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This document outlines various methods of persuasion in oral presentations. It discusses building credibility with an audience by establishing competence, character, and trustworthiness. Using evidence such as documents and materials to prove or disprove arguments is also covered. Reasoning techniques like causal, analogical, and avoiding logical fallacies are explained. The document also examines appealing to emotions and generating feelings like fear, compassion, pride and anger. Finally, it provides guidance on special occasion speeches including introductions, presentations, acceptances, and commemorative speeches.
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- 1. METHODS OF PERSUASION By: WijdanAlwidyani
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- 3. Introduction “The day whenyou could yell and scream and beat people into good performance is over. Today you have to appeal to them by helping them see how they can get from here to there, by establishing some credibility, and by giving them some reason and help to get there. Do all those things, and they’ll knock down doors.” 1998) (Johnson,
- 4. Introduction What are theoral presentation objectives ? Why do you want to persuade your audience? Why are we discussing this issue? How can you do so? (4 steps)
- 5. I. Building Credibility(Ethos) Credibility is how people consider a speaker as being qualified to speak on a given topic.
- 6. I. Building Credibility(Ethos) Factors : I. Competence : expert, knowledgeable, intelligent II. Character : sincere, trustworthy, concerned Types : I. Initial : before speech II. Derived : during the speech III.Terminal : at the end
- 7. (I. Building Credibility(Ethos How to enhance it
- 8. II. Using evidence Evidence: Support yourspeech with documents and materials to prove or disprove something
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- 10. III. Reasoning Reasoning : drawing a conclusion onthe basis of evidence
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- 12. III. Reasoning Fromspecific instances Guidelines 1.Avoid hasty generalization 2.Be careful with wording 3.Use statistics
- 13. III. Reasoning Fromprinciple ?What dose it mean
- 14. III. Reasoning Causal Seeksto establish the relationship between causes and effects Errors to avoid: I. The fallacy of false cause II. Assuming that events have only one cause False cause: An error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of another
- 15. III. Reasoning Analogical Analogicalreasoning: Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first is also true for the other Invalid analogy: An analogy in which the two cases been compared are not essentially alike
- 16. Fallacies Fallacy is: anerror in reasoning There are 5 types Bandwago n Slippery Slope • Assumes that because something is popular, it’s therefore good, correct or desirable (Peer Pressure) • Assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented (The Camel's Nose)
- 17. ( Emotional Appeals(Pathos Some of these emotions are: Fear: economic hardship, illness Compassion: for the physically disabled, neglected animals Pride: in country, in family Anger: at terrorists, at landlords Guilt: about not helping people less fortunate than ourselves Reverence: for an admired person
- 18. ( Emotional Appeals(Pathos How to generate them? Use emotional words : (the promise of America sparkles in the eyes of every child) Develop vivid examples : (Nathan was only five years old when the fever struck him) Speak with sincerity and conviction : (not only words, but also tone of voice, rate of speech, gestures, facial expressions) Emotional appeal should be guided by a firm ethical rudder in seeking immediate action and should never be substituted by evidence and reasoning
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- 20. I. Speeches ofIntroduction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Definition: it is a speech that introduces a speaker to the audience. Guidelines: Be brief Accuracy of remarks Adapted to the occasion Adapted to the speaker Adapted to the audience Create sense of drama
- 21. II. Speeches ofPresentation Definition: it is a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, a medal or some other form of public recognition Characteristics: Brief, (4-5 min) in length Purpose: to tell the audience why the recipient received the award Matters to be discussed: (the award, the losers)
- 22. III. Speeches ofAcceptance Definition: a speech that gives thanks to a gift, an award, or other form of public recognition. Characteristics: brevity, humility, and graciousness Purpose: to give thanks for a gift Matters to be discussed: people who are bestowing the award, people who helped you
- 23. IV. Commemorative Speeches Definition:they are the speeches of praise or celebration Examples: Forth of July Purpose: to pay tribute to/inspire a person, group of people, an institution, or an idea Matters to be discussed: information about the subject, why the subject is praiseworthy, examples and statistics to illustrate the achievement of the subject.
- 24. References Lucas, 2009: Theart of public speaking (10th edit.) http://www.egs.edu/library/ferdinand-de-saussure/biography/ http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/red-herring.html http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/ad-hominem.html http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~shagin/logfal-pbc-eitheror.htm http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/bandwagon.html http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/slippery-slope.html http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Independence-Day.shtml
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