This document discusses different types of taxonomy and taxonomic aids used for plant and animal identification and classification. It describes herbariums which preserve dried plant specimens, botanical gardens which display living plants, and zoological parks which house living animals. It also mentions keys, floras, manuals, and monographs as analytical aids. Finally, it outlines different levels of taxonomy from alpha to omega taxonomy and specific approaches like cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy.

1. THE LIVING WORLD ( PART
3)
Types of taxonomy and taxonomical aids
By Raji Unnithan

2. Taxonomy aids for identification and
classification
To store and preserve information as well as specimens useful in IDENTIFICATION and Classification

3. Herbarium
Plant specimen dried, pressed and
preserved on sheets
Name , date of collection , place
, scientific and common name is
included .
Quick referral system in taxonomic studies.

4. Types of specimen :
holotype
Sheet on which first description of
plant is based
Lectotype Second sheet prepared from
original plant if holotype is lost
neotype
Sheet prepared when holotype is
lost but other plant of same species
Syntype
Holotype lost – herbarium sheets
prepared from many plant of
same specie
Isotype
Holotype lost – second sheet
from original plant

5. Botanical garden
Plant bears common , scientific name
and family
Kew, England
Indian Botanical garden ,Howrah
Indian Botanical Research Institute , Lucknow

6. Zoological Parks
Animals are protected under human care
 Museums : have preserved plants and animals

7. Keys : Analytical aid for identification
 Based on contrasting characters - called couplet
2 opposite
options
Accepted Rejected
Each statement in the key is called lead

9. Flora, manuals and monographs
 Flora : Actual account of habitat and distribution of plants in an area
Manuals :Identification of names of species in an area
Monographs : information on any one taxon

10. Types of taxonomy

11. ALPHA TAXONOMY

12. Beta taxonomy
Beta taxonomy
External morphology + internal characters like cytology , anatomy ,
embryology.

13. Omega taxonomy :
Based on all information and data available about the plant .

14. Cytotaxonomy – using cytological characters in plant
Chemotaxonomy : using chemical characteristics of plants for
classification.