The document summarizes the civil war in Afghanistan from 1992-1998 and the rise of the Taliban. It provides background on Afghanistan's history of conflict. It then describes the power struggle between warlords after the Soviet withdrawal, the formation and breaking of peace accords, and the battles over Kabul. It outlines the emergence of the Taliban in 1994 seeking to establish order and an Islamic system, led by Maulana Omar. While the Taliban gained control and imposed strict rule, their extremism and denial of human rights led to international isolation, especially after harboring Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda who conducted attacks on US embassies and assets, leading to the US-led invasion of Afghanistan.

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AFHANISTAN CIVIL WAR ,
1992-1998
AND
THE ARISE OF TALIBAN
By: Samiullah

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Background
 Afghanistan has a long history of
internal and external conflicts, including
two wars with the United Kingdom in
the 1800s and an invasion by the
Soviet Union in 1979. Since the Soviets
left in 1989, Afghanistan has
experienced many internal conflicts
over control of the country.

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Afghanistan Basics
 population: 34.66 million
 Area:
 Official Language: Dari and Pushto
 Ethnicity:
 Pashtun - 38%
 Hazara - 19%
 other groups - 12%
 Uzbeks - 6%
 Literacy Rate: 36%
 Land: Mountain and Desret Landlocked.
 Wont independence from Great Britsin in 1919.
652,864 km²

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1992-1994
 Pro Communist government:
with the withdrawal the Soviets installed a communist regime under Dr
Najibullah .The regim lasted just for three years.After proxy
administration finally collapsed in April 1992.
 War among mujahideen:
A protracted war of succession began among the
mujahideen

6. Peshawar accord:
it was a peace and power sharing agreement .It was
signed 0n 24 April 1992 by all the major afghan anti
communist parties except for the Hezb-e-Islami of
Gukbuddin Hekmatyr.
 Alliance leaders reached an agreement .An Islami
headed by Sibghatullah Mujaddedi was installed for
two months, after which professor Burhanuddin
Rabbani was to become president for four months.
 A transitional government was then to be formed for
two years
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 Broking the accord:
Mojaddedi abided by the accord ,but Rabbani refused to yield
power when his term expired. Fighting broke out among mujahedeen.
 Islamabad accord:
After Rabbani `s refusal to hold elections for his succrsor
led to discord. Pakistan ,Iran and Sudia again joined hands
to promote another accord among the Afghan leaders in
Isamabad.
 On 7 March 1993 ,the Afghan leaders agreed on the
formation of a government for a period of 18 months .

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 With professor Rabbani continuing as president
and Engineer Hekmatyar becoming prime minister
.
The composition of the cabinet was not agreed
upon.Hekmatyr felt too in secure to enter Kabul.

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 BATTLE OF KABUL
Hekmatyar at first accepted the post of prime minister but
after attending only one cabinet meeting he left Kabul
again starting to bomb Kabul leaving more than 700 dead
in bombing raids, street battles and rocket attacks in and
around Kabul.
 Attack on Pakistan embassy:
Pakistan expectation of friendly relation with the
government of Islamic Afghanistan received a shock on 6
September 1995 , when its embassy in Kabul was attacked.

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 One employee was killed ,the Ambassador and
forty officials were injured ,and the building and all
officials record were burnt.

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The Rise of Taliban
 The Taliban emerged in 1994 as faction of
mujahedeen soldiers.
 The identified themselves as religious student.
 The movement started in the south and worked its
way toward Herat in the northeast and Kabul in the
east.
 They believed in supremacy of the Islamic system
of government

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Mola Omer: He was a Madrassa teacher in a
village near Kandahar .He no had no political
background. He became the leader.

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CAUSE OF THE RISE OF TALIBAN
 The rape of two girls: The immediate cause of
the rise of Taliban was the rape of two girls ,
Mullah Omer set out with forty-five Taliban to
punish the culprits .
 However the main cause was:
 The failure of mujahideen to set out a unified
government .Instead they fought one another .
 Each sought to control the territory.

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BATTLE OF MAZAR
 General Abdul Malik :In may 1997 the
Uzbek warlord former minister ,General
Abdul Malik ,revolted against Dostum and
invited the Taliban forces to take over
Mazar -e-Sharif.
 After some resistance the Taliban
captured Mazar

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SUCCESSES OF THE TALIBAN
 Better law and order
 Better security arrangement
 Better judicial system
 Disarmed lawless gangs
 Religious , modest , and uncorrupt
administration
 Controlled cultivation of opuim

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FAILURS AND DOWNFALL
 Lack of knowledge about Inter Law and politics
 The narrow and extremist interpretation of Islam
 The denial of human rights to women
 Banning on women employment outside homes
 The closure of schools for girls

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 Foreigner militants:

18. Osama Bin Laden: He was multimillionaire, was
active in guerrilla war against Soviet occupation
forces in Afghanistan. He came back to Afghanistan
in 1996.
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 Al Qaeda :Osama directed an international
network, Al Qaeda that trained Islamic
fundamenlists to carry out attacks against US

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 Attack on US embassies: In 1998 , Al Qaeda
attacked on US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. US
blamed Osama for crime and demanded that Taliban turn
over Bin Laden to justice.

21. Assassination of Massoud:On September 9,
2001 pro Taliban suicide bombers
assassinated Ahmed Sha M the leader of the
Northern Alliance.
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22.  9/11 : On September 11 terrorists hijacked
airplanes and deliberately crashed them into the
twin towers of the World Trade Center in New
York city.
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And the Pentagon in Virginia killing
thousands of people.
The US identified Bin Laden as prime suspect
behind the attack
 War on terror: The US government built an
international antiterrorism coalition . The US
and British forces began aerial bombings of al
Qaeda camps .

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Cost of Afghan war for Pakistan
Kalashnikov culture
 Narcotics proliferation
 Dacoits
 Sectarian extremism
 Pakistan suffered the burden of 3 million Afghan
Refugees

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THANKS