Civil war in Syria broke out in 2011 after a forceful crackdown on peaceful student protests against the government of Bashar al-Assad. The conflict has continued and accelerated as government troops, armed rebels, and external forces clash, take territory from each other. In a result of war people suffered from deprivation of many things mainly the violation of their rights, basic needs, resources were destroyed, children suffering from malnutrition. Many of Syrians move towards other countries such as Lebanon, European states, America but there are a lot of problems for them. UN played a positive role by putting some limitations on Assad’s regime but he got backed by Russia and US that’s why UN lifted those punitive measures because they were vetoed from the resolution draft. The peaceful negotiations were held for government and opposition forces but they were not taken as serious by both of them. As opposition forces wants Syrian government accept their demands that will end the conflict but government always denied. Syria suffering since Hafeez al-Assad’s time period due to suppressive government policies but motivated by Arab Spring but the government led it to destruction of Syrian people fate. Humanitarian groups are unable to access many conflict areas, so there is limited knowledge of civilians’ needs. With hundreds of thousands of people newly displaced in northern Syria, aid groups are concerned about meeting their needs for shelter, clothing, and heat during the coming winter. Syrians fleeing conflict often leave everything behind. So they need all the basics to sustain their lives: food, clothing, healthcare, shelter, and household and hygiene items. Refugees also need reliable supplies of clean water, as well as sanitation facilities. Children need a safe environment and a chance to play and go to school. Adults need employment options in cases of long-term displacement. Syrians were left their homes because the infrastructure is damaged badly, poverty, unemployment and the food rates are high because economy falls down day by day due to political instability in the country. The business is nearly zero in the country. There is need to solve the conflict now because refugees and civilians are facing crisis as it is about eight years of war. The only solution is to form a democratic government in the country that fulfilled the demands of the people and give them political freedom to live freely in the country with peace.

1. SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC

2. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE
 Country Profile & Background
 Political situation
 Relationship with other countries
 History of War
 War and Conflict with other countries
 Internal Conflict in Syria
 Economic situation
 Suggestion/Solution

3. Neighbour countries : Turkey is in the
north, Iraq is in the east and southeast,
Jordan is in the south, and Lebanon and
Israel are in the southwest.
Syria is located in the Middle East
Syria became independent on 17 April
1946
Geography
National Name: Al-Jumhouriya Al-
Arabya As-Souriya
Capital : Damascus
Population : 27,569,000
Official Language: Arabic
Total area: 185,180 km²
President: Bashar al-Assad,
assisted by
Prime Minister: Hussein Arnous
Currency: Syrian Pound (SYP)
Jordan
Turkey
Lebanon and
Mediterranean
Sea
Syria Iraq

4. MAP

5. Major Ethnic Groups in Syria
Syrian Arabs
Kurds
Assyrians
Turkmen/Turkoman
80-85%
8-9 %
3-4%
1-2%
4-5%
Armenians

6. Syria is home to one of the oldest civilizations in the world, with a rich artistic and cultural
heritage. From its ancient roots to its recent political instability and the Syrian Civil War, the
country has a complex and, at times, tumultuous history.
Ancient Syria
The oldest human remains found in Syria date back to roughly 700,000 years ago. Archeologists
have uncovered skeletons and bones of Neanderthals that lived in the region during this period.
Ebla, a city in Syria that’s thought to have existed around 3,000 B.C., is one of the oldest
settlements to be excavated.
Throughout ancient times, Syria was occupied and ruled by several empires, including the
Egyptians, Hittites, Sumerians, Mitanni, Assyrians, Babylonians, Canaanites, Phoenicians,
Arameans, Amorites, Persians, Greeks and Romans.
Ancient Syria was a region referred to often in the Bible. In one well-known account, the apostle
Paul cited the “road to Damascus”—the largest city in Syria—as the place where he had visions
that led to his Christian.
When the Roman Empire fell, Syria became part of the Eastern or Byzantine Empire.
In 637 A.D., Muslim armies defeated the Byzantine Empire and took control of Syria. The Islamic
religion spread quickly throughout the region, and its different factions rose to power.
Background

7. Damascus eventually became the capital of the Islamic world, but was replaced by Baghdad in Iraq
around 750 A.D. This change led to economic decline in Syria, and for the next several centuries,
the region became unstable and was ruled by various groups.
In 1516, the Ottoman Empire conquered Syria and remained in power until 1918. This was
considered a relatively peaceful and stable period in Syria’s history.
The Sykes-Picot Agreement
During World War I, French and British diplomats secretly agreed to divide the Ottoman Empire
into zones, as part of the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916.
Under the Sykes-Picot Agreement, most Arab lands under the rule of the Ottoman Empire were
divided into British or French spheres of influence with the conclusion of World War I.
British and Arab troops captured Damascus and Aleppo in 1918, and the French took control of
modern-day Syria and Lebanon in 1920. These arrangements put an end to roughly 400 years of
Ottoman rule in the region.
The French reign led to uprisings and revolts among the people in Syria. From 1925 to 1927,
Syrians united against the French occupation in what’s now known as the Great Syrian Revolt.
In 1936, France and Syria negotiated a treaty of independence, which allowed Syria to remain
independent but gave France military and economic power.
During World War II, British and Free French troops occupied Syria—but shortly after the war
ended, Syria officially became an independent country in 1946.

8. The years immediately following Syria’s declared independence were
marked by instability and repeated government coups.
Syria joined with Egypt and became the United Arab Republic in 1958, but
the union split a few short years later in 1961. The 1960s brought more
military coups, revolts and riots.
In 1963, the Arab Socialist Baath Party, which was active throughout the
Middle East since the late 1940s, seized power of Syria in a coup known as
the Baath Revolution.
In 1967, during the Six Day War, Israel seized the Golan Heights, a rocky
plateau located in southwestern Syria. Conflict over this coveted area
continued for years and is still ongoing.
Syria as an Independent Nation

9. Political Situation in syria
• Republic in name, authoritarian in substance, Syria is
amicrocosm of overall Middle Eastern governance
style
• Heavy dominance of armed forces and security
agencies in policy formulation and implementation.
• These institutions have over representation of Alawi
Shias who are only 12% of population.
• Limited powers of 250 members strong uni-chamber
legislature, elected by universal suffrage of 18 years
• Centralized governance structure with one party rule
although 08 parties are represented in National
AlliancE
• Freedom of expression if you do not speak against the
government.

13. In 1970, Hafez al-Assad, the Syrian minister of defense, overthrew the de facto leader of Syria,
Salah Jadid. He remained in power as president for 30 years, until his death in 2000.
Hafez al-Assad was part of the Islam Alawite, which is a minority Shiite sect. During his
presidency, Hafez was credited with strengthening the Syrian military with the help of the
Soviets.
Syria and Egypt went to war with Israel in 1973. Shortly after this conflict, Syria also got involved
in the civil war in Lebanon, where it has maintained a military presence ever since.
In 1982, the Muslim Brotherhood organized a rebellion against the Assad regime in the city of
Hama, and Assad responded by arresting, torturing and executing political rebels. Estimates
vary, but many experts believe the retaliation took the lives of about 20,000 civilians.
The same year, Israel invaded Lebanon and attacked the Syrian army stationed there. But by
1983, Israel and Lebanon announced that the hostility between the two countries was over.
Toward the end of his life, Hafez attempted to make more peaceful relations with Israel and
Iraq.
When Hafez al-Assad died in 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad became president at age 34. At the
start of his presidency, Bashar al-Assad released 600 political prisoners, and Syrians were
hopeful that their new leader would grant more freedoms and impose less oppression than his
father. However, within a year, Bashar used threats and arrests to stop pro-reform activism.
Hafez al-Assad

14. • Halqi served as director of primary health care in Jasim from 1997 to
2000 and was secretary of the Daraa branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath
Party from 2000 to 2004.
• He served as the director of health in Daraa, and in 2010, was
appointed head of Syria's doctors.
• He was appointed as Prime Minister of Syria on 9 August 2012 by
President Bashar Assad, after his predecessor Riyad Farid Hijab fled to
Jordan and declared his allegiance to the Syrian opposition.
• Dr Wael al Halqi took many efforts in fighting terrorism during his
premiership. He is titled as The Chief of Fighting Terrorism
Government in Syria.
Wael Nader-al-Hlqi

15. • On 7 May 2012, al-Laham was elected as a representative of
Damascus.
• On 24 May 2012, al-Laham was elected as Speaker of Parliament.
• He received 225 votes out of 250 And His selection was one of the
first acts of the new Parliament of Syria.[
• He is a member of the Ba'ath Party of Syria. Upon his election as
Speaker, al-Laham stated that "Syria is passing through a stage that
requires every individual to exert his efforts" and that "the
Assembly should be a mirror that reflects the reality of all Syrians
and meet their aspirations."
Mohammed jihad-al-laham

16.  Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War refers to political,
military and operational support to parties involved in the
ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011, as well as
active foreign involvement. Most parties involved in the war in
Syria receive various types of support from foreign countries
and entities based outside Syria.
Relationship with other countries

19. 40 YEARS OF DICTATORIAL RULE
• For forty years the Assad Family and a handfulof elites ruled syria as a
secular state.
• They ruled syria with the only political party"The Ba'ath" party from
Alwite sect of Shiamulism group.
• In 1963, Hafez Al Assad imposed state ofemergency. This allowed
secret police called "The Mukhabarat" to arrest anyone. Jails werefilled
with political prisoners until 2011.
History of War

20. • In early 2011, Arab spring demonstrations wereerupted. Some teengers
were arrested in Daar.
• In reaction, unarmed protestors came out onstreet for the release of
those teenage boys.
• Assad's forces reacted violently and killeddozens.
• Words spread and people began to organisedemonstration across the
country.
• Assad blamed foreign conspirators and called it "Terrorists are at loose
on the streets"
• He later fired governor of Daraa andalong with some cabinet members
andmade some changes in his cabinet.
•The Ba'ath party also allowed newparties to run in
parliamentaryelections on the condition tgat Ba'athwould choose
candidates for them.-Assad ended stated of emergency inSyria but
ironically on the next day hebrought more strict laws inreplacement..
This infuriated public again andthousands of people gathered in theclock
tower of HomsAt dawn on 18th april, Security forcesstormed the square,
killed dozenswhich became a tipping point of thecivil war.
•Homs became the capital of revolution.
2011 ARAB SPRING DEMONSTRATIONS

21. • Pro assad militia called "Shabiha" started to gettraction. In response,
peaceful demonstration turnedviolent.
• Some soldiers refused to fire on protestors andsyrian armed forces
divided into two factions:
• 1. Syrian Arab Army: Assad force
• 2. Free Syrian Army: Defected Soldiers.
• Hindered of different brigades rise up and actingindividually to protect
its area from assad regime.
• Gradually more soldiers defected created more gainsfor FSA.
SPLIT IN SYRIAN FORCES

22. • Assad's forces retreated from some areas so thelocal committees
liberated from assad's forcesevolved into local councils.
• For the first time in generations, syrians electedtheir leaders. They
coordinated with civil societyand activists in exile and formed
"THENATIONAL COALITION OF REVOLUTIONARYAND OPPOSITION
FORCES" know as the "ETILAF.
• They intended to form an interim governmentafter the assad regime
was removed.
ETILAF

23. 2011: Protests turn to armed conflict.
2012: A full-fledged war.
2013: Medical needs increase
2014: Deadly clashes intensify
2015: A massive displacement crisis
2016: Cities besieged
2017: A deadly race for territory
2018: Waves of displacement
2019: Military operations in the North
2020: Military offensive, economic crisis, and a global pandemic
March 2021: The humanitarian catastrophe continues.

24. According to the World Bank :
The Syrian economy has shrunk by more than 60 percent since
2010, and the Syrian pound has crashed. Pre-war, the Syrian
pound traded near 50 SYP to the dollar. As of January 2021, it
was formally trading at over 1,250 SYP and informally at over
3,000 SYP. This equates to a 300 percent inflation rate increase
on consumer goods Syria’s economic crisis is not entirely due to
its own economic malpractice and corruption in the system. In
fact, the ongoing Lebanese cash crisis has accelerated Syria’s
economic collapse. After years of anti-government protests,
political and financial mismanagement and corruption, and a
banking crisis caused by spiraling debt, Lebanese banks trapped
Syrian cash.
Economic issues of Syria
https://www.pexels.com/@mikebirdy

25. The devastation to the Syrian economy from 10 years of violence cannot
be underestimated. Targeted attacks on civilians and civilian
infrastructure, including attacks on markets, hospitals, and schools in
rural and urban areas, have led to estimates of more than 400,000
civilians killed and half of the pre-war population displaced internally or
as refugees in the region of Europe. Destruction of essential
infrastructure and loss of life coupled with years of economic
negligence have left the syrian economy tatters .
STABILIZATION COST: US$1.4 BILLION IN
2011 TO 2022 :
https://www.pexels.com/@mikebirdy

26.  The Syrian economy under Bashar al-Assad before 2011 The decade following the arrival in power of Bashar al-
Assad and the subsequent accelerated liberalization of the economy was marked by an unstable regional political
context. This included primarily the US- and UK-led 2003 war and occupation of Iraq, a subsequent influx of
between 1 and 1.5 million refugees into Syria and Syria’s military withdrawal from Lebanon in 2005. At the same
time, Syria faced rapid demographic growth,4 declining oil production as ever drought between 2007 and 2009.
 In 2020, the Lebanese central banking authorities put restrictions on the amounts of hard cash and cash transfers
individuals and businesses could take out or process. This put enormous strain on the failing Syrian government’s
economic policy and the private sector, which for decades has been linked to Lebanese financial institutions. While
not explicitly linked, the run on Lebanese banks in 2020 led to a 200 percent increase in the inflation rate of the
Syrian pound. More importantly, the lack of cash in Lebanon resulted in the Syrian government having to navigate a
drastically reduced available national budget to continue subsidizing the economy.
Causes of Ecnomical Issues :

27.  A secondary impact of the collapsing Syrian pound and cash crisis was the pinch on employment. Even pre-war, the
Syrian employment outlook was less than rosy, with 8.6 percent of Syrians out of work and 20.4 percent of youth
unemployed. Additionally, the war completely gutted the Syrian middle class, which comprised 60 percent of Syria’s
population in pre-war years but represents just 10 to 15 percent today
 The Covid-19 pandemic is only accelerating the decimation of the informal work sector in Syria, particularly in the
hard-hit northwest. Due to this economic collapse, sanctions regimes, and a limited national budget to subsidize
commodities such as bread and fuel, displaced families and other vulnerable households are caught in the middle of a
financial crisis caused by a rapidly depreciating currency and lack of available jobs .
Causes of Ecnomical Issues :

28. Simulation Model: Fiscal Impact of the Conflict

29. Syria has a mixed economy in which there is limited private
freedom but the economy remains highly controlled by the
government. Syria is a member of the League of Arab States
(Arab League)
Economic Problems of Syria and their
Solution
https://www.pexels.com/@mikebirdy

30. Internal conflict in Syria
 Bashar al Assad is ruling in Syria from 2000.
Geopolitically, Syria is an important state in
Arab region .
 So when the crisis started in syria, interested
states intervene to serve their interest
 The syria or the civil war in syria mainly the
conflict between government loyalist forces vs
free syrian army(asad groups vs rebellion
group)

31. The rebellion group are including al qaeda( al
nusra front), talibans, fatah al islam, zunut al
islam, hijbut tahrir, islamic fighting group in
lybia and so on.
Assad group is the government loyalist forces.
Revolutionary guard force of Iran joint to fight
against rebellions.
Syria crisis has made the whole state unstable.
Million of people lost their life, half of them
are civilian.
People are being forced to leave their place.
Civilians are struggling to survive.
Almost 4 millions people have become
refugees.
Prisoners are getting free from prison to fight.

32. Nine sunni militant organizations joined the
rebellion group. They have different objective
1. Repulse Bashar al assad
2. Create Islam khilafat
3. Serve western interest.
The rebellion forces got possession on Turkish
border area, Israeli border area and near
Kurdistan. On the other hand loyalist forces are
possessing Aleppo, idlib, Hama, Homs.

34. A Quote
“Those who want to reap the
benefits of this great nation
must bear the fatigue of
supporting it..”
~ Thomas Paine

35. “For your attention”
THANK
YOU