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The persuasive speech
- 1. THE PERSUASIVETHE PERSUASIVE SPEECHSPEECH “Wordscreate ripples, and ripples can come together to make waves.” –Michael Osborn
- 2. The Definition ofthe PersuasiveThe Definition of the Persuasive SpeechSpeech The art of gaining fair and favorable consideration for your point of view.
- 3. Eight Purposes ofPersuasiveEight Purposes of Persuasive Speeches:Speeches: 1. To urge a choice among options. 2. Persuaders act as advocates for a cause or point of view. 3. To use supporting materials as evidence that justified advice. 4. Persuaded listeners become
- 4. Eight Purposes ofPersuasiveEight Purposes of Persuasive Speeches:Speeches: 5. Asks for audience commitment to a cause 6. Establishes character and commitment of speaker through leadership 7. Makes appeals to feelings 8. Makes us confront our obligation to believe and act in socially and
- 5. Harmful forms ofpersuasion:Harmful forms of persuasion: Argumentative persuasion Evil speakers can twist evidence and disguise bad reasoning “The relation of the Jews to prostitution and, even more, to the white-slave traffic, could be studied in Vienna…When thus for the first time I recognized the Jew as the cold- hearted, shameless, and calculating director of this revolting vice traffic in the scum of the big city, a cold shudder ran down my back.” –Adolph Hitler
- 6. Harmful forms ofpersuasion:Harmful forms of persuasion: Manipulative persuasion Works by suggestion, colorful images, appealing music, and attractive spokespersons
- 7. What is manipulativeabout theseWhat is manipulative about these images?images?
- 8. Types of Evidenceto use inTypes of Evidence to use in Persuasive Speeches:Persuasive Speeches: Facts, figures, statistics Use examples from“real life” Narratives—make your audience witness to a living drama
- 9. Types of Evidenceto use inTypes of Evidence to use in Persuasive Speeches:Persuasive Speeches: Use Expert Testimony/Witnesses When you quote others, you are associating yourself with them, so be careful whom you choose! Reluctant witnesses are those who testify against their apparent self- interest and so are often more powerful (such as Democratic critics of a Democratic president).
- 10. Evidence Example:Evidence Example: “Iknow a child—well, she must be 13 now—I’d bettercall her a young woman…She has memories. She has hopes. And she has juvenile diabetes. Like so many kids with this disease, she has adjusted amazingly well. The insulin pump she wears—she’s decorated hers with rhinestones. She can insert herown catheterneedle. She has learned to sleep through the blood drawings in the wee hours of the morning. She’s very brave. She is also quite bright and understands full well the progress of herdisease and what the might ultimately mean: blindness, amputation, diabetic coma. Every day, she fights to have a future. What excuse will we offerthis young woman should we fail her now? What might we tell…the millions of others who suffer? That when given an opportunity to help, we turned away? That facing political opposition, we lost ournerve? That even though we knew better, we did nothing?” -Ron Reagan at the 2004 Democratic Convention urging delegates to support embryonic stem cell research
- 11. Evidence Example:Evidence Example: “It’sa cold, icy Decemberafternoon. You heara distant crash, then screams, and finally the unending moan of a carhorn fills the silence. You rush the short distance to the scene of the crash, where you find an SUV overturned with a young woman and two small boys inside. The woman and one of the boys climb fromthe wreckage unhurt; the otherboy, however, is pinned between the dashboard and the roof of the car, unconscious and not breathing. Would you know what to do? Orwould you stand there wishing you did? These events are real. Bob Flath saved this child with the skills he acquired at his company’s first aid workshop.” -Kirsten Lientz, urging students to take a first aid course offered at her university
- 12. Develop a Proof(an argument):Develop a Proof (an argument): Aristotle believed there were three forms of proof: Pathos: appeals to personal feelings such as fear, pity, and anger Ethos: audiences respond to the speaker’s competence, character, goodwill, and dynamism and the credibility of the evidence Logos: appeals to reason (logical arguments)
- 13. Develop a Proof(an argument):Develop a Proof (an argument): Scholars today believe that there is one final element to the proof: Mythos: appeals to the traditions and values of your culture, legends, and folktales
- 14. Examples of Logosand Ethos:Examples of Logos and Ethos: "Cigarette smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, 69 of which are known to cause cancer." –American Lung Association “Lady Gaga was more popular than Justin Bieber in 2011 because Gaga's fan pages collected ten million more Facebook fans than Bieber's.”-Facebook
- 15. Examples of Logosand Ethos:Examples of Logos and Ethos: "Cigarette smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, 69 of which are known to cause cancer." –American Lung Association “Lady Gaga was more popular than Justin Bieber in 2011 because Gaga's fan pages collected ten million more Facebook fans than Bieber's.”-Facebook
- 16. Example of Pathos:Exampleof Pathos: "Mo m , the re is cle ar e vide nce that ce llpho ne s save live s in e m e rg e ncy situatio ns. “
- 17. Logos: The heartof anLogos: The heart of an argumentargument Reason froma principle that you believe everyone in your audience accepts (such as “Freedom of
- 18. Logos: The heartof anLogos: The heart of an argumentargument Reason fromreality using statistics, comparisions, and even scientific data (Science is a god-term---a key word to give your data
- 19. Logos: The heartof anLogos: The heart of an argumentargument Reason with parallel cases which are used to frame an unfamiliar concept in something more familiar
- 20. Constructing an ArgumentConstructingan Argument Create an Awareness of the problem/issue First, make sure that the audience knows that the issue exists Make a case for the problem/issue is an important
- 21. Constructing an ArgumentConstructingan Argument Create an understanding of the issue/problem Use data and statistics to illustrate the problem/issue Use testimony, stories, examples to connect with your audience (Logos, Pathos, Ethos, Mythos) You can also respectfully address the “other side” of the issue/problem
- 22. Constructing an ArgumentConstructingan Argument Offera solution/plan/action that would address the issue orsolve the problem: If you have offered a valid argument, the audience may accept your position and be ready to act.
- 23. Constructing an ArgumentConstructingan Argument Enactment: Get them to act on what you say or the argument you presented Have them sign a petition, raise their hands, voice
- 24. Very Controversial Topics/VeryControversial Topics/ Difficult audiences:Difficult audiences: Set modest goals (you may not change anyone’s mind), such as asking only for a fair hearing from the audience. Give a multi-sided presentation Acknowledge the arguments on the other side Show respect at all times forthe
- 25. Example of Multi-Sided:Exampleof Multi-Sided: “I know that many of you may not like to hear what I’m saying, but think about it. If capital punishment does not deter violent crime, if indeed it may encourage more violent crime, isn’t it time we put capital punishment itself on trial? I know that the desire for revenge can be strong. If someone I love had been murdered, I would want the killer’s life in return. I wouldn’t care if capital punishment wasn’t fair. I wouldn’t care that it condones brutality. I would just want an eye for an eye. But that doesn’t mean you should give it to me. It doesn’t mean that society should base its policy on my anger and hatred.”