Practical Tools for Empathy, Kindness and Assertiveness.
On the whole, we experience our greatest joys and sorrows in our relationships. Supported by both Buddhism and Western psychology, the keys to healthy relationships include empathy, compassion, and kindness. These states of mind are based on underlying states of your brain. The emerging integration of modern neuroscience and ancient contemplative wisdom offers increasingly skillful means for activating those brain states – and thus for cultivating an open and caring heart, and more fulfilling relationships.
New science is showing how mental activity sculpts neural structure. Using the power of self-directed neuroplasticity, you can target, stimulate, and thus gradually strengthen the neural substrates of well-being.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Definitions of ecstasy, consequences of modern ecstasy deprivation, connection between ecstasy and wisdom, introduction to a spiritual practice based on ancient human art which balances our brain hemispheres, quickens our neurology, releases endorphins, expands imagination and creativity and integrates the bodymind. Good medicine for our modern malaise.
New science is showing how mental activity sculpts neural structure. Using the power of self-directed neuroplasticity, you can target, stimulate, and thus gradually strengthen the neural substrates of well-being.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Definitions of ecstasy, consequences of modern ecstasy deprivation, connection between ecstasy and wisdom, introduction to a spiritual practice based on ancient human art which balances our brain hemispheres, quickens our neurology, releases endorphins, expands imagination and creativity and integrates the bodymind. Good medicine for our modern malaise.
A prayer (In loving Memory of our dear friend Prakash Tanksale…www.slideshar...Anny_b
In loving Memory of our dear friend Prakash Tanksale…
http://www.slideshare.net/tanksons
He will be missed but not forgotten...
Thank you for all you did for all of us.
Thank you for being a part of our lives.
I was very lucky to collaborate with him in two power point presentations
’The-Bulls-Part-2’ and ’A prayer’, I’ll upload this presentations here at SS community, in loving memory of our dear friend. I am very grateful for his time, patience and encouraging words, always here to motivate, inspire others. He shared with all of us his wisdom and knowledge. He will remain in our hearts, prayers and minds always.
My sincere condolences and prayers to Prankash Tanksale’s family.
Here is comment posted by Prakash Tanksale, september 29, 2008 in his blog,
http://focusonetodigest.blogspot.com/ about this presentation 'A Prayer'
Emotional attachment - Buddhism & Business, emtions, ethics and suffering. Extract from Opportunity, Strategy & Entreprneurship: A Meta-Theory, Volume 1, New York, Nova Scientific.
Paper Tiger Paranoia - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
How the brain’s “negativity bias” makes clients overestimate threats, underestimate opportunities, and underestimate inner and outer resources, leading to anxiety, anger, depression, and conflicts with others – and how to help clients overcome that bias, see the good facts about the others, the world, and themselves, and build resilience for happiness, healthy relationships, and occupational success.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
An overview of the horse-human bond through the ages; the progression to horses helping people psychologically and emotionally; developing respectful relationships with other species; my approach to equine facilitated practice, and the background to my book, 'The Horse Leads the Way'.
Young children and animals are open to feelings of joy, and are known to literally jump for joy, but it is rare to see a mature or older person feel and act that way. In this presentation, I explore how we can regain our natural ability to feel joy and be joyful, as well as what are the impediments to feeling of joy.
My own personal philosophy to life.
This handbook on how to live freely expresses my own personal views, values and how I deal with my own shortcoming, I am no psychologist nor do I claim to be one, the goal of this handbook is to merely outline the various methods and values that have proven to be highly helpful and effective in achieving and maintaining contentment within my own mind and my day to day life.
Whose Brain Is It, Anyway? Part II - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Talk given at Hampton Boys School, London, England.
* How your brain works
* Why that matters
* What you can do about it
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Taking in the Good: Helping Children Build Inner Strength and HappinessRick Hanson
Scientists believe the brain evolved a "negativity bias" that makes it like Velcro for negative experiences but Teflon for positive ones. This helped our ancestors survive, but it's bad for children (and parents) today - leading them to overreact, hold onto hurts and resentments, and have a harder time developing inner resources. To address this challenge, this presentation will use practical neuroscience to show how to weave positive experiences into the fabric of the brain and the self - including how to pair a positive experience with a negative one to heal old pain.
Rick Hanson gave this public lecture for the Bridging the Hearts and Minds of Youth: Mindfulness in Clinical Practice, Education and Research Conference at the UCSD Center for Mindfulness in February, 2012.
A prayer (In loving Memory of our dear friend Prakash Tanksale…www.slideshar...Anny_b
In loving Memory of our dear friend Prakash Tanksale…
http://www.slideshare.net/tanksons
He will be missed but not forgotten...
Thank you for all you did for all of us.
Thank you for being a part of our lives.
I was very lucky to collaborate with him in two power point presentations
’The-Bulls-Part-2’ and ’A prayer’, I’ll upload this presentations here at SS community, in loving memory of our dear friend. I am very grateful for his time, patience and encouraging words, always here to motivate, inspire others. He shared with all of us his wisdom and knowledge. He will remain in our hearts, prayers and minds always.
My sincere condolences and prayers to Prankash Tanksale’s family.
Here is comment posted by Prakash Tanksale, september 29, 2008 in his blog,
http://focusonetodigest.blogspot.com/ about this presentation 'A Prayer'
Emotional attachment - Buddhism & Business, emtions, ethics and suffering. Extract from Opportunity, Strategy & Entreprneurship: A Meta-Theory, Volume 1, New York, Nova Scientific.
Paper Tiger Paranoia - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
How the brain’s “negativity bias” makes clients overestimate threats, underestimate opportunities, and underestimate inner and outer resources, leading to anxiety, anger, depression, and conflicts with others – and how to help clients overcome that bias, see the good facts about the others, the world, and themselves, and build resilience for happiness, healthy relationships, and occupational success.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
An overview of the horse-human bond through the ages; the progression to horses helping people psychologically and emotionally; developing respectful relationships with other species; my approach to equine facilitated practice, and the background to my book, 'The Horse Leads the Way'.
Young children and animals are open to feelings of joy, and are known to literally jump for joy, but it is rare to see a mature or older person feel and act that way. In this presentation, I explore how we can regain our natural ability to feel joy and be joyful, as well as what are the impediments to feeling of joy.
My own personal philosophy to life.
This handbook on how to live freely expresses my own personal views, values and how I deal with my own shortcoming, I am no psychologist nor do I claim to be one, the goal of this handbook is to merely outline the various methods and values that have proven to be highly helpful and effective in achieving and maintaining contentment within my own mind and my day to day life.
Whose Brain Is It, Anyway? Part II - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Talk given at Hampton Boys School, London, England.
* How your brain works
* Why that matters
* What you can do about it
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Taking in the Good: Helping Children Build Inner Strength and HappinessRick Hanson
Scientists believe the brain evolved a "negativity bias" that makes it like Velcro for negative experiences but Teflon for positive ones. This helped our ancestors survive, but it's bad for children (and parents) today - leading them to overreact, hold onto hurts and resentments, and have a harder time developing inner resources. To address this challenge, this presentation will use practical neuroscience to show how to weave positive experiences into the fabric of the brain and the self - including how to pair a positive experience with a negative one to heal old pain.
Rick Hanson gave this public lecture for the Bridging the Hearts and Minds of Youth: Mindfulness in Clinical Practice, Education and Research Conference at the UCSD Center for Mindfulness in February, 2012.
The Not-Craving Brain: From Greed, Hated and Heartache to Contentment, Peace ...Rick Hanson
An integrated contemplative neuroscience model that can be used in healthy ways, fulfilled and even transcended.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Inner Peace - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Integrate the latest brain science research with the ancient wisdom of contemplative practice. Discover practical methods for improving mindfulness and concentration, calming the heart, weaving positive experiences into your brain and your self, and then bringing these new strengths into your relationships with both kindness and assertiveness.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
The Whole Holy Brain: Activating Integrative Processes in Your Nervous System...Rick Hanson
How you can use your mind to reshape your brain for the better, plus three specific ways to promote integrative processes in your brain.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Mindfulness and Taking in the Good: Using Neuroplasticity to Weave Resources ...Rick Hanson
How the brain evolved a “negativity bias” that continually looks for, reacts to, and stores negative experiences; how this shapes the interior landscape of the mind, leading to pessimism, depressed and anxious mood, and over-reactions; the neural machinery of memory; how to “trick” that machinery into weaving positive experiences into the brain and the self, leading to greater resilience, happiness, and interpersonal effectiveness; applications to particular situations, including healing trauma, cooperation with medical or psychological treatment, and raising or teaching children.
Natural Contentment And Brain Evolution - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
With the power of modern neuroscience, informed by ancient contemplative wisdom, you can use your mind alone to change your brain for the better. Self-directed neuroplasticity involves steadying the mind (key to both worldly success and spiritual practice), cooling the fires of stress reactivity, weaving positive experiences into the fabric of your brain and self, and taking life less personally.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Presented at Spirit Rock Meditation Center - December, 2011.
The biological evolution of awareness and the apparent self; what neuroscience tells us about the distributed and endlessly variable neural nature of the apparent self; the stress, suffering, and interpersonal difficulties that come from “excesses of self”; the importance of healthy self-compassion and self-advocacy; how to heal injuries to self-worth; methods for taking things less personally, relaxing possessiveness, and feeling more at one with all things.
The Loving Brain - Healing and Treating Trauma, Addictions and Related Disord...Rick Hanson
Over millions of years, social abilities – such as bonding, empathy, compassion, language, and cooperative planning – really aided survival. Love, broadly defined, has profoundly shaped the evolution of the human brain.
Introduction to the neuroscience of mindfulness and meditation; brain-wise methods for steadying the mind, quieting it, bringing it to singleness, and concentrating it; an exploration of what could be happening in the brain during the non-ordinary states of consciousness
Pairing Positive and Negative to Fill the Hole in the HeartRick Hanson
Implicit memory systems – including expectations, emotional residues and reactive patterns – are a primary target of therapy. Since they are vulnerable to change during consolidation, the skillful pairing of positive and negative material in awareness can gradually soothe and ultimately replace negative implicit memories. This workshop will explore neuro-savvy methods for doing this, including how to identify the positive material that will best "antidote" old pain or deficits in internalized resources.
Steadying the Mind - Healing and Treating Trauma, Addictions and Related Diso...Rick Hanson
To stay alive in the wild, our ancestors evolved highly distractible attentional systems – which pose real challenges to developing greater mindfulness today. This presentation covers how attention works in your brain, and the implications of normal neurological diversity for the “turtles” and “jackrabbits” at either end of the spectrum.
Managing the Caveman Brain in the 21st CenturyRick Hanson
The human brain evolved in three stages: reptile, mammal, and primate. Each stage has a core motivation: avoid harm, approach reward, and attach to "us." Modern life challenges these ancient neural systems with bombardments of threat messages, the endless stimulation of desire, and social disconnections and tensions of industrial, multicultural societies. This talk will explore brain-savvy ways to cultivate mindfulness in young people, and then use that mindfulness to internalize a greater sense of strength and safety, contentment, and being loved.
Rick Hanson gave this keynote address for the Bridging the Hearts and Minds of Youth: Mindfulness in Clinical Practice, Education and Research Conference at the UCSD Center for Mindfulness in February, 2012.
Taking in the Good: Building Resilience into the Brain through Positive Exper...Rick Hanson
How the brain evolved a “negativity bias” that continually looks for, reacts to, and stores negative experiences; how this shapes the interior landscape of the mind, leading to pessimism, depressed and anxious mood, and over-reactions; the neural machinery of memory; how to “trick” that machinery into weaving positive experiences into the brain and the self, leading to greater resilience, happiness, and interpersonal effectiveness; applications to particular situations, including healing trauma, cooperation with medical or psychological treatment, and raising or teaching children.
Neuropsychological research on stress, emotions, and painful experiences; approach/avoid responses to the pleasant/unpleasant “hedonic tone” of experience; illuminating parallels in the Buddhist analysis of “dependent origination,” in which our reactions to the hedonic tone of experience lead to craving, clinging, and suffering; numerous methods for reducing or eliminating reactions to the hedonic tone, and thus gaining much greater emotional balance, and an increasingly unshakeable core of happiness.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Using the Mind To Change the Brain: Talks @Google - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Jesus, Moses, the Buddha, and other great teachers were all born with a brain built essentially like anyone else's. Then they used their minds to change their brains in ways that changed history. With the new breakthroughs in neuroscience, combined with insights from thousands of years of contemplative practice, you, too, can shape your own brain for greater happiness, love, and wisdom.
Written with neurologist Richard Mendius, M.D., and with a Foreword by Daniel Siegel, M.D. and a Preface by Jack Kornfield, Ph.D., Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom joins modern science with ancient teachings to show you how to have greater emotional balance in turbulent times, as well as healthier relationships, more effective actions, and greater peace of mind.
http://amzn.to/oLTD3B
Whose Brain Is It, Anyway? Part I - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Talk given at Hampton Boys School, London, England.
* How your brain works
* Why that matters
* What you can do about it
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, that is, the capacity to place oneself in another's position
Empathy Circles are a hands on empathy practice. The circles are based in science from many different disciplines such as psychology, neuroscience, biology, philosophy and arts (i.e. dance and literature). When developing the empathy circles, we did not want to get fussy over the term while getting distracted from the real important outcomes of the volumes of books, scientific studies and practices developed. We therefore decided to take a blended approach to empathy and started to actually practice in the empathy circles what all these different disciplines had to say about it. We blended science and practice to both decipher what empathy looks and feels like as well as figure out what works and what does not work in practice. Combining the different disciplines lead us to propose five phases of empathy: Self-empathy, mirrored empathy, reflective empathy, imaginative empathy and empathic creativity or -action. At the core of these five phases of empathy are different levels of synchronicity between two or more people.
Empathy Circles are meant to be a hands-on method in supporting your practice.
An overview of the positive role of anxiety, and how the work of modern European philosophers can inform a unique approach to helping people face up to, and therefore work through, their fear of fear
It's best to avoid anxiety, or is it? In this presentation, originally given in September 2010 at the Vingsted conference centre in Denmark, Professor Emmy van Deurzen, from the New School of Psychotherapy and Counselling, draws on a philosophical tradition and her own experience as a psychotherapist, to show when anxiety can be a guide to what needs to be fixed in one's life to reach greater wellbeing.
Buddha's Brain: Natural Enlightenment and Unshakable Peace - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Combining the power of the latest brain science with the wisdom of contemplative practice, this workshop will present practical methods for centering your brain in its natural state of gladness, love, and peace. In particular, you'll learn brain-savvy ways to reduce anxiety and irritability, feel stronger and safer, and clear old pain.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
On Compassion Analysis Essay
Paper On Compassion
Empathy Vs. Compassion Essay
Essay on Compassion Fatigue
What Is Compassion?
Essay about Compassionate Care
Speech About Compassion
Why Is Compassion Important
Compassion Definition Essay
Compassion Research Paper
Not-Self in the Brain - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
The biological evolution of awareness and the apparent self; what neuroscience tells us about the distributed and endlessly variable neural nature of the apparent self; the stress, suffering, and interpersonal difficulties that come from “excesses of self”; the importance of healthy self-compassion and self-advocacy; how to heal injuries to self-worth; methods for taking things less personally, relaxing possessiveness, and feeling more at one with all things.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
This text contains the principles to renew our medical system toward the consciousness of love.
I hope to have many feedbacks and comments from you
THANK YOU WITH ALL MY HEART
The Negativity Bias and Taking in the GoodRick Hanson
The brain's evolved bias is like Velcro for negative experiences, but Teflon for positive ones. The unfortunate results include stress and threat reactivity, anxiety, depression, and limited gains in psychotherapy. Happily, through tree steps of mindful attention, we can internalize positive experiences in implicit memory systems, weaving resources for well-being, coping, and kindness into the fabric of the barin and the self.
Mindfulness and Twelve Step Recovery. The Wellspring Institute Winter Fund Drive and Your Best Brain workshop. Therapeutic mindfulness in dementia care. Skillful means: Do Nothing Meditation and Easy Rest.
Taking in the Good: Weaving Positive Emotions, Optimism and Resilience into t...Rick Hanson
How the brain evolved a “negativity bias” that continually looks for, reacts to, and stores negative experiences; how this shapes the interior landscape of the mind, leading to pessimism, depressed and anxious mood, and over-reactions; the neural machinery of memory; how to “trick” that machinery into weaving positive experiences into the brain and the self, leading to greater resilience, happiness, and interpersonal effectiveness; applications to particular situations, including healing trauma, cooperation with medical or psychological treatment, and raising or teaching children.
Self -Directed Neuroplasticity: Using the New Brain Research to Deepen Clinic...Rick Hanson
How mental activity sculpts neural structure; the benefits and pitfalls of integrating neuroscience and psychotherapy; the neural substrates of self-compassion; and how to activate the lateral networks of mindful awareness.
Buddha's Brain: Lighting Up the Neural Circuits of Happiness, Love and WisdomRick Hanson
Combining the power of the latest brain science with the wisdom of contemplative practice, these are practical methods for centering your brain in its natural state of gladness, love, and peace.
Just One Thing: Developing a Buddha Brain One Simple Practice at a Time - The...Rick Hanson
Just One Thing presents more than fifty simple practices readers can do each day to wire the brain for increased happiness, positive thinking, and wisdom. Written by Rick Hanson, author of "Buddha's Brain", this pocket-sized book helps readers reap the benefits of meditation through simple five to ten-minute practices they can access anytime, anywhere. Building on the success of "Buddha's Brain", each practice is grounded in neuroscience and positive psychology. The book offers information on why the practice is important and how it works, guidance for performing the practice, and additional resources readers can use to delve deeper into that particular type of practice. Some of the practices encourage readers to focus on gratitude for what they have, while others offer guidance for taking refuge and slowing down in stressful times. All of the practices are designed to gradually change the way readers process their emotions and create new neural pathways for greater happiness and fulfillment.
For more information and to order, visit http://bit.ly/qgZRiz.
The Neurology of Awakening - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Using the New Brain Research to Steady Your Mind.
Introduction to the neuroscience of mindfulness and meditation; brain-wise methods for steadying the mind, quieting it, bringing it to singleness, and concentrating it; an exploration of what could be happening in the brain during the non-ordinary states of consciousness known as samadhis or jhanas.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Use Your Mind to Change Your Brain: Tools for Cultivating Happiness, Love and...Rick Hanson
Tools for well-being, grounded in cutting-edge science and the wisdom of the world’s contemplative traditions.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Mindfulness in Clinical Practice - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
On mindfulness as a concept, experience, and clinical tool for clinical and personal practice.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
The Neurodharma of Love and Power - Rick Hanson - Openground, Australia
1. The Buddha on Lovingkindness
Wishing: In gladness and in safety, may all beings be at ease. !
Omitting none, whether they are weak or strong, the great or the
mighty, medium, short, or small, the seen and the unseen, those
living near and far away, those born and to-be-born: May all beings
be at ease.!
Let none through anger or ill-will wish harm upon another. Even as a
mother protects with her life her child, her only child, so with a
boundless heart should one cherish all living beings; radiating
kindness over the entire world: spreading upwards to the skies, and
downwards to the depths, outwards and unbounded, freed from
hatred and ill-will. !
One should sustain this recollection. !
This is said to be the sublime abiding.!
2. The Neurodharma of Love and Power:
Practical Tools for
Empathy, Kindness, and Assertiveness
Openground, Australia
May, 2011
Rick Hanson, Ph.D.
The Wellspring Institute for Neuroscience and Contemplative Wisdom
www.WiseBrain.org www.RickHanson.net
drrh@comcast.net
3. Topics
Love and the brain
Your loving nature
Generosity
Two wolves in the heart
Empathy
Relationship virtues
Universal compassion
6. Pain network: Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), insula (Ins), somatosensory cortex (SSC), thalamus
(Thal), and periaqueductal gray (PAG).
Reward network: Ventral tegmental area (VTA), ventral striatum (VS), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC),
and amygdala (Amyg).
K. Sutliff, in Lieberman & Eisenberger, 2009, Science, 323:890-891
7. Oxytocin
It promotes bonding between parents and children -
and between mates and friends, keeping kids alive
In women, it triggers the let-down reflex in nursing,
and tend-and-befriend behaviors during stress.
In both sexes, it dampens the stress response; it
feels pleasurable, relaxed, a “rightness.”
It is stimulated by:
Physical contact (especially skin to skin)
Moving together harmoniously (e.g., dancing)
Warm feelings of rapport or love; devotion
Imagination of these
Nipple stimulation
Orgasm
8. Can you feel connected?
Can you feel cared about?
10. The Social Brain
Social capabilities have been a primary driver of brain evolution.
Reptiles and fish avoid and approach. Mammals and birds
attach as well - especially primates and humans.
Mammals and birds have bigger brains than reptiles and fish.
The more social the primate species, the bigger the cortex.
Since the first hominids began making tools ~ 2.5 million years
ago, the brain has roughly tripled in size, much of its build-out
devoted to social functions (e.g., cooperative planning, empathy,
language). The growing brain needed a longer childhood, which
required greater pair bonding and band cohesion.
11.
12. All sentient beings developed through natural
selection in such a way that pleasant
sensations serve as their guide, and
especially the pleasure derived from
sociability and from loving our families.
Charles Darwin
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Ananda approached the Buddha and said, “Venerable sir, this
is half of the spiritual life: good friendship, good
companionship, good comradeship.”!
“Not so, Ananda! Not so Ananda!” the Buddha replied.
“This is the entire spiritual life. When you have a good
friend, a good companion, a good comrade, it is to be
expected that you will develop and cultivate the Noble
Eightfold Path.” !
[adapted from In the Buddha’s Words, Bhikkhu Bodhi]!
34. In the cherry blossom’s shade
there is no thing
as a stranger
Issa
35.
36. If there is anything I have learned about [people], it is that
there is a deeper spirit of altruism than is ever evident.
Just as the rivers we see are minor compared to the
underground streams, so, too, the idealism that is visible is
minor compared to what people carry in their hearts
unreleased or scarcely released.
(Hu)mankind is waiting and longing for those who can
accomplish the task of untying what is knotted, and
bringing these underground waters to the surface.
Albert Schweitzer
42. Us and Them
Core evolutionary strategy: within-group cooperation, and
between-group aggression.
Both capacities and tendencies are hard-wired into our brains,
ready for activation. And there is individual variation.
Our biological nature is much more inclined toward cooperative
sociability than toward aggression and indifference or cruelty.
We are just very reactive to social distinctions and threats.
That reactivity is intensified and often exploited by economic,
cultural, and religious factors.
Two wolves in your heart:
Love sees a vast circle in which all beings are “us.”
Hate sees a small circle of “us,” even only the self.
Which one will you feed?
43. In between-family fights, the baboon’s ‘I’
expands to include all of her close kin;
in within-family fights,
it contracts to include only herself.
This explanation serves for baboons
as much as for the Montagues and Capulets.
Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth
45. Self-Goodwill
Moral teachings tell us to be compassionate and kind toward all
beings. And that whatever we do to the world affects us, and
whatever we do to ourselves affects the world.
You are one of the “all beings!” And kindness to yourself
benefits the world, while hurting yourself harms the world.
It’s a general moral principle that the more power you have over
someone, the greater your duty is to use that power wisely.
Well, who is the one person in the world you have the greatest
power over? It’s your future self. You hold that life in your hands,
and what it will be depends on how you care for it.
Consider yourself as an innocent child, as deserving of care and
happiness as any other.
46. Feeling Cared About
As we evolved, we increasingly turned to and relied
on others to feel safer and less threatened.
Exile from the band was a death sentence in the Serengeti.
Attachment: relying on the secure base
The well-documented power of social support to buffer
stress and aid recovery from painful experiences
Methods:
Recognize it’s kind to others to feel cared about yourself.
Look for occasions to feel cared about and take them in.
Deliberately bring to mind the experience of being cared
about in challenging situations.
Be caring yourself.
47. The root of Buddhism is compassion,!
and the root of compassion is compassion for oneself. !
Pema Chodren!
48. Self-Compassion
Compassion is the wish that a being not suffer, combined with
sympathetic concern. Self-compassion simply applies that to
oneself. It is not self-pity, complaining, or wallowing in pain.
Studies show that self-compassion buffers stress and increases
resilience and self-worth.
But self-compassion is hard for many people, due to feelings of
unworthiness, self-criticism, or “internalized oppression.” To
encourage the neural substrates of self-compassion:
Get the sense of being cared about by someone else.
Bring to mind someone you naturally feel compassion for
Sink into the experience of compassion in your body
Then shift the compassion to yourself, perhaps with phrases like:
“May I not suffer. May the pain of this moment pass.”
49. “Anthem”
Ring the bells that still can ring!
Forget your perfect offering!
There is a crack in everything!
That’s how the light gets in!
That’s how the light gets in
Leonard Cohen
50. Feeling Strong
Feeling the strength in awareness itself, never disturbed or
stained by what passes through it
Sense the vitality in your body.
Recall a time you felt really strong.Energy and strength in your
breathing . . . your body . . . your whole being . . .
A spacious strength that lets others flow through
In relationship and at peace
Relaxed in a spacious world; no need for struggle
52. What Is Empathy?
It is sensing, feeling, and understanding how it is for
the other person. In effect, you simulate his or her
inner world.
It involves (sometimes subtly) all of these elements:
Bodily resonance
Emotional attunement
Conceptual understanding
Empathy is usually communicated, often tacitly.
We can give empathy, we can receive it, and we can
ask for it.
53. Neural Substrates of Empathy
Three simulating systems:
Actions: “mirror” systems; temporal-parietal
Feelings: resonating emotionally; insula
Thoughts: “theory of mind”; prefrontal cortex
These systems interact with each other through
association and active inquiry.
They produce an automatic, continual re-creation of
aspects of others’ experience.
54. Empathy Skills
Pay attention.
Be open.
Read emotion in face and eyes.
Sense beneath the surface.
Drop aversion (judgments, distaste, fear, anger, withdrawal).
Investigate actively.
Express empathic understanding:
Reflect the content
Resonate with the tone and implicit material
Questions are fine
Offer respect and wise speech throughout
55. Can you attend to the postures, facial expressions,
and movements of another person?
Can you attune to and feel something of the
emotions of another person?
Can you have some sense of the thoughts, hopes,
and concerns of another person?
56. Reflections about Empathy
You’re more likely to get empathy if you’re:
Open, present
Honest, real, authentic
Reasonably clear
Responsible for your own experience
Taking it in when you feel felt
Empathy can be negotiated:
Name it as a topic in the relationship
Follow NVC format: “When X happens, I feel Y,
because I need Z. So I request ______ .”
Stay with it.
57. If we could read the secret history
of our enemies,
we should find in each [person's] life
sorrow and suffering enough
to disarm any hostility.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
60. The Wisdom of Connection
A human being is a part of a whole, called by us“universe,” a
part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his
thoughts and feelings as something separated from the
rest... a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. !
This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our
personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest
to us. !
Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by
widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living
creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.!
Albert Einstein!
61. The Buddha on Lovingkindness
Wishing: In gladness and in safety, may all beings be at ease. !
Omitting none, whether they are weak or strong, the great or the
mighty, medium, short, or small, the seen and the unseen, those
living near and far away, those born and to-be-born: May all beings
be at ease.!
Let none through anger or ill-will wish harm upon another. Even as a
mother protects with her life her child, her only child, so with a
boundless heart should one cherish all living beings; radiating
kindness over the entire world: spreading upwards to the skies, and
downwards to the depths, outwards and unbounded, freed from
hatred and ill-will. !
One should sustain this recollection. !
This is said to be the sublime abiding.!
62. Lovingkindness Practice
Types of wishes
Safety
Health
Happiness
Ease
Types of beings
Self
Benefactor
Friend
Neutral
Difficult
Continually “omitting none” in all directions
63. Feeding the Wolf of Love
Focus on similarities between “us” and “them.”
Consider others as young children.
Notice good things about neutral or unpleasant people.
Bring to mind the sense of someone who cares about you.
Keep extending out the sense of “us” to include everyone.
Consider others as your mother or dear friend in a past life.
Restraint about over-identifying with “us”
Reflect on the suffering of so many people in the world.
Self-generate feelings of kindness and love.
65. Wisdom is . . . all about understanding the
underlying spacious and empty quality of the
person and of all experienced phenomena. !
To attain this quality of deep insight, we must have a
mind that is quiet and malleable. !
Achieving such a state of mind requires that we first
develop the ability to regulate our body and speech
so as to cause no conflict.!
Venerable Ani Tenzin Palmo
66. There are those who do not realize that
one day we all must die.
But those who do realize this
settle their quarrels.
The Buddha
67. If you let go a little, !
you will have a little happiness.!
If you let go a lot, !
you will have a lot of happiness.!
If you let go completely, !
you will be completely happy.!
Ajahn Chah!
68. Benefits of Unilateral Virtue
It simplifies things: all you have to do is live by your
own code, and others will do whatever they do.
It feels good in its own right; it brings peace of mind,
“the bliss of blamelessness.”
It minimizes inflammatory triggers, and encourages
good behavior in others.
It stands you on the moral high ground.
It teaches you what you can ask for from others
69. What is your own code of relationship virtues?
How will it benefit you and others to undertake the
training aspiration of living by that code?
71. Other Relationship Virtues
Give life and encouragement. Do not kill or devalue.
Be generous. Do not steal or otherwise take what is not freely offered.
Create pleasure without attaching to it. Do not harm yourself or others
through the pursuit of pleasure, including sexuality.
Speak for the benefit of yourself and others. Do not lie
Foster clarity and good judgment. Do not use media, activities, or
intoxicants in ways that cloud the mind and lead to heedlessness.
The fundamental principle of non-harming . . . including oneself
These are aids to practice, not rules that are a sin to break.
72. What is your own code of relationship virtues?
How will it benefit you and others to undertake the
training aspiration of living by that code?
74. Healthy Assertiveness
What it is: Speaking your truth and pursuing your aims
in the context of relationships
What supports it:
Being on your own side
Self-compassion
Naming the truth to yourself
Refuges: Three Jewels, reason, love, nature, God
Taking care of the big things so you don’t grumble
about the little ones
Health and vitality
75. Healthy Assertiveness:
How to Do It - 1
Know your aims; stay focused on the prize; lose
battles to win wars
Ground in empathy, compassion, and love
Practice unilateral virtue
76. Healthy Assertiveness:
How to Do It - 2
Communicate for yourself, not to change others
Wise Speech; be especially mindful of tone
NVC: “When X happens, I feel Y because I need Z.”
Dignity and gravity
Distinguish empathy building (“Y”) from policy-making
If appropriate, negotiate solutions
Establish facts as best you can (“X”)
Find the deepest wants (“Z”)
Focus mainly on “from now on”
Make clear plans, agreements
Scale relationships to their actual foundations
77. So that all cubs are our own . . .
All beings are our clan . . .
All life, our relatives . . .
The whole earth, our home . . .
78. Great Books
See www.RickHanson.net for other great books.
Austin, J. 2009. Selfless Insight. MIT Press.
Begley. S. 2007. Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain. Ballantine.
Carter, C. 2010. Raising Happiness. Ballantine.
Hanson, R. (with R. Mendius). 2009. Buddha’s Brain: The Practical
Neuroscience of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom. New Harbinger.
Johnson, S. 2005. Mind Wide Open. Scribner.
Keltner, D. 2009. Born to Be Good. Norton.
Kornfield, J. 2009. The Wise Heart. Bantam.
LeDoux, J. 2003. Synaptic Self. Penguin.
Linden, D. 2008. The Accidental Mind. Belknap.
Sapolsky, R. 2004. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers. Holt.
Siegel, D. 2007. The Mindful Brain. Norton.
Thompson, E. 2007. Mind in Life. Belknap.
79. Key Papers - 1
See www.RickHanson.net for other scientific papers.
Atmanspacher, H. & Graben, P. 2007. Contextual emergence of mental states
from neurodynamics. Chaos & Complexity Letters, 2:151-168.
Baumeister, R., Bratlavsky, E., Finkenauer, C. & Vohs, K. 2001. Bad is stronger
than good. Review of General Psychology, 5:323-370.
Braver, T. & Cohen, J. 2000. On the control of control: The role of dopamine in
regulating prefrontal function and working memory; in Control of Cognitive
Processes: Attention and Performance XVIII. Monsel, S. & Driver, J. (eds.). MIT
Press.
Carter, O.L., Callistemon, C., Ungerer, Y., Liu, G.B., & Pettigrew, J.D. 2005.
Meditation skills of Buddhist monks yield clues to brain's regulation of attention.
Current Biology. 15:412-413.
80. Key Papers - 2
Davidson, R.J. 2004. Well-being and affective style: neural substrates and
biobehavioural correlates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
359:1395-1411.
Farb, N.A.S., Segal, Z.V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., and
Anderson, A.K. 2007. Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals
distinct neural modes of self-reflection. SCAN, 2, 313-322.
Gillihan, S.J. & Farah, M.J. 2005. Is self special? A critical review of evidence
from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Psychological
Bulletin, 131:76-97.
Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Meuli, R., Honey, C.J., Wedeen, V.J.,
& Sporns, O. 2008. Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS
Biology. 6:1479-1493.
Hanson, R. 2008. Seven facts about the brain that incline the mind to joy. In
Measuring the immeasurable: The scientific case for spirituality. Sounds True.
81. Key Papers - 3
Lazar, S., Kerr, C., Wasserman, R., Gray, J., Greve, D., Treadway, M.,
McGarvey, M., Quinn, B., Dusek, J., Benson, H., Rauch, S., Moore, C., & Fischl,
B. 2005. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness.
Neuroreport. 16:1893-1897.
Lewis, M.D. & Todd, R.M. 2007. The self-regulating brain: Cortical-subcortical
feedback and the development of intelligent action. Cognitive Development,
22:406-430.
Lieberman, M.D. & Eisenberger, N.I. 2009. Pains and pleasures of social life.
Science. 323:890-891.
Lutz, A., Greischar, L., Rawlings, N., Ricard, M. and Davidson, R. 2004. Long-
term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental
practice. PNAS. 101:16369-16373.
Lutz, A., Slager, H.A., Dunne, J.D., & Davidson, R. J. 2008. Attention regulation
and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 12:163-169.
82. Key Papers - 4
Rozin, P. & Royzman, E.B. 2001. Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and
contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5:296-320.
Takahashi, H., Kato, M., Matsuura, M., Mobbs, D., Suhara, T., & Okubo, Y.
2009. When your gain is my pain and your pain is my gain: Neural correlates of
envy and schadenfreude. Science, 323:937-939.
Tang, Y.-Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., Yu, Q., Sui, D.,
Rothbart, M.K., Fan, M., & Posner, M. 2007. Short-term meditation training
improves attention and self-regulation. PNAS, 104:17152-17156.
Thompson, E. & Varela F.J. 2001. Radical embodiment: Neural dynamics and
consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5:418-425.
Walsh, R. & Shapiro, S. L. 2006. The meeting of meditative disciplines and
Western psychology: A mutually enriching dialogue. American Psychologist,
61:227-239.
83. Where to Find Rick Hanson Online
http://www.youtube.com/BuddhasBrain
http://www.facebook.com/BuddhasBrain
w
www.RickHanson.net
www.WiseBrain.org 83