Mobile Broadband, powered by Mobile 3G/4G wireless technologies, has revolutionized the way we live, interact, and consume information. This connectivity is as important to mobile user experience as processing power or battery life. It overcomes complex technical challenges to deliver reliable, high-speed connectivity, everywhere we go. At Qualcomm, we foresee and solve the seemingly impossible wireless challenges, pioneering the technology that is powering Mobile Broadband. Being a wireless leader, it is essential for Qualcomm to educate the industry (and beyond) on this amazing technical achievement. This presentation explains the magic of Mobile Broadband, and all the complexities of wireless and mobile communications, to enable everyone at Qualcomm to tell our wireless leadership story, starting with the fundamentals of Wireless and Mobile.
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
Millimeter wave mobile communication for 5G cellular.Apurv Modi
Introducing the Fifth generation(5G) cellular technology that is use "millimeter wave" technology,as research is going on this approach and by 2020 5G mobile cellular will work on to the millimeter wave with great spectrum bandwidth and very less cost with serving of 100 billion wireless connection across the world
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
Millimeter wave mobile communication for 5G cellular.Apurv Modi
Introducing the Fifth generation(5G) cellular technology that is use "millimeter wave" technology,as research is going on this approach and by 2020 5G mobile cellular will work on to the millimeter wave with great spectrum bandwidth and very less cost with serving of 100 billion wireless connection across the world
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
Wireless communication , by Mulatu GebeyeawMulatu Gebeyaw
antennas, areas of research in mobile communication wireless, effects of mobility, frequency, gsm, mobile computing, modulation, transmission medium explain and categorize frequency, roaming, signal propagation, wireless applications, wireless communication principles, wireless limitations, wireless networking, wireless radio, warless devices, wlan media accessing technique accessing a shared medium
PPT about 4G technology which I made for my college purpose.
PPT displays Evolution, Architecture, Working Procedure, Advantages and Disadvantages of 4T Technology.
Background images: Google Image Search
It Contains information about fourth Generation. The history of wireless communication till fourth generation. It contains details about multiplexing TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDM.
Introduction to LTE Advanced Pro. LTE Advanced Pro is a rich roadmap of technologies that will be introduced as part of the global 3GPP standard starting with Release 13 and beyond.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
Wireless communication , by Mulatu GebeyeawMulatu Gebeyaw
antennas, areas of research in mobile communication wireless, effects of mobility, frequency, gsm, mobile computing, modulation, transmission medium explain and categorize frequency, roaming, signal propagation, wireless applications, wireless communication principles, wireless limitations, wireless networking, wireless radio, warless devices, wlan media accessing technique accessing a shared medium
PPT about 4G technology which I made for my college purpose.
PPT displays Evolution, Architecture, Working Procedure, Advantages and Disadvantages of 4T Technology.
Background images: Google Image Search
It Contains information about fourth Generation. The history of wireless communication till fourth generation. It contains details about multiplexing TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDM.
Introduction to LTE Advanced Pro. LTE Advanced Pro is a rich roadmap of technologies that will be introduced as part of the global 3GPP standard starting with Release 13 and beyond.
The new 5G unified air interface is being designed to not only vastly enhance mobile broadband performance and efficiency, but also scale to connect the massive Internet of Things and enable new types of services such as mission critical control that require ultra-low latency and new levels of reliability and security. The new design will unify diverse spectrum types and bands, scale from macro deployments to local hotspots and efficiently multiplex the envisioned 5G services across an extreme variation of requirements.
For more information on 5G technologies, use cases and timelines, please visit us at www.qualcomm.com/5G.
Next-generation immersive use cases such as VR and AR will demand even faster data rates, lower latency, and more capacity that will push the boundaries of LTE networks. Now, Gigabit LTE is here to deliver fiber-like wireless broadband that meets these expanding requirements. We are leading the Gigabit LTE evolution. Read more at https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/lte/advanced-pro/gigabit-lte
The essential role of Gigabit LTE and LTE Advanced Pro in the 5G WorldQualcomm Research
As the next phase in the evolution of LTE (3GPP Release 13 and beyond), LTE Advanced Pro does more than just push LTE capabilities closer towards 5G. It will also become an integral part of the 5G mobile network, providing many services essential to the 5G experience starting day one. Learn more at: https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/lte/advanced-pro
This presentation covers how:
- The evolutionary roadmap for C-V2X towards 5G
will be key for safety and autonomous driving
- C-V2X provides a higher performance radio, reusing
upper layers defined by the automotive industry
- C-V2X is gaining momentum and broad ecosystem support
- Qualcomm is leading the way to 5G; accelerating
the future of autonomous vehicles
Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless communication has motivated the exploration of the unutilized frequencies present in the frequency spectrum; this exploration has lead to the use of millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks
Similar to The Magic of Mobile Broadband: Wireless Fundamentals (20)
Generative AI models, such as ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion, can create new and original content like text, images, video, audio, or other data from simple prompts, as well as handle complex dialogs and reason about problems with or without images. These models are disrupting traditional technologies, from search and content creation to automation and problem solving, and are fundamentally shaping the future user interface to computing devices. Generative AI can apply broadly across industries, providing significant enhancements for utility, productivity, and entertainment. As generative AI adoption grows at record-setting speeds and computing demands increase, on-device and hybrid processing are more important than ever. Just like traditional computing evolved from mainframes to today’s mix of cloud and edge devices, AI processing will be distributed between them for AI to scale and reach its full potential.
In this presentation you’ll learn about:
- Why on-device AI is key
- Full-stack AI optimizations to make on-device AI possible and efficient
- Advanced techniques like quantization, distillation, and speculative decoding
- How generative AI models can be run on device and examples of some running now
- Qualcomm Technologies’ role in scaling on-device generative AI
As generative AI adoption grows at record-setting speeds and computing demands increase, hybrid processing is more important than ever. But just like traditional computing evolved from mainframes and thin clients to today’s mix of cloud and edge devices, AI processing must be distributed between the cloud and devices for AI to scale and reach its full potential. In this talk you’ll learn:
• Why on-device AI is key
• Which generative AI models can run on device
• Why the future of AI is hybrid
• Qualcomm Technologies’ role in making hybrid AI a reality
Qualcomm Webinar: Solving Unsolvable Combinatorial Problems with AIQualcomm Research
How do you find the best solution when faced with many choices? Combinatorial optimization is a field of mathematics that seeks to find the most optimal solutions for complex problems involving multiple variables. There are numerous business verticals that can benefit from combinatorial optimization, whether transport, supply chain, or the mobile industry.
More recently, we’ve seen gains from AI for combinatorial optimization, leading to scalability of the method, as well as significant reductions in cost. This method replaces the manual tuning of traditional heuristic approaches with an AI agent that provides a fast metric estimation.
In this presentation you will find out:
Why AI is crucial in combinatorial optimization
How it can be applied to two use cases: improving chip design and hardware-specific compilers
The state-of-the-art results achieved by Qualcomm AI Research
- There is a rich roadmap of 5G technologies coming in the second half of the 5G decade with the 5G Advanced evolution
- 6G will be the future innovation platform for 2030 and beyond building on the 5G Advanced foundation
- 6G will be more than just a new radio design, expanding the role of AI, sensing and others in the connected intelligent edge
- Qualcomm is leading cutting-edge wireless research across six key technology vectors on the path to 6G
3D perception is crucial for understanding the real world. It offers many benefits and new capabilities over 2D across diverse applications, from XR and autonomous driving to IOT, camera, and mobile. 3D perception with machine learning is creating the new state of the art (SOTA) in areas, such as depth estimation, object detection, and neural scene representation. Making these SOTA neural networks feasible for real-world deployment on mobile devices constrained by power, thermal, and performance has been a challenge. Qualcomm AI Research has developed not only novel AI techniques for 3D perception but also full-stack AI optimizations to enable real-world deployments and energy-efficient solutions. This presentation explores the latest research that is enabling efficient 3D perception while maintaining neural network model accuracy. You’ll learn about:
- The advantages of 3D perception over 2D and the need for 3D perception across applications
- Advancements in 3D perception research by Qualcomm AI Research
- Our future 3D perception research directions
5G is going mainstream across the globe, and this is an exciting time to harness the low latency and high capacity of 5G to enable the metaverse. A distributed-compute architecture across device and cloud can enable rich extended reality (XR) user experiences. Virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) are ready for deployment in private networks, while augmented reality (AR) for wide area networks can be enabled in the near term with Wi-Fi powered AR glasses paired with a 5G-enabled phone. Device APIs enabling application adaptation is critical for good user experience. 5G standards are evolving to support the deployment of AR glasses at a large scale and setting the stage for 6G-era with the merging of the physical, digital, and virtual worlds. Techniques like perception-enhanced wireless offer significant potential to improve user experience. Qualcomm Technologies is enabling the XR industry with platforms, developer SDKs, and reference designs.
Check out this webinar to learn:
• How 5G and distributed-compute architectures enable the metaverse
• The latest results from our boundless XR 5G/6G testbed, including device APIs and perception-enhanced wireless
• 5G standards evolution for enhancing XR applications and the road to 6G
• How Qualcomm Technologies is enabling the industry with platforms, SDKs, and reference designs
AI model efficiency is crucial for making AI ubiquitous, leading to smarter devices and enhanced lives. Besides the performance benefit, quantized neural networks also increase power efficiency for two reasons: reduced memory access costs and increased compute efficiency.
The quantization work done by the Qualcomm AI Research team is crucial in implementing machine learning algorithms on low-power edge devices. In network quantization, we focus on both pushing the state-of-the-art (SOTA) in compression and making quantized inference as easy to access as possible. For example, our SOTA work on oscillations in quantization-aware training that push the boundaries of what is possible with INT4 quantization. Furthermore, for ease of deployment, the integer formats such as INT16 and INT8 give comparable performance to floating point, i.e., FP16 and FP8, but have significantly better performance-per-watt performance. Researchers and developers can make use of this quantization research to successfully optimize and deploy their models across devices with open-sourced tools like AI Model Efficiency Toolkit (AIMET).
Presenters: Tijmen Blankevoort and Chirag Patel
Bringing AI research to wireless communication and sensingQualcomm Research
AI for wireless is already here, with applications in areas such as mobility management, sensing and localization, smart signaling and interference management. Recently, Qualcomm Technologies has prototyped the AI-enabled air interface and launched the Qualcomm 5G AI Suite. These developments are possible thanks to expertise in both wireless and machine learning from over a decade of foundational research in these complementing fields.
Our approach brings together the modeling flexibility and computational efficiency of machine learning and the out-of-domain generalization and interpretability of wireless domain expertise.
In this webinar, Qualcomm AI Research presents an overview of state-of-the-art research at the intersection of the two fields and offers a glimpse into the future of the wireless industry.
Qualcomm AI Research is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Speakers:
Arash Behboodi, Machine Learning Research Scientist (Senior Staff Engineer/Manager), Qualcomm AI Research Daniel Dijkman, Machine Learning Research Scientist (Principal Engineer), Qualcomm AI Research
How will sidelink bring a new level of 5G versatility.pdfQualcomm Research
Today, the 5G system mainly operates on a network-to-device communication model, exemplified by enhanced mobile broadband use cases where all data transmissions are between the network (i.e., base station) and devices (e.g., smartphone). However, to fully deliver on the original 5G vision of supporting diverse devices, services, and deployment scenarios, we need to expand the 5G topology further to reach new levels of performance and efficiency.
That is why sidelink communication was introduced in 3GPP standards, designed to facilitate direct communication between devices, independent of connectivity via the cellular infrastructure. Beyond automotive communication, it also benefits many other 5G use cases such as IoT, mobile broadband, and public safety.
5G is designed to serve an unprecedented range of capabilities with a single global standard. With enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive IoT (mIoT), and mission-critical IoT, the three pillars of 5G represent extremes in performance and associated complexity. For IoT services, NB-IoT and eMTC devices prioritize low power consumption and the lowest complexity for wide-area deployments (LPWA), while enhanced ultra-reliable, low-latency communication (eURLLC), along with time-sensitive networking (TSN), delivers the most stringent use case requirements. But there exists an opportunity to more efficiently address a broad range of mid-tier applications with capabilities ranging between these extremes.
In 5G NR Release 17, 3GPP introduced a new tier of reduced capability (RedCap) devices, also known as NR-Light. It is a new device platform that bridges the capability and complexity gap between the extremes in 5G today with an optimized design for mid-tier use cases. With the recent standards completion, NR-Light is set to efficiently expand the 5G universe to connect new frontiers.
Download this presentation to learn:
• What NR-Light is and why it can herald the next wave of 5G expansion
• How NR-Light is accelerating the growth of the connected intelligent edge
• Why NR-Light is a suitable 5G migration path for mid-tier LTE devices
Realizing mission-critical industrial automation with 5GQualcomm Research
Manufacturers seeking better operational efficiencies, with reduced downtime and higher yield, are at the leading edge of the Industry 4.0 transformation. With mobile system components and reliable wireless connectivity between them, flexible manufacturing systems can be reconfigured quickly for new tasks, to troubleshoot issues, or in response to shifts in supply and demand.
There is a long history of R&D collaboration between Bosch Rexroth and Qualcomm Technologies for the effective application of these 5G capabilities to industrial automation use cases. At the Robert Bosch Elektronik GmbH factory in Salzgitter, Germany, this collaboration has reached new heights.
Download this deck to learn how:
• Qualcomm Technologies and Bosch Rexroth are collaborating to accelerate the Industry 4.0 transformation
• 5G technologies deliver key capabilities for mission-critical industrial automation
• Distributed control solutions can work effectively across 5G TSN networks
• A single 5G technology platform solves connectivity and positioning needs for flexible manufacturing
3GPP Release 17: Completing the first phase of 5G evolutionQualcomm Research
This presentation summarizes 5G NR Release 17 projects that was completed in March 2022. It further enhances 5G foundation and expands into new devices, use cases, verticals.
AI firsts: Leading from research to proof-of-conceptQualcomm Research
AI has made tremendous progress over the past decade, with many advancements coming from fundamental research from many decades ago. Accelerating the pipeline from research to commercialization has been daunting since scaling technologies in the real world faces many challenges beyond the theoretical work done in the lab. Qualcomm AI Research has taken on the task of not only generating novel AI research but also being first to demonstrate proof-of-concepts on commercial devices, enabling technology to scale in the real world. This presentation covers:
The challenges of deploying cutting-edge research on real-world mobile devices
How Qualcomm AI Research is solving system and feasibility challenges with full-stack optimizations to quickly move from research to commercialization
Examples where Qualcomm AI Research has had industrial or academic firsts
Setting off the 5G Advanced evolution with 3GPP Release 18Qualcomm Research
In December 2021, 3GPP has reached a consensus on the scope of 5G NR Release 18. This is a significant milestone marking the beginning of 5G Advanced — the second wave of wireless innovations that will fulfill the 5G vision. Release 18 will build on the solid foundation set by Releases 15, 16, and 17, and it sets the longer-term evolution direction of 5G and beyond. This release will encompass a wide range of new and enhancement projects, ranging from improved MIMO and application of AI/ML-enabled air interface to extended reality optimizations and broader IoT support.
Cellular networks have facilitated positioning in addition to voice or data communications from the beginning, since 2G, and we’ve since grown to rely on positioning technology to make our lives safer, simpler, more productive, and even fun. Cellular positioning complements other technologies to operate indoors and outdoors, including dense urban environments where tall buildings interfere with satellite positioning. It works whether we’re standing still, walking, or in a moving vehicle. With 5G, cellular positioning breaks new ground to bring robust precise positioning indoors and outdoors, to meet even the most demanding Industry 4.0 needs.
As we look to the future, the Connected Intelligent Edge will bring a new dimension of positional insight to a broad range of devices, improving wireless use cases still under development. We’re already charting the course to 5G Advanced and beyond by working on the evolution of cellular positioning technology to include RF sensing for situational awareness.
Download the deck to learn more.
The need for intelligent, personalized experiences powered by AI is ever-growing. Our devices are producing more and more data that could help improve our AI experiences. How do we learn and efficiently process all this data from edge devices while maintaining privacy? On-device learning rather than cloud training can address these challenges. In this presentation, we’ll discuss:
- Why on-device learning is crucial for providing intelligent, personalized experiences without sacrificing privacy
- Our latest research in on-device learning, including few-shot learning, continuous learning, and federated learning
- How we are solving system and feasibility challenges to move from research to commercialization
This presentation outlines the synergistic nature of 5G and AI -- two disruptive areas of innovations that can change the world. It illustrates the benefits of adopting AI for the advancements of 5G, as well as showcases the latest progress made by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Data compression has increased by leaps and bounds over the years due to technical innovation, enabling the proliferation of streamed digital multimedia and voice over IP. For example, a regular cadence of technical advancement in video codecs has led to massive reduction in file size – in fact, up to a 1000x reduction in file size when comparing a raw video file to a VVC encoded file. However, with the rise of machine learning techniques and diverse data types to compress, AI may be a compelling tool for next-generation compression, offering a variety of benefits over traditional techniques. In this presentation we discuss:
- Why the demand for improved data compression is growing
- Why AI is a compelling tool for compression in general
- Qualcomm AI Research’s latest AI voice and video codec research
- Our future AI codec research work and challenges
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
3. Wireless is the foundation to mobile broadband
1
2
Mobile is the largest technology
platform in the world, enabling
broadband internet access
anywhere
Mobile broadband is an
amazing technical achievement,
critical to the mobile user
experience
3
Wireless fundamentals are the
foundation to mobile broadband
powered by Mobile 3G/4G
technologies
4
Qualcomm is the leader in
Mobile 3G/4G. We foresee and
solve the impossible wireless
challenges.
3
4. Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world
~6.7 Billion connections, almost
as many as people on Earth1
7 Billion smartphones
to be shipped 2013-20172
New form factors; tablet/laptop
variants, wearables, etc.
1 GSMA
More prevalent than electricity
or running water in some regions
Evolving into Internet of Everything:
cars, meters, health-devices, etc.
Intelligence, July 2013 - note ~3.3B unique subscribers.
2 Gartner, April 2013
4
5. The evolution of broadband from fixed to mobile
>75%
Global broadband connections that
are mobile in 20131
Mobile Broadband
Mobile 3G/4G
Fixed Broadband
Ethernet
1 Source:
Wireless Intelligence, April 2013; WBIS+, April 2013
Portable Broadband
Wi-Fi
5
6. Mobile broadband is reliable, high-speed internet
access…anywhere, anytime
Reliable Performance
Fast Speeds
Anywhere Coverage
Talk and browse without interruption with
more bars in more places
Stream, surf, upload, and download with
fast, predictable data rates
Connect to Internet with seamless mobility
anywhere you get a signal
Delivering rich user experiences through seamless mobile connectivity
6
7. Seamless mobile connectivity is the fundamental reason for
buying a smartphone
Usage Model
Global Response
For your next smartphone purchase, which of the following capabilities would drive your
decision to select one phone over others? Select all that apply
Access internet anytime, anywhere
60%
Fast/smooth web browsing
Mobile
Broadband
60%
52%
Faster download speeds
45%
SMS/text messaging
45%
Send/receive photos/videos (MMS)
36%
Quickly switch between apps
36%
35%
Secure mobile banking/transactions
30%
Watch theater-quality movies/videos
27%
View/edit office docs
26%
Streaming video/movies
27%
37%
Better power management
High-definition
movies/videos
40%
Runs multiple apps efficiently at same time
40%
41%
Take HD photos/images
High-definition
photos/images
Instant access to email
25%
Source: Qualcomm quantitative survey conducted December through February 2013 on 2,000+ Gen Pop sample from 8 countries worldwide (USA, UK, China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Russia, South Korea)
7
8. Mobile broadband is an amazing technical achievement
More processing power
than Apollo 11 when it
landed on moon
Battery holds ~5 watt-hours
of energy, enough to lift an
average adult 6 stories high
~100,000,000,000,000 X
Magnitude of signal loss versus original signal due to
harsh wireless environment
Equivalent to distance to mars versus thickness of needle
<0.01% packet loss
Performance required for high priority applications with
mobility
E.g., voice and video streaming
One device that fits in your
pocket replaces functionality
of at least 6 other devices
>19,000,000,000*
Gigabytes of worldwide mobile data traffic
forecasted in 2013
Equivalent to >4 billion full-length HD Movies
* Source: Cisco & GSMA, 2013
8
9. Wireless fundamentals are the foundation of this amazing
technical achievement
Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
9
10. Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
10
11. Radio signals are like ripples in the water
Radio Signal: A form of energy that radiates
into space as radio waves.
𝜆
Water
Surface
𝐴
Amplitude (𝐴): Size of the ripple (energy)
Wavelength (𝜆): Distance between the ripples (meters)
Frequency (𝑓): How often the ripple goes by (hertz)
11
12. Radio signals (ripples) are modulated with information
Modulation turns radio signals into information “carriers” creating a radio channel
Ripple Receiver
Data
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
Amplitude Modulation
(AM)
1
0
0
Amplitude Modulation (AM):
Alternating how big you make the ripples
12
13. Radio signals (ripples) transmit in noisy environments
Interference
Power
Ripple Receiver
Noise
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Signal Power
Noise + Interference Power
Distance (from ripple source)
Range is the distance the signal can travel with acceptable SNR to
be decoded by receiver
13
14. Mobile technologies provide signal quality despite harsh wireless
environments
Ripple Source
(Transmitter)
~100,000,000,000 X
Amount of signal loss possible across cell
compared to original signal
Ripple Receiver
Environment
Noise
Operator Base Station
Ripple Source
PSTN
User Equipment
Ripple Receiver
Internet
Other Users
Interference
Cell
Ripple Range
Enabled by Mobile 3G/4G technologies:
Advanced receivers and coding to detect low-power signals from noise
Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to amplify signal
14
15. Mobile technologies provide coverage beyond the cell
Ripple Source
Transmitter #1
Ripple Source
Transmitter #2
Power (dB)
Ripple Receiver
Requires seamless handoff between transmitters like swinging from a trapeze
15
16. Mobile cells are networked to provide mobility
Network
Switch/Router
PSTN
Internet
<0.01%
Packet loss required for high
priority apps (e.g., video)
Cells are designed with overlapping coverage to provide seamless handoffs across cells
16
17. Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
17
18. Spectrum is like land – a finite resource;
Radio channels are like highways built on this land
Radio Frequency Spectrum (land):
Frequency range for different types of wireless communication
100 MHz
850 MHz
1,500 MHz
1,900 MHz
2,350 MHz
FM Radio
Mobile band
GPS
Mobile band
Satellite Radio
Radio Channel (highway):
Spectrum for specific communication link
Data (vehicles):
105.3 FM Radio Channel
Bits of information carried on Radio channel
18
19. Spectrum can be either licensed or unlicensed
Licensed Spectrum
Unlicensed Spectrum
Cleared spectrum for exclusive use
(Mobile 3G/4G technologies)
Spectrum shared by multiple technologies
(Wi-Fi, BT & others)
Operator
Predictable Performance
Foundation of Mobile Broadband
Unpredictable Performance
Local Area Access, Opportunistic Offload
19
20. Mobile technologies are a two-way (duplex) highway
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Two-lane highway (paired spectrum)
Spectrum 1
Uplink (UL)
Spectrum 2
Downlink (DL)
Time
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
One-lane, shared highway (unpaired spectrum)
Spectrum 1
UL
DL
UL
DL
Time
20
21. Finite
Spectrum
Mobile technologies have finite available spectrum
Radio Frequency Spectrum
Defense 27%
Commercial 27%
Aeronautical 17%
Requires large
antennas
Travels short
distance
Mobile 15%*
Broadcasting 8%
Other 6%
60 MHz
600 MHz
6 GHz
60 GHz
Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies maximize spectrum efficiency with:
Advanced receivers and radio link improvements to get more bits per Hz
Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to carry more data
* Based on average Europe allocations up to 6 GHz
21
22. A radio channel has a peak data rate
Peak Data Rate
(𝑅)
Theoretical max data rate in
ideal conditions measured in bits
per second (bps)
≈
𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙
𝑀
− 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
∗
Spectrum Bandwidth
Number of Antennas
Higher Order Modulation
The width of the radio channel
(highway) built on spectrum
(land)
The number of spatially
separated paths (highway
overpasses)
The number of bits (passengers)
transmitted per signal (vehicle)
11
10
01
00
Frequency
Note: Overhead is extra bits for each packet beyond the payload containing information necessary to properly transport the packet end-to-end across the network
22
23. Evolving Mobile technologies increase peak data rate
Peak Data Rate Equation
𝑅≈ 𝑊∙ 𝑛∙ 𝑀−
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
2G
Voice plus Messaging
3G
3G+/4G
Mobile Broadband
Advanced Mobile Broadband
CDMA, GSM, GPRS/EDGE
WCDMA/HSPA, EV-DO
HSPA+, LTE, LTE Advanced
200 kHz
5 MHz
20+ MHz
1 x 1 (n = 1)
1 x 1 (n = 1)
2 x 2 (n = 2)
Modulation (𝑴)
8-PSK (M = 3)
16-QAM (M = 4)
64-QAM (M = 6)
Peak Data Rate1
474 Kbps
14.4 Mbps
150+ Mbps
Example: LTE Peak Data Rate2
Spectrum Bandwidth (𝑊) = 20 MHz
Number of Antennas (𝑛) = 2
Bits per Symbol (𝑀) = 6
Overhead = 37.5%
Peak Data Rate (𝑅) = 150 Mbps
Channel Bandwidth (𝑾)
# of Antennas (𝒏)
1
Download peak data rate, 2 Download peak data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO, 64-QAM Modulation, and 20 MHz carrier
23
24. Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
24
25. Radio channel capacity is like a pipe’s capacity for water
Capacity (𝐶)
Radio channel capacity is shared amongst multiple users
Theoretical max amount of data traffic that
can be reliably transmitted over a noisy radio
channel at a given time
Single User
100%
12%
13%
29%
21%
10%
15%
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
User 6
25
26. A radio channel has a finite capacity
Capacity (𝐶)
≈
𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Theoretical max amount of data that
can be reliably transmitted over a noisy
radio channel
Spectrum Bandwidth
Number of Antennas
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
This size of your pipe
(bandwidth)
The number of spatially
separated pipes (paths)
The quality of your water
flow (signal quality)
Shannon’s Law
26
27. Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies increase capacity
Shared
Resources
Enhancing user experience through faster data rates and lower latencies
𝐶≈
𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
More
Spectrum
More
Antennas
Spectrum
Aggregation
Clear additional licensed spectrum
plus opportunistic use of
unlicensed spectrum
Carrier #1
Carrier #2
Carrier #3
Aggregated
Data Pipe
Interference
Mitigation
Higher
Efficiency
Mitigate interference with
advanced receivers and antenna
techniques
Create spatially separated paths
resulting in higher spectrum
efficiency (bps/Hz)
Carrier #4
Aggregate contiguous and noncontiguous radio channels for
higher data rates
Detect low-power signals with
advanced receivers and coding
techniques
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to this evolution
27
28. Mobile data traffic growth—
industry preparing for 1000x
preparing for
Mobile technology evolutions to increase capacity equation will not be enough
Richer content
1000x
data traffic growth*
More devices
more video
everything connected
Average bestseller:
5.93 GB
Movie (High Definition)
Movie (Standard Definition)
0.0014 GB
Homepage
1.8 GB
Game for Android
0.14 GB
Soundtrack
25
Billion
~
2.49 GB
7
Billion
~
Interconnected
device forecast
in 20202
Cumulative smartphone
forecast between
2013-20171
0.00091 GB
Book
28
1
Gartner, April 2013; 2 Machina Research on behalf of GSMA, Dec. ’12, Note: 1000x would be reached if mobile data traffic doubled ten times, but Qualcomm does not make predictions when 1000x will happen, we work on the solutions to enable 1000x
29. The biggest gain – reuse Shannon’s Law everywhere!
𝐶
Scaling Capacity with Small Cells
Reusing Capacity (𝐶) equation everywhere
𝐶 ≈ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑊 ∙ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
𝐶
𝐶
SMALL CELL
𝐶
SMALL CELL
𝐶
Small Cell
SMALL CELL
More Small Cells
29
30. Qualcomm is the leader in
seamless mobile connectivity
delivering superior
performance and technology
leadership
We foresee and solve the impossible wireless challenges
30
31. Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies
First World Mode LTE
Advanced Modem
with 40 MHz CA and CAT61
Each modem generation enhances user experience and provides more capacity
First LTE Advanced
Increasing User Experience
First Integrated LTE Multimode
DL: 100 Mbps
Higher efficiency (LTE)
2 x 2 MIMO
Support for 3G and 4G technologies
First Integrated
LTE
Smartphone
First LTE
World
Mode
DL: 300 Mbps
40 MHz Carrier Aggregation
DL: 150 Mbps
20 MHz Carrier Aggregation
First DC-HSPA+
First HSPA+
First HSUPA
DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
Carrier Aggregation
DL: 28 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
Higher Order Modulation
2 x 2 MIMO
DL: 7.2 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
Enhanced Uplink Channel
First HSDPA
DL: 1.8 Mbps
UL: 384 kbps
Higher Order Modulation
Time
Qualcomm Gobi is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
1
November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD
31
32. Wireless is the foundation to mobile broadband
1
2
Mobile is the largest technology
platform in the world, enabling
broadband internet access
anywhere
Mobile broadband is an
amazing technical achievement,
critical to the mobile user
experience
3
Wireless fundamentals are the
foundation to mobile broadband
powered by Mobile 3G/4G
technologies
4
Qualcomm is the leader in
Mobile 3G/4G. We foresee and
solve the impossible wireless
challenges.
32