourable ph Pour to other system to change ph On agitation precipitate will form e.g. estradiol suspension.
  • 19. Double decomposition: Two water soluble reagents forms a water insoluble products. e.g. white lotion NF Zinc sulphate solution Solution of sulphurated potash Precipitate of zinc polysulphide
  • 20. 2.Dispersion method: Vehicle is formulated solid phase is wetted and dispersed use of surfactant to ensure wetting of hydrophobic solids.
  • 21. Stability of suspension: The increase in surface area means also an liquids leading to an increase in viscosity of a system. 1)Small particle size: Reduce the size of the dispersed particle increase the total surface area of the solid. The greater the degree the subdivision of a given solid the larger the surface area. Temperature fluctuations can lead caking of claying. 2) Temperature: Another factor which negatively affects the stability and usefulness of pharmaceutical suspensions is fluctuation of temp.
  • 22. The more viscous the preparation, the slower Is likely to be the release of a drug sometimes this property may be desirable for depot preparations. 3.Increasing the viscosity: Increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase can lead to the stability of suspension this is so because the rate of sedimentation can be reduce by increase in viscosity. Viscosity increase is brought about by addition of thickening agents to the external phase. In water these must be either soluble or swell. It is important to note that the rate of release of a drug from a suspension is also dependent on viscosity of a product.
  • 23. 5. Pharmaceutical preformulation by J.T.Carstensen, Ph.D . REFERENCE 1. Leon Lachmann,HerbertA. Lieberman. The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. 2009 Edition 2. Text book of Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Varghese publication 3. Text book of Modern Pharmaceutics by Gilbert &Banker 4. Text book of pharmaceutical practice by M .Alton. pharmaceutical dosage forms