The document summarizes the key causes of the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763, taxation acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, and events like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. These events increased tensions between the colonists and British and ultimately led the colonists to declare independence and start the Revolutionary War.

1. The Age of Revolutions

2. Causes of the American Revolution!

3. French and Indian War
 The French and Indian War was a
war between Britain and French.
The Native fought on both sides,
but more fought for France than
Britain.
 Cause: The British and French both
wanted the land in the Ohio River
Valley, but for different reasons.
They went to war.
 Effect: The British took control over
land originally claimed by France.
 Effect: War put Britain in debt.

4. Proclamation of 1763
 The Proclamation of 1763 was a
law prohibiting the colonists to
move west of the Appalachian
Mountains.
 Cause: England was still in debt
from the French and Indian War
and didn’t want to start another
war.
 Effect: Colonists became angry
and moved west anyway
because owning land was
important (you needed it to
vote).
King George

5. The Quartering Act: 1765
The Quartering Act (passed by British Parliament) ordered
colonists to provide “quarters” for British soldiers. This meant
that the colonists had to allow soldiers to stay in their homes
and provide them with food, fuel, candles and transportation.
Cause: British government left soldiers behind to protect the
colonists from the Native Americans or French settlers in
Florida. They thought the colonists should help pay for this
army.
Effect: The colonists were angry about the Quartering Act.
They didn’t want to pay for the troops and many colonists
treated them badly.

6. Stamp Act
 The Stamp Act was a tax on
every sheet of every legal
document.
 Cause: Britain needed money
because they were in debt from
the war so they taxed the
colonists.
 Effect: The colonists boycotted
British goods. Effect: They also
organized the Sons of Liberty
and the Daughters of Liberty.

7. Townshend Acts
 The Townshend Acts used all the
money collected for imported
goods to pay the salaries of
British soldiers. The Townshend
Acts also caused a tax for glass,
lead, paint, paper, and tea.
 Cause: Britain still needed money,
but they needed a way to tax the
colonies “without offense.”
 Effect: The colonists boycotted
British goods again.
 Effect: Once again angered the
colonists.

8. Boston Massacre
 The Boston Massacre was a clash between
British troops and a group of colonists in which
five colonists were killed.
 Cause: Colonists were still angry about previous
events, particularly the Quartering Act.
Relations were poor between the soldiers and
colonists.
 Effect: Colonists started throwing snowballs at
the soldiers and called them names. Shots
were fired and five colonists were killed.


9. Tea Act  The Tea Act was a tax on all
imported tea from Britain.
 Cause: The colonists boycott
against British goods had
hurt their trade, so the
British repealed the
Townshend Acts after the
Boston Massacre.
Parliament only kept the tea
tax.
 Effect: The Sons of Liberty
organized a protest against
the Tea Act known as the
Boston Tea Party.

10. Boston Tea Party
 The Boston Tea Party was a protest organized
by the colonists against the British. All the
colonists dressed up as Indians and snuck on-
board the British ships in the harbor. Then
they threw all the tea on the ships into Boston
Harbor.
 Cause: The colonists were upset by the Tea
Act.
 Effect: The Intolerable Acts were passed to
keep the colonists under control.

11. Intolerable Acts
 The Intolerable Acts were four strict laws that gave the British a sense of more control over the
colonies. First of all, they closed down the port of Boston until the colonists paid for all of the tea
they threw into Boston Harbor. Second, they forbade any meetings without the governor’s
permission. Next, they made the colonists house and feed British troops. Finally, instead of British
officials being tried for crimes in the colonies, they would be tried in Britain. Also, King George the
third appointed General Thomas Gage the new governor of
Massachusetts.
 Cause: The Boston Tea
Party.
 Effect: The colonists started
the Revolutionary War.

12. The French Revolution

13. • Absolute monarchs didn’t
share power with a counsel
or parliament
• “Divine Right of Kings”
Absolutism
King James I of England

14. The Seigneurial System
• Feudal method of land
ownership and
organization
• Peasant labor
Receiving a seigneurial grant

15. • Ruled from 1643–1715
• Reduced the power of
the nobility
• Fought four wars
• Greatly increased
France’s national debt
Louis XIV

16. • Louis XV
• War fought in Europe, India, North America
• France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions
• Increases French national debt
The Seven Years’ War
Louis XV French and
English
troops fight
at the
battle of
Fort St.
Philip on
the island
of Minorca

17. • First Estate: clergy
• Second Estate:
nobility
• Third Estate: the rest
of society
• The Estates General
The Three Estates
Cartoon depicting the three Estates

19. • Taxation
• Crop failures
The Third Estate

20. • New ideas
about
society and
government
• The social
contract
The Enlightenment
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

21. • France supported the colonists
against Great Britain
• Revolutionary ideals
The American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette

22. • Jacques Necker
• Tax on property
• Calling of the Estates
General
Financial Crisis
Finance Minister Jacques Necker

23. • One vote per
estate
• Clergy and
nobility usually
joined together to
outvote the Third
Estate
• Met in Versailles
in May 1789
• Voting
controversy
The Estates General
A meeting of the Estates General

24. • The Third Estate
took action and
established its own
government
• On June 17, 1789,
the National
Assembly was
formed
The National Assembly

25. • Louis XVI
ordered the
Third Estate
locked out of
the National
Assembly’s
meeting hall
• The Tennis
Court Oath
• The king
reverses his
position
Artist Jacques Louis David’s depiction of the Tennis Court Oath
Confrontation With the King

26. • Rioting in Paris in
early July
• Firing of Necker
• July 14th: a mob
storms and takes
the Bastille
Storming of the Bastille

27. • Rebellion spreads
• Peasants destroy
the countryside
• End of feudal
privileges
The Great Fear

28. • Adopted by National
Assembly on August 27th
• Enlightenment ideals
• Outlined basic freedoms
held by all
• Asserted the sovereignty of
the people
• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen

29. • Lower classes still
unsatisfied
• Thousands of
starving women
and peasants
march on
Versailles
• Louis forced to
return to Paris
The March of Women

30. • Financial crisis
• National
Assembly
confiscates and
sells off church
lands
• Church also
secularized,
reorganized
• Clergy oath of
loyalty
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands

31. • Émigrés
• Louis XVI and his
family attempted to
flee France
• They were arrested at
Varennes
Flight of the King
The capture of Louis XVI at Varennes

32. • Declaration of
Pillnitz
• Possible foreign
intervention
Reaction from Other Countries

33. New Constitution
• Constitutional
monarchy
• New Legislative
Assembly
• Sans-culottes
Painting depicting the 1791 constitution

34. • Paris mob
stormed
Tuileries
• Louis and
family seek
aid of
Legislative
Assembly
• Arrested and
deposed
The Radicals Take Over
Paris crowds storm the Tuileries

35. • First met on
September 21, 1792
• Revolutionary
Calendar
• Monarchy
abolished; France
officially becomes a
republic
• Factions: Jacobins
vs. Girondins
The National Convention
A Jacobin club

36. Jean-Paul Marat
Georges Danton
Leaders in the
National Convention

37. • Lawyer
• Radical Jacobin
• Most controversial figure
of the French Revolution
Robespierre

38. The Guillotine
• Dr. Joseph Guillotin
• Intended as a more
humane method of
execution
• Thousands guillotined
during the French
Revolution

39. • On January 17, 1793,
Louis XVI was
convicted of treason
• He went to the
guillotine four days
later on January 21,
1793
Execution of the King

40. • Created to cease
an internal
rebellion in 1793
• Given dictatorial
power
• Ruled France for
nearly a year
The Committee of Public Safety
A citizen petitions the Committee of Public Safety

41. • July 1793–July
1794
• Executions
• Death of
Robespierre
The Reign of Terror
The execution of Marie Antoinette

42. • Robespierre overthrown
on 9 Thermidor
• Committee of Public
Safety dismantled
• Jacobin clubs disbanded
• New constitution
adopted in August 1795
• Executive branch known
as the Directory
The Thermidorean Reaction
9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention

43. • Promoted middle class
interests
• Financial crisis
• Food shortages
• Riots in Paris
• Rise of Napoleon
The Directory
Cartoon
depicting the
errors and bad
judgment of
the Directory

44. Legacies of the
French Revolution
• End of absolutism
• Power of nobles ended
• Peasants became landowners
• Nationalism
• Enlightenment ideals

45. Latin American Revolutions
• Through imperialism, the Spanish had
established colonies throughout the
Americas
• Established the Encomienda system to
force the native population to work for
them
• The Spanish became incredibly wealthy
through mercantilism, benefiting from the
riches of their colonies in South and
Mesoamerica
Imperialism-
domination of one
country of the
political, economic, or
cultural life of another
country or region
Mercantilism-
policy by which a
nation sought to
export more than it
imported in order to
build its supply of gold
and silver

46. Latin America- Mexico, Central America,
and South America

47. Discontent
• The people of Latin America were frustrated with the social, racial and
political system they were forced under for the past 300 years.
• The peninsulares controlled society while the natives were forced into
slavery through the Encomienda system
• Enlightenment ideas reached
Latin America through educated
creoles who read the writings of
Enlightenment thinkers and
became inspired by the
successes of the American and
French Revolutions

48. Catalyst for Change
• The people of Spanish-controlled Latin
America saw the opportunity for rebellion
when Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808
• Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of
Spain, and Latin American leaders saw
that as a sign of Spain’s weakness.
• With Spain preoccupied with the French,
the opportunity for them to demand
independence from colonial rule had
arrived.

49. Haiti’s Revolution
• Haiti was a profitable sugar colony for the
French in the 1700s that relied on slavery
• Toussaint L’Ouverture, a self-educated
former slave, helped lead a rebellion
against the French forces and the enslaved
Haitians were set free in 1789 —but Haiti was
still a French colony
• In 1802 Napoleon sent troops to try to regain
control of the colony, and this time L’Ouverture
fought for full independence, but he was
caught and shipped to France as a prisoner,
where he died before Haiti became fully free in
1804

50. Mexico
• In Mexico, a creole priest named Miguel
Hidalgo began a campaign to gain freedom
from Spanish rule
• He inspired a ragged army of mestizos and
Native Americans to march to Mexico City.
They demanded freedom, an end to slavery
and better living conditions for natives
• However, the creoles soon felt threatened
that their way of life would be jeopardized
by major social reforms
• Hidalgo was captured and executed less
than a year after the revolution started
• Calls for reform continued until the Natives overthrew Spanish rule in
the 1820s, though life did not change much for the Mexicans

51. South America
• An educated creole, Simon Bolivar, was inspired by
the French and American revolutions. In 1810 he
led an uprising in Venezuela. He was easily
crushed.
• However, Bolivar created a daring plan to cross the
Andes and attack the Spanish at Bogota (Columbia).
He won, and earned the nickname “The Liberator”.
• After his success in Columbia Simon Bolivar moved
south into Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
• He joined forces with Jose de San Martin, another
creole general, and together they defeated the
Spanish throughout South America.

52. South American Failure
• After the wars of independence were
over, Bolivar attempted to unite South
America into one nation: Gran
Colombia
• However, bitter rivalries made that
impossible, and Gran Colombia split
into various different countries
• Power struggles among rival leaders led
to destructive civil wars, and the wars
for independence left the people of
South America with limited resources
• It would take decades for the nations of
South America to create stable
governments