The menstrual cycle consists of four phases - menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. It is controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates follicle growth in the ovaries. Ovulation occurs when an LH surge causes the release of an egg. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy. Common issues include painful or heavy periods, which can be caused by hormonal imbalances or underlying conditions.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Female reproductive system. Anatomy of female reproductive organs, oogenesis, hormonal regulation of ovaries and Female reproductive cycle (Mentrual cycle) are explained.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Female reproductive system. Anatomy of female reproductive organs, oogenesis, hormonal regulation of ovaries and Female reproductive cycle (Mentrual cycle) are explained.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Overview:
The menstrual cycle starts on the first day of the menstrual period, and
ends with the start of the following period.
It is made up of four phases, during which hormones change to prepare
women for pregnancy each month.
It is natural to experience some discomfort during the menstrual cycle
There are several methods and guidelines to relieve pain before and
during a menstrual period.
3.
4. Structure of the female reproductive
system
The vagina: A canal connecting between the uterus and the external
reproductive organs.
The uterus: A hallow pear-shaped organ where the fetus grows during
pregnancy. It is separated from the vagina by a narrow canal called: the
cervix
5. Fallopian tubes: Narrow canals connected to the upper part of the uterus.
Through them, the eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus, and inside
them, the egg meets the sperm (fertilization). Then, the fertilized egg
travels through the tubes to the uterus where it can stick to the uterine
wall and form an embryo.
Ovaries: Small oval-shaped glands located on the sides of the uterus.
Eggs form inside the ovaries that also produce female hormones
6. Menstrual cycle
A menstrual cycle consists of natural changes that occur in a woman’s
body every month in preparation for pregnancy
Menstruation starts at puberty and ends at menopause.
The cycle lasts an average of 28 days but may vary between 20 and 40
days. The first day of a cycle is the first day of a menstrual period and the
last day is that of the following period
7. First menstrual period
The menstrual cycle often begins at puberty between the ages of 8 and
15 (average age of 12). It usually starts two years after breasts and pubic
hair start to develop.
8. Menstrual cycle phases
The menstrual cycle consists of four phases:
1-Menstruation.
2- the follicular phase.
3-Ovulation.
4-luteal phase.
9. Menstruation
Menstruation is the vaginal discharge of the internal lining of
the uterine wall, along with other secretions from the body. It
usually lasts three to seven days but this could change to
more or less days from month to month and depending on
each woman
10. Hormone Control of Cycle
Cycle controlled by hypothalamus, however this can be
influenced by higher centers within the brain
i.e. due to stress or anxiety
Hypothalamus releases gonadotrophin-releasing
hormone in pulsatile manner anterior pituitary
release of LH and FSH
11. Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) – glycoprotein
Stimulates follicular maturation during follicular phase
Stimulates steroid hormone secretion – oestrogen
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – glycoprotein
Stimulates steroid hormone secretion – oestrogen
Ovulation – mid-cycle surge of LH
Progesterone production by corpus luteum
12.
13.
14.
15. FollicularPhase
oThe follicular phase starts on the first day of
menstruation and ends with ovulation
opituitary gland (situated at the base of the brain) releases
a follicle stimulating hormone. This hormone produces 10
to 20 follicles in the ovary and each follicle houses an
immature egg
16. Days 1-8
FSH and LH relatively high levels
o Stimulate development of 10-20 follicles
o Results in full maturation of a single dominant follicle – appearing in
mid- follicular phase
o Remainder undergo atresia
o Oestrogen levels start to rise as follicular development occurs
17. Days 9-14
oFollicle increases in size
oTransforming primary follicle to secondary follicle
oRise in oestrogen by granulosa cells, associated with
follicular maturation
o Inhibin produced by granulosa cells restricting number of
follicles maturing
18. Ovulation
Day 14
rapid enlargement of follicle and rupture of the follicle with
extrusion of the oocyte
Rise in oestrogen mid-cycle surge of LH and to a lesser
extent FSH ovulation
Immediately before ovulation there is a drop in oestrogen and
an increase in progesterone
Ovulation follows within 18 hours of mid- cycle surge of LH
If not enough of a LH surge – then no ovulation occurs –
anovulatory
19. LutealPhase
Days 15-28
remainder of the follicle retained in the ovary
corpus luteum formation -the major source of sex hormones-
oestrogen and progesterone
This leads to marked increase in progesterone and estrogen
20. If conception and implantation occur:
Corpus luteum doesn’t regress – maintained by gonadotrophins
secreted by trophoblasts
If conception doesn’t occur successfully:
Corpus luteum regresses and menstruation occurs
Drops in steroid sex hormones leads to a rise in gonadotrophin levels
(FH and LSH) initiate next cycle
21. Common issues accompanying the
menstrual cycle
Cramps:
Many women experience stomach spasms during the first
few days of their cycle. They occur because of chemicals in
the body that cause the uterine muscles to contract to help
shed the uterine lining.
22. Dysmenorrhea (painful periods)
It is the most common menstruation problem. The pain
from one woman to the other. There are two types of
dysmenorrhea
23. Primary dysmenorrhea:
It is a very common condition that occurs because of the contraction in
uterine muscles. It typically occurs during adolescence and fades away with
age.
Started menstruating before the age of 11
Have heavy and long periods;
24. Secondary dysmenorrhea:
It is the pain resulting from physical problems. The pain becomes worse
with age
The most common health issues that may cause it are:
- Endometriosis;
- Uterine fibroids.
- Ovarian cysts.
25. Excessive bleeding:
Excessive bleeding may occur due to the following causes:
Ovulation issues: An imbalance of hormones during ovulation may lead
the excessive formation of an internal uterine lining, which in turn
increases the amount of blood shed during menstruation.
Thyroid disorders
Uterine fibroids: They are muscle tissues that form on the uterine wall and
are usually benign.
26. Benign tumors
Some medications
Problems conceiving (e.g. miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy)
Bleeding disorders (e.g. haemophilia)
Obesity
Use of an intrauterine device (IUD)
27. Summary
The menstrual cycle is complex and controlled by many
different glands and the hormones that these glands produce
The four phases of the menstrual cycle are menstruation, the
follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase.
28. Summary
Common menstrual problems include heavy or painful periods and
premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Knowing when in the menstrual cycle a woman is most likely to conceive
can increase the chance of pregnancy.