The Rise of Saddam Hussein
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Saddam Hussein rose from poverty to become the president of Iraq. He was born in 1937 and had to steal food as a child. He joined the Ba'ath party in 1956 and attempted a coup in 1959. After another failed coup in 1963, he went into hiding and was imprisoned but later escaped. He gained power within the Ba'ath party and Iraqi government, becoming vice president in 1979. The following year, president al-Bakr resigned and Saddam became president. He launched a war with Iran in 1980 and used secret police and force to crush internal opposition.
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The Rise and Fall of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein was born in 1937 in Iraq and lived with his uncle after his father passed away. He joined the Ba'ath party in 1957 and gained control of the Iraqi government in 1979 when he became president. Saddam invaded Iran in 1980 to gain control of their oil fields, starting the Iran-Iraq war which ended in stalemate in 1988. In 1990, Saddam invaded Kuwait to boost Iraq's economy with their oil revenues but was met with international sanctions. Saddam Hussein was finally captured by U.S. troops in 2003 hiding in a hole on a farm near his hometown of Tikrit.
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Saddam Hussein was able to rise to power in Iraq through his involvement in the Ba'ath Party and careful consolidation of power over several decades. He supported Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr's rise to become Prime Minister, and was then rewarded with influential positions within the Ba'ath Party leadership. Saddam later helped orchestrate a 1968 coup that removed the President, allowing al-Bakr to take over as President with Saddam as his powerful deputy. Through purges, building his security forces, and eliminating potential rivals, Saddam was able to become the undisputed leader of Iraq in 1979 when he took over as President from the aging al-Bakr.
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Civil war in Syria broke out in 2011 after a forceful crackdown on peaceful student protests against the government of Bashar al-Assad. The conflict has continued and accelerated as government troops, armed rebels, and external forces clash, take territory from each other. In a result of war people suffered from deprivation of many things mainly the violation of their rights, basic needs, resources were destroyed, children suffering from malnutrition. Many of Syrians move towards other countries such as Lebanon, European states, America but there are a lot of problems for them. UN played a positive role by putting some limitations on Assad’s regime but he got backed by Russia and US that’s why UN lifted those punitive measures because they were vetoed from the resolution draft. The peaceful negotiations were held for government and opposition forces but they were not taken as serious by both of them. As opposition forces wants Syrian government accept their demands that will end the conflict but government always denied.
Syria suffering since Hafeez al-Assad’s time period due to suppressive government policies but motivated by Arab Spring but the government led it to destruction of Syrian people fate. Humanitarian groups are unable to access many conflict areas, so there is limited knowledge of civilians’ needs. With hundreds of thousands of people newly displaced in northern Syria, aid groups are concerned about meeting their needs for shelter, clothing, and heat during the coming winter. Syrians fleeing conflict often leave everything behind. So they need all the basics to sustain their lives: food, clothing, healthcare, shelter, and household and hygiene items. Refugees also need reliable supplies of clean water, as well as sanitation facilities. Children need a safe environment and a chance to play and go to school. Adults need employment options in cases of long-term displacement.
Syrians were left their homes because the infrastructure is damaged badly, poverty, unemployment and the food rates are high because economy falls down day by day due to political instability in the country. The business is nearly zero in the country. There is need to solve the conflict now because refugees and civilians are facing crisis as it is about eight years of war. The only solution is to form a democratic government in the country that fulfilled the demands of the people and give them political freedom to live freely in the country with peace.
Why Islam permeates our science and Timeline of Radical Islam
We need to educate moderate and secular muslim the fundamental cause of rising global Islamism based on a doctrine promulgated and bolstered by selfish agenda of middle eastern Arab despots.
Osama
Osama bin Laden was born into a wealthy Saudi family but was influenced by radical Islamic teachings as a teenager. He went on to form al-Qaeda, a terrorist organization seeking to drive Western influence from the Muslim world through violent jihad. Al-Qaeda carried out numerous attacks including the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States that killed nearly 3,000 people. Bin Laden evaded capture for nearly a decade until being killed by U.S. special forces in 2011.
Iran iraq
The Iranian Revolution began in 1978 as discontent with the Western-backed Shah erupted in demonstrations. Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as a leader of the opposition and helped establish an Islamic republic after the Shah fled in 1979. In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran starting the Iran-Iraq War in an attempt to gain control of a waterway, but neither side achieved major territorial gains before a ceasefire. Relations between the U.S. and Iran remain tense today due to ongoing disputes dating back to the 1979 revolution and subsequent hostage crisis.
Iran iraq
The Iranian Revolution began in 1978 as discontent with the Western-backed Shah erupted in demonstrations. Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as a leader of the opposition and helped establish an Islamic republic after the Shah fled in 1979. In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran starting the Iran-Iraq War in an attempt to gain control of a waterway, but neither side achieved major territorial gains before a ceasefire. Relations between the U.S. and Iran remain tense today due to ongoing disputes dating back to the 1979 revolution and subsequent hostage crisis.
Iran iraq
The Iranian Revolution began in 1978 as discontent with the Western-backed Shah erupted in demonstrations. Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as a leader of the opposition and helped establish an Islamic republic after the Shah fled in 1979. In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran starting the Iran-Iraq War in an attempt to gain control of a waterway, but neither side achieved major territorial gains before a ceasefire. Relations between the U.S. and Iran remain tense today due to ongoing disputes dating back to the 1979 revolution and subsequent hostage crisis.
1979
PowerPoint for 4-part lecture on importance of 1979 for Middle East and World History: Iranian Islamic Revolution, Egypt-Israeli Peace, Soviets and Usama bin Ladin in Afghanistan, attack 0on Grand Mosque in Mecca. The lecture is in four parts, available here: https://swarduwcourses.wordpress.com/2022/03/11/1979-a-youtube-lecture/
Timeline of Afghanistan
The document outlines the political history of Afghanistan from 1933 to 2001. It notes that Mohammed Zahir Shah became King in 1933. In 1953, his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan became Prime Minister and sought closer ties with Russia. Daoud Khan was forced to resign in 1963 due to economic issues. In 1973, while Zahir Shah was abroad, Daoud Khan abolished the monarchy and became President. Conflict and unrest continued throughout the Soviet occupation in the late 1970s and 1980s, and after they withdrew in 1989. The Taliban seized power in 1996 and imposed a strict interpretation of Sharia law until being removed by U.S. and British forces in 2001 after 9/11.
Cold war era 1956 to 1960
During the Cold War era from 1956 to 1960, the political dynamics of several countries in Asia and the Middle East are discussed. Pakistan established its 1956 constitution and had several prime ministers until Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958. Iran was a monarchy led by the Shah while Saudi Arabia was also a monarchy adhering to strict Islamic laws. Afghanistan and India both had monarchies and democracies respectively. China was under communist rule of Mao Zedong while the Soviet Union was led by Nikita Khrushchev. The US was led by President Eisenhower as a capitalist democracy. The foreign relations between these countries and blocs during the Cold War are also outlined.
The Architects of Al-Qaeda and ISIS
A brief summary of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, and how these historic events were related to terrorism, and more specifically to Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.
Cia
1. In 1953, the United States and British governments orchestrated a coup to overthrow Iran's democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh and reinstate the Shah of Iran to power.
2. This coup had serious long-term repercussions, including the 1979 Iranian Revolution that established an anti-Western theocracy, the hostage crisis, and increased terrorism.
3. The coup was motivated by Western fears of Communist influence and a desire to control Iran's oil, but ultimately undermined stability in Iran and the Middle East for decades.
Saddam Hussein : The Father of ISIS in Iraq
1) In the 1970s, Saddam Hussein and Hafez al-Assad of Syria negotiated an agreement to unite Iraq and Syria, but Saddam feared losing power to Assad. Negotiations continued unsuccessfully.
2) Saddam Hussein rose to power in Iraq in 1979 as a Ba'ath Party member. He faced opposition from the Shi'ite majority in Iraq and used Islamism to counter this threat and unite Sunnis.
3) The networks and Islamist militants supported today in Iraq by Turkey and Gulf Arabs were originally formed and trained under Saddam Hussein.
The Kite Runner
The Kite Runner is set in Afghanistan from the 1970s to 2001 and follows the story of Amir and his friend Hassan. It deals with the effects of the Russian invasion, the Mujahideen rebellion, and the Taliban regime on the Afghan people. The book explores the relationship between Amir, the son of a wealthy Pashtun man, and Hassan, a Hazara servant who is later revealed to be Amir's half-brother. The story follows Amir after he moves to America and returns to Afghanistan to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab.
The Hezbollah - Al Qaeda Axis of Terror
The document discusses the alliance formed in Sudan in the early 1990s between Iran, Hezbollah, and Al Qaeda, facilitated by Sudan's Islamic regime. Osama bin Laden met with Iranian leadership, and they agreed that Hezbollah would provide explosives training to Al Qaeda recruits. This alliance carried out several terrorist attacks, including 9/11. However, the alliance is partial and opportunistic given the Sunni-Shia divide between Al Qaeda and Iran's backers. The document also describes Hezbollah and Iranian operations in Latin America, including drug and weapons trafficking networks extending to Mexico and the United States.
TERRORISM 1979-onwards3 and more.pdf
The document discusses the history of terrorism from 1979 onwards, beginning with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 which led to the rise of the mujahideen resistance groups. It then covers the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989 and the ensuing civil war. The emergence of the Taliban in the power vacuum is examined, as well as the rise of Al-Qaeda and global jihadism. The 9/11 attacks and subsequent US invasion of Afghanistan are summarized. The document concludes by discussing the growth of sectarian violence between Sunni and Shia groups in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The Impact of Clientelism on Sudan and the Implications for a Sustainable Pea...
The document provides context on Sudan's political history from colonial times through the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It discusses how Sudan was ruled by various groups, including a period of British-Egyptian rule after the Mahdist Revolt was defeated in 1898. Independence in 1956 failed to resolve issues around the country's structure and identity. This led to instability, civil war and the rise of Islamist rule under Bashir in 1989. International sanctions and support for rebel groups increased pressure for a peace agreement. The Machakos Protocol of 2002 represented progress by addressing key issues, and ultimately led to the 2005 peace deal. However, clientelism has historically promoted conflicts by prioritizing certain groups over others.
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The document summarizes the political events in Iran that led up to the 1979 Iranian Revolution and subsequent hostage crisis at the US embassy. It describes how the US-backed Shah's oppressive rule and close ties with the West alienated many Iranians, despite economic growth under his regime. Widespread poverty, corruption, and suppression of dissent by the Shah's secret police strengthened the revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini against the Shah's regime. The revolution overthrew the Shah in 1979, leading to the hostage crisis at the US embassy by revolutionary students.
Introduction Why We Disagree about International RelationsIn A.docx
Introduction Why We Disagree about International Relations
In April, 2015, ISIS militants pose with their banner in a suburb of Damascus, Syria, that they had just partially captured. What has caused the rise of ISIS, and what can be done to counter it?
Photo by Balkis Press/Sipa USA (Sipa via AP Images)
In spring 2014, an Islamic army known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) swarmed across northern Syria and Iraq conquering territory larger than Belgium, including Iraq’s second largest city of Mosul. Also known as the Islamic State (IS), Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and Daesh, its Arab label, ISIS declared itself a Caliphate, resurrecting the ancient empire of Islam, and proceeded to threaten Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. Thousands of jihadists (religious revolutionaries) joined ISIS, some from the United States; and scattered extremist groups from North Africa to Southeast Asia pledged allegiance to ISIS and adopted its black flag. The Caliphate, under its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, imposed a brutal Sunni Muslim law in the conquered territories, and hooded warriors beheaded Western journalists, local Christians and Shiite (non-Sunni) Muslims, captured in terrifying videos that went viral on the Internet. Ben Rhodes, the Deputy National Security Adviser to President Obama, identified the threat to the United States: “They are seeking to establish themselves as the vanguard terrorist organization that is at war with the U.S. and the West on behalf of Islam.”1
What causes a conflict of this sort? And what can be done about it? As students of international relations, we start with the facts, but we have to be careful. There are so many facts, and we can’t know them all or know for certain which ones may be the most important ones that cause other things to happen. Let’s look at what appear to be the salient facts in the case of ISIS and then make a first stab at how we sort out the facts and causes of international events to understand them better.
Syria and Iraq are centrally located in the geographically strategic region of the Middle East. They are Muslim countries that border the Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey. Both Eastern and Western empires have occupied this region. Christian crusaders invaded in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the region was part of the Ottoman Empire for several centuries. The first Muslim Caliphate dated from the thirteenth century. After World War I and the collapse of the Caliphate, Syria became a colonial territory under French administration, while Iraq became a British colony. Both became independent nations after World War II. After World War II, oil became a major resource in the Middle East. Western companies monopolized oil production and remain today major economic players in the region even though the oil-producing states now control their own oil and influence global oil markets through the Organization of Petroleum .
White7e ppt ch12
The document discusses the origins and evolution of al Qaeda stemming from the Soviet-Afghan war in the late 1970s and 1980s. It describes how the US supported mujahideen groups to fight the Soviets, which later morphed into terrorist groups like al Qaeda. The US then invaded Afghanistan after 9/11 and also invaded Iraq, though Iraq was not related to 9/11 and did not possess WMDs as claimed. This gave jihadists more incentive to fight. Over time al Qaeda became decentralized and countries like Kenya faced threats from other local jihadist networks in Africa.
Afghanistan civil war 1992-1998 , and the rise of the Taliban
The document summarizes the civil war in Afghanistan from 1992-1998 and the rise of the Taliban. It provides background on Afghanistan's history of conflict. It then describes the power struggle between warlords after the Soviet withdrawal, the formation and breaking of peace accords, and the battles over Kabul. It outlines the emergence of the Taliban in 1994 seeking to establish order and an Islamic system, led by Maulana Omar. While the Taliban gained control and imposed strict rule, their extremism and denial of human rights led to international isolation, especially after harboring Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda who conducted attacks on US embassies and assets, leading to the US-led invasion of Afghanistan.
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Why Islam permeates our science and Timeline of Radical Islam
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Introduction Why We Disagree about International RelationsIn A.docx
Afghanistan civil war 1992-1998 , and the rise of the Taliban
Afghanistan civil war 1992-1998 , and the rise of the Taliban
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