The document discusses herbaria, which are collections of preserved plant specimens. It defines herbaria as collections arranged according to classification and stored in cabinets or drawers. The document outlines the history of herbaria, objectives of collecting specimens, proper handling and storage of specimens, and the importance of herbaria for research, teaching, and taxonomy. It also discusses the role of the Botanical Survey of India in managing herbaria and documenting India's plant diversity.
The herbarium & Botanical gardens are the temples of botanists. This PPT intends to explore these institutes and their role in nature studies for UG courses.
The herbarium & Botanical gardens are the temples of botanists. This PPT intends to explore these institutes and their role in nature studies for UG courses.
This PPT explains about the various methods and steps of preparation of herbarium specimens. It also describes the various functions performed by herbaria and the various major herbaria of world as well as in India.
Herbarium and Botanical gardens by Dr. Priya Trivedi convertedPriya Trivedi
Students will explore about the history of Herbarium and few Botanical gardens of world, India and local area.
Students will know about herbarium techniques.
Students will able to make Herbarium by their own.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
This pdf contains information about the various methods of documentation in plant taxonomy. It includes, floras, manuals, monographs, dictionaries, glosaries, indexes, icones, etc.
A Survey on the Pteridophyte Flora of the 18 Selected Sacred Groves in Chalav...IJEABJ
An exploratory survey conducted on Pteridophytic flora in the 18 selected sacred groves of Chalavara Grama panchayath, Ottapalamtaluk, Palakkad district, Kerala lead to the collection of 26 species of pteridophytes coming under 20 genera and 14 families. Among them, 02 families belongs to class Lycopsida, 01 family belongs to class Psilotopsida and remaining belongs to class Polypodiopsida. Out of 26 species 21 species are terrestrial, 3 species are epiphytes and 2 species are aquatic.
It describes the basics of Plant classification, morphological, anatomical, palynological, embryological, chemical and cytological evidences of classification
This PPT explains about the various methods and steps of preparation of herbarium specimens. It also describes the various functions performed by herbaria and the various major herbaria of world as well as in India.
Herbarium and Botanical gardens by Dr. Priya Trivedi convertedPriya Trivedi
Students will explore about the history of Herbarium and few Botanical gardens of world, India and local area.
Students will know about herbarium techniques.
Students will able to make Herbarium by their own.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
This pdf contains information about the various methods of documentation in plant taxonomy. It includes, floras, manuals, monographs, dictionaries, glosaries, indexes, icones, etc.
A Survey on the Pteridophyte Flora of the 18 Selected Sacred Groves in Chalav...IJEABJ
An exploratory survey conducted on Pteridophytic flora in the 18 selected sacred groves of Chalavara Grama panchayath, Ottapalamtaluk, Palakkad district, Kerala lead to the collection of 26 species of pteridophytes coming under 20 genera and 14 families. Among them, 02 families belongs to class Lycopsida, 01 family belongs to class Psilotopsida and remaining belongs to class Polypodiopsida. Out of 26 species 21 species are terrestrial, 3 species are epiphytes and 2 species are aquatic.
It describes the basics of Plant classification, morphological, anatomical, palynological, embryological, chemical and cytological evidences of classification
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Introduction
It is a storehouse of plant specimens collected from far and wide and
mounted on appropriate sheets arranged in some known classification and
stored in wooden cupboards or steel pigeonholes.
Derived from word Herbar means plant specimens and arium means an
artificial place.
Tournefort & Linnaeus used the term herbarium as an equivalent to Hortus
siccus.
3. Lawrence (1951) defines it, as “the arrangement of specimens in the
sequence of an accepted classification and the specimens are available for
reference or other scientific studies.
According to Fosberg and Sachet (1965), a modern herbarium is “a great
filing system for information about plants, both primarily in the form of
actual specimens and secondary in the form of published information,
pictures and recorded notes”.
4. History of herbarium
Luca Ghini (1556) is the sole initiator of the art of herbarium making.
Gherardas Cibo, student of Ghini began collecting plants and preserving
them from 1582 and continued till his death.
In those days, the herbarium sheets were bound into volumes and just like
books these herbaria volumes were also arranged vertically as in Libraries
In 18th Century, Linneaus started a new method in which he mounted his
specimens on single sheets and started storing them flat horizontally.
5. Objectives of herbarium
To provide facilities for determination of any material including new taxa.
To enable preparation of new monographs and floras.
To preserve specimens of historic importance.
To assemble data for working out ranges and ecological distribution.
To bring together in a relatively permanent form of specimens for comparative
morphological or phylogenetic studies.
To provide material for specific research as in plant anatomy, palynology and
ethnobotany and also for molecular research.
6. Role of herbarium in teaching and research
Teaching: Serves as aid to the UG & PG students.
Many specimens, which the teacher would like to show to his students, may not
be available fresh at the time of giving the course. In such situations, available
specimens in the herbarium serve the purpose.
Research: Essential requirement for biosystematic research.
For ethnobotanical researches, the herbaria have proved to be very valuable
source of information.
Herbaria also provide a meeting place for discussions and exchange of ideas
among scientists from far and wide.
7. Functions of herbarium
Provide basic material for study of flora and vegetation of different places or
regions at one place.
Where catastrophes or other factors have destroyed the vegetation the
collections in the herbarium provide evidence of what once existed there.
Herbaria serve as invaluable conservatory of flora of different parts of this earth.
Herbaria also serve the valuable function of data banks on plants.
8. What to
collect?
1. Do not collect scraps of plants.
2. If the specimen is herbaceous whole plant including
the underground parts must be collected or if it is
woody, a twig that can easily fit into the herbarium sheet
can be collected. It must by 35-40 cm long.
3. Very rare specimens like orchids, insectivorous plants
and endangered specimens must be collected sparingly.
4. Collection should be made of the material in all
stages of development. If necessary, 2 or 3 trips to the
same spot must be made to collect different stages of
the specimen.
5. Sometimes bulbous specimens must be collected for
planting in the experimental garden.
6. All the areas of the locality must be visited and then
only the collection will be complete.
9.
10. Handling of specimens
Keep the sheets always flat.
Don’t shuffle or leaf through a folder like a book or pack of cards.
Plant materials are brittle, and they can break and get damaged, if handling is
improper.
Store the sheets in shelves and don’t crowd the shelf.
Use the folders namely species folders and genus folders carefully and keep the
specimens inside when they are not in use.
11. Don't put books or heavy articles
over the herbarium sheets.
If the parts of the specimens get
detached, store them in small
envelope and attach it to the sheet.
During transport don’t tie the
bundle of sheets tightly. This may
damage the specimen.
Some students and scholars may
try to examine the specimens or
dissect the floral parts. They should
not be allowed to touch the main
material. The reserve materials kept
in the small envelope may be used.
For examination and dissection,
dried material must be kept in
boiling water and then softening
agents must be added. The
composition is 1.6 ml (75%)
aqueous “Aerosol OT” 73.4 ml
distilled water. 25 ml methyl
alcohol.
The materials must be placed in a
watch glass and the solution is
added to it, which makes dissect
the specimens easier.
The herbarium sheet must be
placed below long armed
dissection microscope during
examination. Do not bend the
sheet.
Never write any comments or
notes on the sheet. Don’t make any
corrections without the permission
of the in charge.
12. Utility and importance of herbaria in
taxonomy
1. Discover or confirm the identity of a plant or determine that it is new to science (taxonomy).
2. Document the concepts of the specialists who have studied the specimens in the past
(taxonomy)
3. Provide locality data for planning field trips (taxonomy, systematics, teaching).
4. Provide data for floristic studies (taxonomy).
5. Serve as a repository of new collections (taxonomy and systematics).
6. Provide data for revisions and monographs (systematics);
7. Verify Latin plant names (nomenclature).
8. Serve as a secure repository for “type” specimens (taxonomy).
13. 9. Provide infrastructure for obtaining loans, etc., of research material (taxonomy, systematics).
10. Facilitate and promote the exchange of new material among institutions (taxonomy).
11. Allow for the documentation of flowering and fruiting times and juvenile forms of plants
(taxonomy, systematics, ecology, phenology).
12. Provide the basis for an illustration of a plant (taxonomy, general publishing).
13. Provide pollen for taxonomic, systematic, and pollination studies as well as allergy studies
(taxonomy, systematics, pollination ecology, insect ecology, medical studies).
14. Provide samples for the identification of plants eaten by animals (animal ecology).
15. Document which plants grew where through time (invasive species, climate change,
habitat destruction, etc.).
16. Document what plants grew with what other plants (ecology).
14. 17. Document the morphology and anatomy of individuals of a particular species in different
locations (environmental variation).
18. Provide material for microscopic observations (anatomy, morphology).
19. Serve as a repository for voucher specimens (ecology, environmental impact studies, etc.).
20. Provide material for DNA analysis (systematics, evolution, genetics).
21. Provide material for chemical analysis (pollution documentation; bio-prospecting, for
coralline algae - determining past ocean temperatures and chemical concentration)
22. Provide material for teaching (botany, taxonomy, field botany, plant communities)
23. Provide information for studies of expeditions and explorers (history of science).
24. Provide the label data necessary for accurate data-basing of specimens (biodiversity and
conservation biology, biogeography).
15. 25. Serve as a reference library for the identification of parts of plants found in archeology
digs (paleoethnobotany).
26. Provide space and context for accompanying library and other bibliographic resources
(library sciences, general research, taxonomy, etc.).
27. Serve as an archive for related material (field notebooks, letters, reprints, etc.);
28. Provide information on common names and local uses of plants (ethnobotany, economic
botany).
29. Provide samples for the identification of plants that may be significant to criminal
investigations (forensics).
30. Serve as a means of locating rare or possibly extinct species via recollecting areas listed on
label data (conservation biology, environmental impact statements, endangered species, etc.).
31. Serve as an educational tool for the public (garden clubs, school groups, etc.)
32. Provide a focal point for botanical interactions of all types (lectures, club meetings, etc.)
16. Role of BSI in herbaria
Exploration, inventorization and documentation of phytodiversity (including
nonflowering plants) in India, publication of National, state and District Floras.
Identification of Red list species and species rich areas needing conservation of critically
threatened taxa in Botanical gardens.
Survey and Documentation of Traditional knowledge (Ethnobotany) associated with
plants.
Develop National data base of Indian plants, including herbarium specimens, live
specimens, botanical paintings, illustrations, etc.
To undertake intensive floristic surveys and collect accurate and detailed information on
the occurrence, distribution, ecology and economic utility of plants in the country.
To collect, identify and distribute materials which may be of use to educational and
research institutions.
17. To act as a custodian of authentic collections in well planned herbaria and to document
the plant resources in the form of local, district, state and national flora.
Revision/ Monographic studies on selected plant groups.
Capacity building in plant taxonomy through refresher courses and post M.Sc.
Certification course.
Environment Impact Assessment of areas assigned to BSI for study.
Develop and maintain Botanical Gardens, Museum ad Herbaria.
Preparation of seed, pollen and spore Atlas of Indian plants.
