Robot-assisted surgery uses robotic systems to enhance the capabilities of surgeons. The document discusses how telemanipulators and computer control allow surgeons to perform minimally invasive procedures with more precision and smaller incisions than traditional methods. Applications of robotic surgery discussed include use in ophthalmology, heart/thoracic, gastrointestinal, gynecology, general surgery, and urology. Compared to open surgeries, robotic procedures may result in less blood loss, pain, and faster healing times. However, robotic surgeries can take longer and have inconsistent evidence of benefits relative to their increased costs.

1. Robot-assisted surgery
Dr. Shazia Iqbal
Assistant Director of Medical Education Unit
Vision College of Medicine, Riyadh
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-5864
Mobile 00966 592922002

2. Robot-assisted surgery
Robotic surgery are types of surgical procedures that are done
using robotic systems.
Robotically-assisted surgery was developed to try to overcome
the limitations of pre-existing minimally-invasive surgical
procedures and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons
performing open surgery.

4. Methods of robotic surgery
• These include using :
• 1-a direct telemanipulator A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator
that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated
with the surgery.
• The robotic arms carry out those movements using end-effectors and
manipulators to perform the actual surgery.

5. • 2-through computer control.
• In computer-controlled systems, the surgeon uses a computer to
control the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems
can also still use telemanipulators for their input.
• One advantage of using the computerized method is that the surgeon
does not have to be present, leading to the possibility for remote
surgery.

6. Uses Robotic surgery

7. Ophthalmology
• Ophthalmology is still part of the frontier for robotic-assisted surgeries. However,
there are a couple of robotic systems that are capable of successfully performing
surgeries.
• PRECEYES Surgical System is being used for vitreoretinal surgeries. This system
attaches to the head of the operating room table and provides surgeons with
increased precision with the help of the intuitive motion controller.
• The da Vinci Surgical System, though not specifically designed for ophthalmic
procedures, uses telemanipulation to perform pterygium repairs and ex-vivo
corneal surgeries

9. Heart/Thoracic
• Some examples of heart surgery being assisted by robotic surgery systems include:
• Atrial septal defect repair – the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of
the heart,
• Mitral valve repair – the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating
back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart,
• Coronary artery bypass – rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries
that provide blood to the heart.
• The da Vinci Xi system is used for lung and mediastinal mass resection

11. Gastrointestinal
• Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or da Vinci
robot systems, including bariatric surgery and gastrectomy for cancer.
• treatment of gastroesophageal reflux
• and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia.
• Robot-assisted pancreatectomies:
• have been found to be associated with "longer operating time
• lower estimated blood loss
• a higher spleen-preservation rate

12. • The first report of robotic surgery in gynecology was published in 1999
from the Cleveland Clinic [48] The adoption of robotic surgery has
contributed to the increase in minimally invasive surgery for gynecologic
disease.[49]
• Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot-assisted surgery and the
rate of complications may be higher, but there are not enough high-quality
studies to know at the present time.

13. Gynecology

14. • This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign
gynecology and gynecologic oncology.
• Robotic surgery can be used to treat fibroids, abnormal periods,
endometriosis, ovarian tumors, uterine prolapse, and female cancers.
• Using the robotic system, gynecologists can perform hysterectomies,
myomectomies, and lymph node biopsies.

16. General surgery
• With regards to robotic surgery, this type of procedure is currently
best suited for single-quadrant procedures in which the operations can
be performed on any one of the four quadrants of the abdomen.

17. Urology
• Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become common, especially in the United States.
• There is inconsistent evidence of benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased
costs.
• Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and fewer side effects
from surgery for prostatectomy.
• In 2000, the first robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed.
• Robotic surgery has also been utilized in radical cystectomies. A 2013 review found less
complications and better short term outcomes when compared to open technique.

19. Comparison to traditional methods
• Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive
surgery and unmanned surgery.
• Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with:
• precision
• miniaturization
• smaller incisions
• decreased blood loss
• less pain
• and quicker healing time

20. References 1

21. References 2

22. • 3-A short history of robotic surgery. Tim Lane Consultant Urologist
andRobotic Surgeon, Lister Hospital, Annals of the Royal College of
Surgeons of EnglandAnn R Coll Surg Engl. 2018 May; 100(6 sup):
• 4-Urologic Robotic Surgery, David Mikhail 1, Joseph Sarcona 2, Mina
Mekhail 3, Lee Richstone 2. Surg Clin North Am. 2020 Apr;100(2):361-
378. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2019.12.003.

23. • 5-Paediatric robotic surgery, Joshua Cave 1, Simon Clarke 1. Ann R
Coll Surg Engl 2018 Sep;100(Suppl 7):18-21. doi:
10.1308/rcsann.supp2.18.

24. Thank you