Terrorism complete history

1. TERRORISM 1979-onwards
The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher
esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.
Friedrich Nietzsche
When we blindly adopt a religion, a political system , a literary dogma , we
become automatons
-Anisa Nin

2. DEFINITION
• There is no universal agreement on the legal definition of
terrorism, although there exists a consensus academic definition created
by scholars.
• Various legal systems and government agencies use different definitions
of terrorism, and governments have been reluctant to formulate and
agreed-upon a legally binding definition. Difficulties arise from the fact that
the term has become politically and emotionally charged
• ‘‘Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the
general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political
purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the
considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic,
religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them.’’

3. The advert of Red Army in Kabul 1979
• After the SAUR revolution in 1978 by the People's Democratic Party of
Afghanistan (PDPA) and overthrew Afghan president Mohammed Daoud
Khan, who had himself taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état and
established an autocratic one-party system in the country.
• he successful PDPA uprising resulted in the creation of a socialist Afghan
government that was closely aligned with the Soviet Union, with Nur
Muhammad Taraki (30 April 1978 – 14 September 1979) serving as the
PDPA's General Secretary of the Revolutionary Council.
• After his death Nur ul Amin succeeded him
• Both of these were determined to transform decadent and feudal society
into a socialist and welfare one. They devised land reforms for transfer of
land from bourgeoise to proletariat class.

4. Red army marches Kabul resulted in Soviet-
Afghan War
• Red army came to Afghanistan in 1979 during Amin’s era in 1979 for
the ‘assistance’ of friendly govt. and people of Afghanistan.
• There was an uprising in rural areas of Afghanistan going on caused
by the social and land reforms by Govt. fueled by conservative and
very strict interpretation of religion ;pushtun nationalism ;anti land-
reforms objective of warlords and tribal chieftains and external
intervention.
• They were composed of many groups collectively called mujahedeen
namely
• Hazb-i-islami Gulbaddin (Gulbaddin Hikmatyar) most funded group
and least efficient one

5. Mujahedeen(The best weapon against an
enemy is another enemy - Nietzsche)
• Jamiat-e-Islami of Burhan Ud Din Rabbani(Tajik political party )(President
1992 and 2001)
• Ahmad Shan Masood joined Rabbani's Jamiat-e Islami party. During the
Soviet–Afghan War, his role as a powerful insurgent leader of the Afghan
mujahideen earned him the nickname "Lion of Panjshir“
• Pakistan’s ISI supported ,trained , funnelled foreign funding , armed and
sheltered mujahideen in KP region.(General Abdul rehman, Col.Imam(SSG)
,Brig Yousaf Author of The Bear Trap)
• These groups were fighting Soviets along with other minorities of
Afghanistan and even other tribes.
• Then on pressure from Pakistan and CIA they formed a loosly bounded
umbrella group named ‘’Peshawar Seven’’
• They received modern weaponary and funding by Saudia Arabia and USA.

6. Soviet Afghanistan War
• They were joined by many volunteer muslims from different parts of
world mosty from Arab world and neighbouring countries.
• A palestineian scholar Sheikh Abdullah Azzam’s speeches and writings
converged muslims from all around the world mostly fueled by
religious extreamism.He declared fatwa that it is now duty of every
muslim to fight tyrant Red army.
• He then moved to Peshawar and established Maktab Al Khidmat to
train ,brain-wash and arm Arab volunteers nicknamed ‘Arab-Afghans’
• One such was Osama Bin Ladin who belonged to a wealthy and
influential family and helped to the cause financially and fought in
personal capacity in southern region.

7. Exile of extremist from various countries to Af-Pak region
(killing two birds with one arrow)
• Some analysts suggests that many govt. like Algeria ,Egypt and
Jordan seized on opportunity, and released Islamist militants from
jails in hope that they will go to Afghanistan to fight and die there.
• These include a group called Islamic Jihad who was imprisoned in
Egypt after President Anwar Sadat assassination in 1981.They
subscribed to doctrine according to which they can kill anyone who
even disagree to the strict interpretation of religion thus providing
basis for sectarian voilance in Afghanistan and Pakistan.There leader
was Ayman al ZAWAHRI.They moved to Peshawar and formed close
alliance with Osama bin Ladin and grew distant from Sheikh Abdullah
Azzam and set up thir own organization Al-Qaeeda.

8. The Retreat(He will win who knows when to
fight and when to abstrain-Sun Tzu)
• By 1987 most of Afghan was under mujahideen’s control.
• Due to democratic issues and deteriorating economic condition back
home Kremlin decided to abort this fruitless and costly campaign.So,
they announced withdraw .
• The final and complete withdrawal of the 40th Army (Soviet Union)
from Afghanistan began on 15 May 1988 and ended on 15 February
1989, under the leadership of Colonel-General Boris Gromov.

9. Geneva Accords
• The Geneva Accords, signed by representatives of the
USSR, the US, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the
Republic of Afghanistan (thus renamed in 1987) on 14 April
1988, provided a framework for the departure of Soviet forces,
and established a multilateral understanding between the
signatories regarding the future of international involvement in
Afghanistan. The military withdrawal commenced soon after,
with all Soviet forces leaving Afghanistan by 15 February
1989.The Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) then began.

10. From Geneva accord to Peshawar Accord
• The 1989–1992 Afghan Civil War took place between the Soviet
withdrawal from Afghanistan on 15 February 1989 until 27 April 1992,
the day after the proclamation of the Peshawar Accords proclaiming
a new interim Afghan government which was supposed to start
serving on 28 April 1992.
• , the mujahideen groups Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin and Ittehad-e
Islami in cooperation with the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence
(ISI) attacked Jalalabad but they were defeated by June.

11. EMERGENCE OF TALIBAN(The Augustus’ framework
and The Big Man’s execution)
• Given the failed administration of collation Govt in Afghanistan a new
group emerged in Afghanistan called Taliban under the leadership of
Mullah Omar joined by captains and lieutenants of Afghan Soviet war
who thought that mujahideen were proved unable and ineffective in
imposing ‘’true Islam’’.
• By help and training of ISI they were able to swiftly capture Kabul by
1996 and for some time able to control crime but the basic human
rights were crushed making it an Orwellian society and the worst of it
was seen by women and minorities(non-pushtuns)(ALSO MENTIONED
in Khaled Hosseini’s ‘’The Kite Runner’’ and ‘’A Thousand Splendid
Suns’’)

12. Islamic state of Iraq and the Levat(Niccolo
Machiavelli’s divide et regna strategy)
• Al Qaeda emerged as a global Islamist group in 1998 by declaring fatwa
against USA and Israel and attacking US ambassy in Tanzania and Kenya.
• A Jordanian follower of Al Qaeda Abu Musab Al Zahwari went to Iraq
during war and laid foundation of brutal sacterian war and Islamic State in
Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
• A Pakistani Khalid Sheikh Muhammad helped them in exporting jihad on US
shores
• On 9 Sept 2001 Ahmed Shah Masood was assassinated
• Two days later 911 happened allegedly by Al Qaeda and USA delare war
on terror and demanded for Al Qaeeda leadership to Taliban but they
refuse.

13. War on terror(America’s playground)
• Leading to US invasion in Afghanistan and Pakistan arm twisted to
help US in facilitating NATO Forces. Pakistan covertly provided shelter
to taliban leadership and assiated NATO.
• This sailing on two boats at one time policy was praised neither by
USA nor by Talibans and distorted Pakistan’s image and was
considered perfidy and deceit from both sides. Hence, proved to be
as failed strategy as that of previous ones.
• This led to deterioration of national security , global stature ,
economy , integrity and morale of people Pakistan.

14. Sectarian schism
• In the history of Islam sectarianism started in the era of Khilafat e
Rashideen (632 C.E). In arab region it was brutal, violent and lethal.
• In Indo-Pak Subcontinant it was relatively peaceful except in some
occasions such as when Deobandies and Beralvies declared each
other non muslims etc
• In post Iranian revolution era Ayatullah Khomeni was determined to
export this revolution throughout the Islamic world.
• Consequently Saudia Arabia started and funded their own schools in
Peshawar region of Pakistan when Saudia Arabia Pakistan and Iraq
were seeing Iranian Revolution as a threat to their state and national
security.

15. Sectarianism
• Sipah E Sahaba (remaned Milat-e-Islamia) was established in 1985 in
Pakistan under the umbrella of state of Pakistan during Zia’s
dictatorship ;by Haq Nawaz Jhangvi.Its ideology was extreamist.
• During 1980s it was involved in terrorist activities and responsible of
killing thousands of Shiites.
• They had wide support in Punjab and KPK.
• There leadership was assassinated by shia militia Sipah e Muhammadi
which is counter insurgent militia group of Shiites inresponse to
deobandie’s SSP ;and is belived to be armed wing of Tahreek e Jaferia;
formed by Maulana Mureed Abass Yazdani

16. Lashkar e Jhangvi(a snake fed long)-Lord protect me
from my friends ;I can take care of my enemies R. Green
• is a Deobandi Sunni Muslim supremacist, terrorist and Jihadist militant
organization based in Afghanistan. The organization operates in Pakistan
and Afghanistan and is an offshoot of anti-Shia party Sipah-e-Sahaba
Pakistan (SSP). The LeJ was founded by former SSP activists Riaz Basra,
Malik Ishaq, Akram Lahori, and Ghulam Rasool Shah.
• The LeJ has claimed responsibility for various mass casualty attacks against
the Shia community in Pakistan, including multiple bombings that killed
over 200 Hazara Shias in Quetta in 2013. It has also been linked to the
Mominpura Graveyard attack in 1998, the abduction of Daniel Pearl in
2002, and the attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore in 2009.A
predominantly Punjabi group,the LeJ has been labelled by Pakistani
intelligence officials as one of the country's most virulent terrorist
organisations.Most of leadership is killed.

17. .Afghan President Hamid Karzai blamed LJ for a bombing that killed 59 people at Abu Fazal
shrine in the Murad Khane district of Kabul on 6 December 2011.
• Lashkar-i-Jhangvi claimed responsibility for 13 lives lost in brutal attack on Shia pilgrims.[
in Quetta on 28 June: At least 13 people, two women and a policeman among them,
were killed and over 20 others injured on Thursday in a bomb attack on a bus mainly
carrying Shia pilgrims returning from Iran. Most of the pilgrims belonged to the Hazara
community.
• Claimed responsibility for January 2013 Pakistan bombings in Pakistan killing 125 people.
• Claimed responsibility for February 2013 Quetta bombings in Pakistan killing 81 and
wounding 178, mostly Shia people
• Claimed responsibility for June 15th 2013 Quetta bombings in Pakistan.
• Claimed responsibility for the January 2014 attempted bombing of a school which killed
one of its students, Aitzaz Hasan in Pakistan.
• Claimed responsibility for January 2014 bombing in Mastung Balochistan killing 28
Zaireen/ Hazara Community.
• Claimed responsibility of assassination of Pakistani politician Shuja Khanzada in August
2015.
• Claimed responsibility for attack on Police training center Quetta Pakistan in October
2016 killing at least 61 people including cadets and army officers.

18. Lashkar-e-Taiba(The ‘’GOOD TERRORISTS’’)
• is a militant Islamist organisation operating against India in
Pakistan.The organization's stated objective is to merge the whole of
Kashmir with Pakistan.It was founded by Hafiz Saeed, Zafar Iqbal,
Abdullah Azzam and several other Islamist mujahideen with funding
from Osama bin Laden during the Soviet-Afghan War.
• The general view of analysts is that Pakistan's main intelligence
agency continues to give LeT help and protection.The Indian
government's view is that Pakistan, particularly through its
intelligence agency, has both supported the group and sheltered the
group's leader Hafiz Saeed; It has been accused by India of attacking
military and civilian targets in India, most notably the 2001 Indian
Parliament attack, the 2008 Mumbai attacks and the 2019 Pulwama
attack on Armed Forces.

19. Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan(a taste of our
own medicine)
• The Pakistani Taliban )
, formally called the Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan
(abbr. TTP), is an umbrella organization of various Islamist armed militant
.Formed in 2007 by Baitullah Mehsud (a Pakistani army asset), its current
leader is Noor Wali Mehsud, who has publicly pledged allegiance to the
Afghan Taliban (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan). The Pakistani Taliban
share a common ideology with the Afghan Taliban and have assisted them
in the 2001–2021 war.
• Among the stated objectives of TTP is resistance against the Pakistani
state. The TTP's aim is to overthrow the government of Pakistan by waging
a terrorist campaign against the Pakistan armed forces and the state.The
TTP depends on the tribal belt along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border,
from which it draws its recruits. The TTP receives ideological guidance from
and maintains ties with al-Qaeda.

20. TTP and Pushtun Nationalism(A man is great
by deeds, not by birth -Chanakya)
• The group contained members from all of FATA's seven tribal agencies
as well as several districts of the North-West Frontier Province
(NWFP), including Swat, Bannu, Tank, Lakki Marwat, Dera Ismail
Khan, Kohistan, Buner, and Malakand.
• In the aftermath of Baitullah Mehsud's death, leading members in
the TTP had confirmed Hakimullah Mehsud as its second amir.
• The Afghan Taliban and the Pakistani Taliban share the same
ideology and a dominant Pashtun ethnicity, but they are distinct
movements, differing in their histories, structures and goals.

21. Groups in TTP
• It has some other groups split from it like: Hizb ul Ahrar(led by Omar
Khaid Khorasani involve in 2023 Peshawar mosque attack) (Salfi and
wahabi doctrine)
• Tahreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Muhammadi (Salfi and wahabi
doctrine)led by Sufi Muhammad and Fazal Hayat active in Pak-Afg
border region;part of TTP after Lal Masjid Incident. They established
their own courts in Swat and banned female education in 2009
• Jandallah led by Hakim ullah Mehsud. Shikarpur massacre in 2015
where blast killed 64 Shia Muslims while they were offering Friday
Mosque. 2013 Quetta attack to kill Maulana Fazal ur Rehman. 2014
Wahga Attack

22. Groups in Taliban (The hypocritic good and bad
terrorist characterization)
• Peshawar-based security analyst Brigadier (retd) Muhamaad Saad
believes the Taliban are not a monolithic entity. "They can be divided
into three broad categories:
• [Afghan] Kandahari Taliban, led by Mullah Omar;
• [Afghan] Paktia Taliban, led by Jalaluddin Haqqani and his son
Sirajuddin Haqqani; and
• [Pakistani] Salfi Taliban [TTP]
• He said. "It's the Salfi Taliban who pose a real threat to Pakistan. They
may not be obeying the Taliban supreme leader Mullah Omar.“
• Salfi is another for Wahabis.

23. Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan
• Between July and November 2020, the Amjad Farouqi group, one
faction of the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, the Musa Shaheed Karwan group,
Mehsud factions of the TTP, Mohmand Taliban, Bajaur Taliban,
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, and Hizb-ul-Ahrar merged with TTP. This
reorganization made TTP more deadly and led to increased attacks.
• The TTP's spokesman, Shahidullah Shahid, and the group's
commanders in Orakzai, Kurram and Khyber tribal regions and
Peshawar and Hangu Districts defected from the TTP and pledged
allegiance to Islamic State (IS)

24. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan Jamaat-ul-
Ahrar(octopus’ regeneration)
• In August 2014, hardline elements of the TTP from four of the seven
tribal districts formed a separate group called Tehreek-e-Taliban
Pakistan Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, led by the Mohmand Agency commander
Omar Khalid Khorosani, after disagreeing with Fazlullah's order to
fight the Pakistani Army's Operation Zarb-e-Azb offensive in the
Tribal Areas.However, in March 2015, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar's spokesman
announced that they were rejoining the TTP. Some Uzbek and Arab
fighters previously working with the TTP reportedly began leaving
Pakistan to go to Iraq to fight alongside the Islamic State of Iraq and
the Levant. In the same month, Asmatullah Muawiya, the
commander of the Punjabi Taliban, announced that his faction was
ending their armed struggle against the Pakistani state.

25. Islamic state Khorasan(an apple don’t fall far
from a tree)
• The Islamic State – Khorasan is an affiliate of the Islamic State militant
group active in South Asia and Central Asia. ISIS-K has been active in
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan,[29] and Uzbekistan, where they claimed
attacks.The ISIS-K and Taliban consider each other enemies.
• The group was created in January 2015 by disaffected Taliban in eastern
Afghanistan, although its membership includes individuals from various
countries, notably Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. Its initial
leaders, Hafiz Saeed Khan and Abdul Rauf Aliza, were killed by US forces in
2016.
• It has conducted numerous high-profile attacks against civilians, primarily
in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In July 2018, ISIS-K bombings killed 149 in
Mastung, Pakistan. In May 2021, an ISIS-K bombing killed 90 in Kabul.

26. Noreen Leghari(The NPC mindset)(I think
therefore I am----Rene Descartes)
• On 14 April 2017, Pakistan's security agencies along with the local
police raided a house in Lahore's Factory Area as part of their
combing operation which was approved by Pakistan's Chief of Army
Staff Qamar Javed Bajwa in the aftermath of Mall Road bombing.
After an exchange of fire which killed one "terrorist", three other
suspects were arrested, one of them being Noreen Leghari, a student
from Hyderabad, Pakistan who was claimed to be missing by her
family 4 days prior.

27. Pashtun Tahafuz Movement(Narcissism,
disinformation and obsecure nemesis)
• The is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, Pakistan. It was founded in May 2014
by students .
• During PTM's public demonstrations and sit-ins since February 2018,
several demands were presented to the Pakistani government and
military, including punishment to the retired police officer Rao
Anwar, a truth and reconciliation commission on extrajudicial
killings in the country, presenting missing persons before courts, and
removal of landmines from the Pashtun tribal areas.The movement
is led by Manzoor Pashteen, a human rights activist from South
Waziristan.Other prominent activists in it include Ali Wazir, Mohsin
Dawar, Mir Kalam, Alamzaib Mahsud , Abdullah Nangyal. PTM claims
to be an unarmed and peaceful resistance movement working within
the lawful boundaries of the Constitution of Pakistan

28. Criticism and State Terrorism(All roads lead to
destruction ,even the one taken to avoid it)
• The Pakistan Army and several journalists have claimed that the
movement is trying to create discord in the country along ethnic
lines, as well as following a foreign agenda.The movement has seen
strong support from neighboring Afghanistan, which traditionally has
an uneasy relationship with the government of Pakistan.
• Kharqamar incident
• On 26 May 2019, there was a clash between the Pakistan Army and
PTM activists who were holding a protest gathering near the
Kharqamar check post in North Waziristan. To stop the
demonstration, the security forces killed at least 13 PTM supporters
and injured over 25 others.

29. Balochistan Conundrum(A politician divides
mankind in two classes : tools and enemies)
• In 654 controlled by the Rashidun caliphate, except for the well-defended
mountain town of QaiQan which is now Kalat.
• During the caliphate of Ali(R.A), a revolt broke out in southern
Balochistan's Makran region. In 663, during the reign of Umayyad Caliph
Muawiyah I, his Muslim rule lost control of north-eastern Balochistan and
Kalat when Haris ibn Marah and a large part of his army died in battle
against a revolt in Kalat.
• In the 15th century, Mir Chakar Khan Rind became the first Sardar of
Afghani, Irani and Pakistani Balochistan. He was a close aide of the Timurid
ruler Humayun, and was succeeded by the Khanate of Kalat, which owed
allegiance to the Mughal Empire. Later, Nader Shah won the allegiance of
the rulers of eastern Balochistan.

30. .
• In 1876, Robert Sandeman negotiated the Treaty of Kalat, which
brought the Khan's territories, including Kharan, Makran, and Las
Bela, under British protection, even though they remained
independent princely states.
• During the time of the Indian independence movement, "three pro-
Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics apart from
Balochistan's Muslim League", such as the Anjuman-i-Watan
Baluchistan, which favoured a united India and opposed its partition.
• In British-ruled Colonial India, Baluchistan contained a Chief
Commissioner's province and princely states (including Kalat, Makran,
Las Bela and Kharan) that became a part of Pakistan.
• The then-president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi
Muhammad Isa, informed Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way
represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of
the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives of
British part voted and the British part included the leased areas of
Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."

31. Insurgencies in Balochistan
• Political scientist Salman Rafi Sheikh, in locating the origins of the
insurgency in Balochistan, says "that Balochistan's accession to Pakistan
was, as against the officially projected narrative, not based upon
consensus, nor was support for Pakistan overwhelming. What this
manipulation indicates is that even before formally becoming a part of
Pakistan, Balochistan had fallen a prey to political victimization.“
• Initially aspiring for independence, the Khan of Kalat finally acceded to
Pakistan on 27 March 1948 after period of negotiations with Pakistan.
• The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan led his
brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision in July
1948.Princes Agha Abdul Karim Baloch and Muhammad Rahim refused to
lay down arms, leading the Dosht-e Jhalawan in unconventional attacks on
the army until 1950.The Prince indulged in Terror activities without any
assistance from others.

32. Insurgencies and RAW(Kautilya’s concentric
circles)
• Insurgencies by Baloch nationalists took place in 1948, 1958–59,
1962–63 and 1973–77, with a new ongoing insurgency by autonomy-
seeking Baloch groups since 2003. While many Baloch support the
demand for autonomy, the majority are not interested in seceding
from Pakistan
• At a press conference on 8 June 2015 in Quetta, Balochistan's Home
Minister Sarfraz Bugti accused India's prime minister Narendra Modi
of openly supporting terrorism. Bugti implicated India's Research and
Analysis Wing (RAW) of being responsible for recent attacks at
military bases in Smangli and Khalid, and for subverting the China–
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) agreement

33. BLPF
• In 1973, citing treason, President Bhutto dismissed the provincial
governments of Balochistan and NWFP and imposed martial law in
those areas, which led to armed insurgency. Khair Bakhsh Marri
formed the Balochistan People's Liberation Front (BPLF), which led
large numbers of Marri and Mengal tribesmen into guerrilla warfare
against the central government.
• Assisted by Iran, Pakistani forces inflicted heavy casualties on the
separatists. The insurgency fell into decline after a return to the four-
province structure and the abolishment of the Sardari system.

34. .
• In early 2005, the rape of a female doctor (Shazia Khalid) at the Sui gas facility re-
ignited another long running conflict. Her case and the unusual comment by then
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf about the controversy, stating on national
television that the accused rapist, an officer identified only as Captain Hammad,
was "not guilty", led to a violent uprising by the Bugti tribe, disrupting the supply
of gas to much of the country for several weeks.
• On 15 December 2005 the inspector general of the Frontier Corps, Major General
Shujaat Zamir Dar, and his deputy Brigadier Salim Nawaz were wounded after
shots were fired at their helicopter.
• Nawab Akbar Bughti died fighting Army killing more than 60 army soldiers and 7
officers died.
• "[The Baloch separatists] are supported by some members of the powerful Bugti
tribe and by parts of the Baloch middle class. This makes today's insurgency
stronger than previous ones, but the separatists will nevertheless struggle to
prevail over Pakistan's huge army."
• In the aftermath of Akbar Bugti's killing, support for the insurgency surged with a
large amount of support coming from Balochistan's burgeoning middle class

35. Future Prospects of insurgency
• Islamabad has accused its neighbour India of supporting the
insurgency in Balochistan. However infighting between insurgent
groups as of late 2014 has weakened the movement.
• As of 2018, the Pakistani state was using Islamist militants to defeat
Balochi separatists.Academics and journalists in the United States
have been approached by Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence spies,
who threatened them not to speak about the insurgency in
Balochistan, as well as human rights abuses by the Pakistani Army or
else their family would be harmed.

36. Drivers of insurgency(tumors turned cancerous)
• Economic inequality
• Development issues
• Gas revenue(In Gillanie’s Govt. Packages were given but tribal chiefs
corruption resulted in stagnant growth)
• Regional inequality
• Gwadar
• Multiculturalism and immigration(4 million Afghan refugees)
• Education issues(Now fully funded scholarships are given)
• Military response and missing person issue. In the period 2003 to
2012, it is estimated that 8000 people were abducted by Pakistani
security forces in Balochistan.In 2008 alone, more than 1100 Baloch
people disappeared.There have also been reports of torture.

37. Foreign support(nefarious nexus)
• Afghanistan (From late 1940s till Ashraf Ghani and NDS)
• India(1970s till now providing them arms ,money ,shelter and
training)
• Iraq
• Israel: According to author Mark Perry, CIA memos revealed that in
2007 and 2008 Israeli agents posed as American spies and recruited
Pakistani citizens to work for Jundallah (BLA affiliate) and carried out
false flag operations against Iran.
• United States:In the 1980s the CIA, the Iraqi Intelligence Service,
Pakistani Sunni extremist group Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, and the
Mujahedin e-Kalq supported a Baluchi tribal uprising against Iran

38. Infighting and surrenders
• Another factor which limits the scope of nationalist insurgency is the
infighting among the separatist groups. Separatists have also been
fighting among themselves. In June 2015, Baloch Liberation Army
(BLA) clashed with United Baloch Army (UBA), which resulted in death
of twenty separatist on both sides. Previously, BLA had attacked and
captured one of the commander of UBA and killed four other
members of UBA.
• Baloch separatist themselves stand accused of rights abuses by HRW.
• Surrendered: 3,093 (since 2015) including members of BRA, UBA,
and LeB
• The 2012 Gallup survey revealed that the most of the Balochistan
province does not support independence from Pakistan 67% of
Balochistan's population including 79% of ethnic Baloch and 53% of
Pashtuns in the province.

39. Mutahaida Qaumi Movement(When fighting
monster beware that you yourself do not become
a monster)
• The Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) previously known as Muhajir
Qaumi Movement, is a secular political party in Pakistan that was founded
by Altaf Hussain in 1984.Currently the party is split between 2 main
factions. MQM-London and MQM-Pakistan
• In the mid-1990s, MQM created widespread political violence and
militancy that affected Pakistan's Sindh province, particularly Karachi, the
port city that is the country's commercial capital. In the mid-1990s, the U.S.
State Department, Amnesty International, and others accused the MQM
and a rival faction, MQM Haqiqi(which was made with the support of ISI to
counter MQM-A), of summary killings, torture, and other abuses.
• The party's use of extra-legal activities in conflicts with political opponents
have earned it the accusation of terrorism. The party's strongly hierarchical
order and personalist leadership style led to some critics labelling the
MQM as fascist.

40. Jinnahpur Conspiracy
• During Operation Clean-up, MQM was accused of being anti-Pakistan
and of planning a separatist break-away state, Jinnahpur. However,
later some senior army officers, Brigadier (R) Imtiaz and General (R)
Naseer Akhtar, confessed that Jinnahpur was "nothing but a drama"
against MQM for the military operation and there was no map of
Jinnahpur.Also negated by Asif A. Zardari

41. Operation clean up(cleaning own mess)
• The violence gripped urban Sindh politics in the late 1980s after General
Zia ul-Haq's era, and finally in 1992, the erstwhile government of Prime
Minister Nawaz Sharif passed a resolution in assembly to launch a military
operation in Karachi to target 72 'big fishes'. The federal government gave
the reasoning behind this operation, known as "Operation Clean-up", as
the government's attempt to end terrorism in Karachi and to seize
unauthorized arms.Operation Clean-Up, which ostensibly sought to
eliminate all terrorists irrespective of their political affiliation, began in
June 1992. MQM perceived this operation as an attempt to wipe out the
party altogether. Political violence erupted while MQM organized protests
and strikes The resulting lawlessness prevailed in the largest metropolitan
city of Pakistan, which led to the country's president dissolving the
National Assembly.

42. Nationalists and sepratists movements in
Pakistan
.Sindhudash movement(rejected by people and abandoned)
• Pashtunistan movement
• Balochistan Liberation Army(ethnonationalist)
• Chotu gang was a gang that engaged in kidnapping, murder and other
criminal activities led by Ghulam Rasool who goes by the alias, "Chotu."
The gang was based in the Kacha area of Rajanpur.This gang was involved
in many crimes in Rajanpur The gang was also known for abducting people
from Karachi, Baluchistan and Rahim Yar Khan.Punjab police conducted
multiple operations against them, all of them ending in smoke. Punjab
police held first operation in 2010, that continued for three months
without getting the required results. Punjab police also held an operation
in 2013. The gang used light and heavy weapons procured from
Afghanistan, including an anti-aircraft guns.