This document provides an overview of plant systematics and taxonomy. It discusses the early history of plant classification beginning with Theophrastus and other ancient Greek and Roman scholars. It then focuses on Carolus Linnaeus, considered the father of taxonomy, and his development of the binomial nomenclature system in the 18th century. The summary concludes with a brief discussion of how plants receive both common names based on appearance or other qualities as well as scientific binomial names for standardized international identification.
1. Fruits serve to protect and disperse seeds, and come in many forms like berries, drupes, and nuts.
2. Seeds contain an embryonic plant and nutritive tissue to support germination and growth of the next generation.
3. The chapter discusses the structure and types of fruits and seeds, as well as seed germination and development, focusing on economically important edible fruits like tomatoes, apples, oranges, and chestnuts.
This document discusses the history and principles of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It outlines that Linnaeus first introduced binomial nomenclature for naming plants in 1753. Over subsequent meetings and codes from 1892 to 1983, the rules of botanical nomenclature were further developed. The current ICBN from 1983 in Sydney, Australia consists of 6 principles, 75 rules, and 57 recommendations for systematically naming taxonomic plant groups according to priority and Latin conventions.
1. Plant taxonomy is the science of identifying, classifying, and naming plants based on their phenotypic characteristics.
2. The main objectives of plant taxonomy are to classify the plant kingdom, identify plants, and assign scientific names to plants.
3. Taxonomy aims to classify organisms into hierarchical taxa, assign scientific names to each taxon through nomenclature, and allow identification of organisms.
This document discusses different systems of plant classification, including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It focuses on the artificial system of classification developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century. Linnaeus classified plants based mainly on their floral characteristics like stamen number. He divided plants into 24 classes and further subgroups from A to Z based on these characteristics. While this system was convenient for identification, it had limitations like grouping unrelated plants together and considering only a few characters.
Mammals are classified into 5420 species within 152 families and 29 orders. The two subclasses are Prototheria and Theria. Prototheria contains monotremes like platypuses and echidnas that lay eggs. Theria contains marsupials in the infraclass Metatheria that give birth to immature young developing further in pouches, and placentals in Eutheria that give live birth to mature young. Marsupials include opossums and kangaroos, while placentals make up the majority of mammal species and include humans, whales, bats and more. Classification systems continue to evolve as new genetic and fossil evidence is discovered.
TAKHTAJAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTSHasnain Sarwar
The document discusses the Takhtajan system of classification for flowering plants developed by Armenian botanist Armen Leonovich Takhtajan. Some key points:
- Takhtajan published his initial classification scheme in 1940 based on phylogenetic relationships, revising it several times until 1997.
- His system recognizes a single division (Magnoliophyta) of two classes - Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots).
- It has advantages of being based on evolutionary relationships and forming small homogeneous families, but disadvantages include narrow criteria splitting related groups and placing monocots after dicots.
This document discusses the concepts and history of systematic zoology and taxonomy. It defines taxonomy as the classification of living things and systematics as the scientific study of diversity and relationships among organisms. It outlines the contributions of taxonomy in fields like epidemiology and wildlife management. The document then discusses the scope of taxonomy, problems in taxonomy, and provides a history of taxonomy from Aristotle to modern molecular systematics approaches.
1. Fruits serve to protect and disperse seeds, and come in many forms like berries, drupes, and nuts.
2. Seeds contain an embryonic plant and nutritive tissue to support germination and growth of the next generation.
3. The chapter discusses the structure and types of fruits and seeds, as well as seed germination and development, focusing on economically important edible fruits like tomatoes, apples, oranges, and chestnuts.
This document discusses the history and principles of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It outlines that Linnaeus first introduced binomial nomenclature for naming plants in 1753. Over subsequent meetings and codes from 1892 to 1983, the rules of botanical nomenclature were further developed. The current ICBN from 1983 in Sydney, Australia consists of 6 principles, 75 rules, and 57 recommendations for systematically naming taxonomic plant groups according to priority and Latin conventions.
1. Plant taxonomy is the science of identifying, classifying, and naming plants based on their phenotypic characteristics.
2. The main objectives of plant taxonomy are to classify the plant kingdom, identify plants, and assign scientific names to plants.
3. Taxonomy aims to classify organisms into hierarchical taxa, assign scientific names to each taxon through nomenclature, and allow identification of organisms.
This document discusses different systems of plant classification, including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It focuses on the artificial system of classification developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century. Linnaeus classified plants based mainly on their floral characteristics like stamen number. He divided plants into 24 classes and further subgroups from A to Z based on these characteristics. While this system was convenient for identification, it had limitations like grouping unrelated plants together and considering only a few characters.
Mammals are classified into 5420 species within 152 families and 29 orders. The two subclasses are Prototheria and Theria. Prototheria contains monotremes like platypuses and echidnas that lay eggs. Theria contains marsupials in the infraclass Metatheria that give birth to immature young developing further in pouches, and placentals in Eutheria that give live birth to mature young. Marsupials include opossums and kangaroos, while placentals make up the majority of mammal species and include humans, whales, bats and more. Classification systems continue to evolve as new genetic and fossil evidence is discovered.
TAKHTAJAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTSHasnain Sarwar
The document discusses the Takhtajan system of classification for flowering plants developed by Armenian botanist Armen Leonovich Takhtajan. Some key points:
- Takhtajan published his initial classification scheme in 1940 based on phylogenetic relationships, revising it several times until 1997.
- His system recognizes a single division (Magnoliophyta) of two classes - Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots).
- It has advantages of being based on evolutionary relationships and forming small homogeneous families, but disadvantages include narrow criteria splitting related groups and placing monocots after dicots.
This document discusses the concepts and history of systematic zoology and taxonomy. It defines taxonomy as the classification of living things and systematics as the scientific study of diversity and relationships among organisms. It outlines the contributions of taxonomy in fields like epidemiology and wildlife management. The document then discusses the scope of taxonomy, problems in taxonomy, and provides a history of taxonomy from Aristotle to modern molecular systematics approaches.
The document discusses different perspectives on classifying species and defining what a species is. It describes five main species concepts used in science: morphological, biological, evolutionary, phylogenetic, and ecological. The morphological concept views each species as having an essential set of characteristics, while the biological concept defines species based on reproductive isolation. Evolutionary and phylogenetic concepts consider species lineages and ancestry. Realism, nominalism, whether species are individuals or classes, and other philosophical issues related to defining species are also covered.
Economic importance of Caesalpiniaceae familyKaviya107300
This document discusses several plants and their traditional medicinal uses in India, including Caesalpinia bonducella, Bauhinia malabarica, Cassia fistula, Senna tora, and Caesalpinia sappan. Caesalpinia bonducella seeds are used to treat abdominal pain, fever, and malaria. Bauhinia malabarica bark is used as a tonic to treat coughs, gout, and liver disorders. Cassia fistula fruit pulp acts as a laxative and the plant has anti-inflammatory and antitussive properties. Senna tora seeds are used as a laxative and pesticide. Caesalpin
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) governs the formal scientific names used for plants. Some key points:
- Carl Linnaeus is considered the father of modern taxonomy and introduced the system of scientific naming for species in 1753.
- Names are determined by nomenclature types and are based on priority of publication. Each taxonomic group can have only one correct scientific name.
- Names are revised in subsequent International Botanical Congresses starting in 1892 to establish standards for effective/valid publication, author citation, typification, and rejection of illegitimate names.
- Related codes also exist for zoological nomenclature, cultivated plants, bacteria,
The document discusses the history and evolution of taxonomic plant classification systems from ancient to modern times. It describes early artificial systems from 2000 BC based on single characteristics like use or appearance. Natural systems from the 1600s classified plants based on multiple natural characteristics. Phylogenetic systems from the 1800s classify plants based on evolutionary relationships revealed by modern techniques. The most widely accepted current systems combine natural and phylogenetic approaches.
The document discusses the principles and rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). It describes how the ICN evolved from earlier codes established in the 19th century to provide internationally agreed upon rules for naming plant taxa. Key points covered include the establishment of the International Botanical Congress to govern the ICN, important milestones in the various international botanic congresses, the principles of priority and typification/type method that are fundamental to botanical nomenclature, and some examples of how these principles are applied.
The document summarizes 28 orders of birds, providing details on their defining characteristics and some examples. It begins with large flightless birds like ostriches and continues through orders of waterbirds, birds of prey, songbirds, doves, night-hunting owls, hummingbirds, ground-feeding gallinaceous birds, shorebirds, parrots, woodpeckers, penguins, tubenosed seabirds, nightjars, emus and cassowaries, trogons, grebes, and diurnal birds of prey. Each order is concisely described in a few sentences along with one or two representative images.
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
This PPT explains about the various methods and steps of preparation of herbarium specimens. It also describes the various functions performed by herbaria and the various major herbaria of world as well as in India.
Carolus Linnaeus was an 18th century Swedish botanist known as the "Father of Taxonomy" who developed one of the first comprehensive systems for naming and classifying organisms. He published his system of binomial nomenclature in his influential work Species Plantarum in 1753, establishing standardized scientific names for plants that formed the basis for modern taxonomy. Linnaeus' system classified plants into 24 classes based primarily on their reproductive structures, such as the number of stamens and structure of the pistils, laying the foundation for the modern practice of plant classification.
This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
This document summarizes four plants from the Ranunculaceae family: Aconitum, Hydrastis, Delphinium, and Anemone.
Aconitum, also known as Monkshood or Aconite root, contains toxic alkaloids including aconitine. It grows in mountains and is used as a local analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic in small doses, but can be fatal in higher amounts. Hydrastis canadensis or Golden seal contains alkaloids like berberine and hydrastine and is used as an astringent. Delphinium contains alkaloid toxins and is used as a parasiticidal and treatment
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
This document discusses the key concepts and components of systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogeny. It covers topics such as:
- The goal of phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary history.
- The major parts of systematics including description, classification, nomenclature, and identification.
- Tools for communicating taxonomic information such as keys and scientific names.
- Methods for determining evolutionary relationships including cladistics and cladograms.
- Principles of formal taxonomic naming and types of specimens.
- Uses of keys to identify unknown taxa.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
Pteridophytes were the first vascular plants to evolve, originating around 400 million years ago. They are characterized by having well-developed vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients. Pteridophytes reproduce via spores and have alternation of generations, with both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. They differ from other plants in being non-flowering and non-seed producing. Common examples include ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails. Pteridophytes first dominated terrestrial ecosystems but now many species thrive in moist, shaded environments.
This document discusses botanical nomenclature and the rules for naming plants. It begins by explaining that botanical nomenclature is the process of naming plants according to international rules proposed by botanists. It then discusses the history of plant naming including the development of the binomial system by Linnaeus and establishment of Latin as the language for plant names. The document concludes by outlining some of the key principles and rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature including requirements for valid publication of new plant names.
1. The document discusses different views on natural classification and its relationship to scientific theory and observation.
2. It argues that while some philosophers have viewed classification as merely a matter of theoretical convenience, classification was an important goal in biology and other sciences from the late 18th to early 19th centuries.
3. The document proposes that science involves a reciprocal relationship between classification, theory, and observation, with each one able to influence and refine the others through an iterative process of revision and correction.
• Eras of plant classification
• Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.)- Major Contributions
• Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624)- Major Contributions
• Jean BAUHIN (1541-1613)- Major Contributions
The document discusses different perspectives on classifying species and defining what a species is. It describes five main species concepts used in science: morphological, biological, evolutionary, phylogenetic, and ecological. The morphological concept views each species as having an essential set of characteristics, while the biological concept defines species based on reproductive isolation. Evolutionary and phylogenetic concepts consider species lineages and ancestry. Realism, nominalism, whether species are individuals or classes, and other philosophical issues related to defining species are also covered.
Economic importance of Caesalpiniaceae familyKaviya107300
This document discusses several plants and their traditional medicinal uses in India, including Caesalpinia bonducella, Bauhinia malabarica, Cassia fistula, Senna tora, and Caesalpinia sappan. Caesalpinia bonducella seeds are used to treat abdominal pain, fever, and malaria. Bauhinia malabarica bark is used as a tonic to treat coughs, gout, and liver disorders. Cassia fistula fruit pulp acts as a laxative and the plant has anti-inflammatory and antitussive properties. Senna tora seeds are used as a laxative and pesticide. Caesalpin
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) governs the formal scientific names used for plants. Some key points:
- Carl Linnaeus is considered the father of modern taxonomy and introduced the system of scientific naming for species in 1753.
- Names are determined by nomenclature types and are based on priority of publication. Each taxonomic group can have only one correct scientific name.
- Names are revised in subsequent International Botanical Congresses starting in 1892 to establish standards for effective/valid publication, author citation, typification, and rejection of illegitimate names.
- Related codes also exist for zoological nomenclature, cultivated plants, bacteria,
The document discusses the history and evolution of taxonomic plant classification systems from ancient to modern times. It describes early artificial systems from 2000 BC based on single characteristics like use or appearance. Natural systems from the 1600s classified plants based on multiple natural characteristics. Phylogenetic systems from the 1800s classify plants based on evolutionary relationships revealed by modern techniques. The most widely accepted current systems combine natural and phylogenetic approaches.
The document discusses the principles and rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). It describes how the ICN evolved from earlier codes established in the 19th century to provide internationally agreed upon rules for naming plant taxa. Key points covered include the establishment of the International Botanical Congress to govern the ICN, important milestones in the various international botanic congresses, the principles of priority and typification/type method that are fundamental to botanical nomenclature, and some examples of how these principles are applied.
The document summarizes 28 orders of birds, providing details on their defining characteristics and some examples. It begins with large flightless birds like ostriches and continues through orders of waterbirds, birds of prey, songbirds, doves, night-hunting owls, hummingbirds, ground-feeding gallinaceous birds, shorebirds, parrots, woodpeckers, penguins, tubenosed seabirds, nightjars, emus and cassowaries, trogons, grebes, and diurnal birds of prey. Each order is concisely described in a few sentences along with one or two representative images.
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
This PPT explains about the various methods and steps of preparation of herbarium specimens. It also describes the various functions performed by herbaria and the various major herbaria of world as well as in India.
Carolus Linnaeus was an 18th century Swedish botanist known as the "Father of Taxonomy" who developed one of the first comprehensive systems for naming and classifying organisms. He published his system of binomial nomenclature in his influential work Species Plantarum in 1753, establishing standardized scientific names for plants that formed the basis for modern taxonomy. Linnaeus' system classified plants into 24 classes based primarily on their reproductive structures, such as the number of stamens and structure of the pistils, laying the foundation for the modern practice of plant classification.
This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
This document summarizes four plants from the Ranunculaceae family: Aconitum, Hydrastis, Delphinium, and Anemone.
Aconitum, also known as Monkshood or Aconite root, contains toxic alkaloids including aconitine. It grows in mountains and is used as a local analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic in small doses, but can be fatal in higher amounts. Hydrastis canadensis or Golden seal contains alkaloids like berberine and hydrastine and is used as an astringent. Delphinium contains alkaloid toxins and is used as a parasiticidal and treatment
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
This document discusses the key concepts and components of systematics, which includes taxonomy and phylogeny. It covers topics such as:
- The goal of phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary history.
- The major parts of systematics including description, classification, nomenclature, and identification.
- Tools for communicating taxonomic information such as keys and scientific names.
- Methods for determining evolutionary relationships including cladistics and cladograms.
- Principles of formal taxonomic naming and types of specimens.
- Uses of keys to identify unknown taxa.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
Pteridophytes were the first vascular plants to evolve, originating around 400 million years ago. They are characterized by having well-developed vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients. Pteridophytes reproduce via spores and have alternation of generations, with both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. They differ from other plants in being non-flowering and non-seed producing. Common examples include ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails. Pteridophytes first dominated terrestrial ecosystems but now many species thrive in moist, shaded environments.
This document discusses botanical nomenclature and the rules for naming plants. It begins by explaining that botanical nomenclature is the process of naming plants according to international rules proposed by botanists. It then discusses the history of plant naming including the development of the binomial system by Linnaeus and establishment of Latin as the language for plant names. The document concludes by outlining some of the key principles and rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature including requirements for valid publication of new plant names.
1. The document discusses different views on natural classification and its relationship to scientific theory and observation.
2. It argues that while some philosophers have viewed classification as merely a matter of theoretical convenience, classification was an important goal in biology and other sciences from the late 18th to early 19th centuries.
3. The document proposes that science involves a reciprocal relationship between classification, theory, and observation, with each one able to influence and refine the others through an iterative process of revision and correction.
• Eras of plant classification
• Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.)- Major Contributions
• Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624)- Major Contributions
• Jean BAUHIN (1541-1613)- Major Contributions
There are many different concepts of what constitutes a species. These concepts include biological, ecological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic species concepts. There is no universal agreement on how to define species. Determining whether species are real, and delineating species boundaries accurately is challenging given the various concepts and lack of consensus on an approach. Higher taxa concepts are also debated in terms of their philosophical reality.
Cooper and colleagues extracted DNA from extinct flightless birds and modern species to propose a new phylogenetic tree. They found that DNA sequences were very similar, suggesting New Zealand was colonized twice by ancestors of flightless birds - first by moa ancestors, then by kiwi ancestors. This discovery was based on gathering genetic data to propose a new hypothesis about evolutionary relationships, showing how ancient DNA analysis can provide insight into phylogenetic relationships.
1) Morphology is the study of the external features, arrangement, and relationships of plant organs. Roots grow underground and absorb water and minerals, anchoring the plant. Stems grow above ground and transport nutrients between roots and leaves.
2) Roots have various modifications including storage roots, prop roots, stilt roots, climbing roots, and parasitic roots. Stems also have modifications underground like bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and above ground like runners, stolons, and suckers.
3) Vegetative plant organs include roots, stems, and leaves. Roots have different root systems and serve functions of anchoring, absorption, and storage. Stems support leaves and
The document discusses taxonomy, which is the study of naming, describing, and classifying organisms. It provides details on classification systems and how they have evolved over time from early naturalists like Aristotle to the modern hierarchical system. Key modern concepts covered include binomial nomenclature, phylogenetic classification and the use of dichotomous keys to identify unknown organisms.
Taxonomy is the classification of organisms based on their characteristics in order to understand relationships. It began over 300 years ago and was popularized by Linnaeus in the 1700s. Plants are classified into a taxonomic hierarchy of kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species based on shared characteristics. Correct classification and naming of organisms is important for identification and understanding relationships between taxa.
The document discusses the classification and taxonomy of organisms. It explains that taxonomy involves assigning scientific names to organisms and grouping them hierarchically based on biological similarities. The hierarchical system includes seven main taxa from broadest to most specific - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientific names use binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and specific epithet. Classification aims to reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms.
The document summarizes the Gazelle web browser, which is constructed as a multi-principal operating system (OS). Gazelle's Browser Kernel runs as a separate OS process and exclusively manages resource protection and sharing across web site principals defined by the same-origin policy. This construction exposes new design challenges for cross-principal script protection, display protection, and resource allocation. The prototype implementation indicates it is feasible to construct an existing browser as a multi-principal OS while leveraging its capabilities, though some sites may be incompatible with Gazelle's stronger security policies.
www.LRLiderTime.blogspot.ru Skype marinair2011
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Крупная Немецкая компания прямых продаж LR HEALTH&BEAUTY SYSTEMS проводит набор менеджеров для рекламы компании и ее продукции для красоты и здоровья в России, Украине и Казахстане. Обучение проводится для менеджеров компании бесплатно. Критерии отбора: обучаемость, коммуникабельность, порядочность, активная жизненная позиция. Начинать работать у нас возможно от 18 лет, образование значения не имеет, пол тоже. Сотрудники компании имеют возможность получить весь ассортимент товаров по закупочной цене. При выполнении условий компании по продажам продукции дальнейшее обучение в г.Москва, а также обучение за границей. Возможно сотрудничество с ИП и юридич.лицами. Телефон для связи 89136910033
El documento presenta gráficos sobre el uso de diferentes redes sociales y servicios de blogs. Muestra la popularidad de Facebook, Flickr, Picasa y Blogger comparado con otros como LinkedIn, Orkut, Tuenti, Gather y servicios menos usados. También distingue entre redes para compartir fotos, redes para adolescentes y jóvenes, y servicios relacionados con blogs.
This passage from 1 Peter 5:6-11 outlines four laws of Christian life: (1) the law of Christian humility, (2) the law of Christian serenity, (3) the law of Christian effort and vigilance, and (4) the law of Christian suffering. It encourages believers to remain humble and faithful to Christ even in times of persecution, and to cast their burdens on God through prayer rather than anxiety, while also remaining sober and vigilant in living for Christ. It asserts that through suffering, God will restore, establish, strengthen, and settle believers.
The document discusses the importance and relevance of learning mathematics and other school subjects that may not seem immediately useful. It notes that while students often question why they need to learn certain topics, the skills developed can be applied in many areas of life. Algebra helps with financial calculations, writing skills assist with job applications, and biology knowledge allows for informed medical discussions. Overall, an education provides lifelong benefits and empowers students to navigate various situations, even if they do not work directly in the areas studied in school.
The passage discusses Saul's disobedience to God's command to utterly destroy the Amalekites. When Samuel confronts Saul about sparing some of the livestock, Saul tries to justify his actions by saying the people spared them to sacrifice to God. Samuel tells Saul that obedience is better than sacrifice, and that rebelling against God's word is as serious as idolatry. Because Saul disobeyed, God rejects him as king over Israel.
This document discusses factors that influence the real estate business such as interest rates and material costs. It outlines that real estate deals with both residential and commercial property, with commercial deals requiring more expertise and attention. Contact information is provided for Craig Feigin, a real estate agent in Miami, Florida specializing in commercial property.
The document discusses the history of taxonomy from its earliest developments in China and ancient Greece through the modern Linnaean era. It notes that the Chinese emperor Shen Nung in around 3000 BC is considered the "Father of Chinese medicine" and helped develop early plant classification. It then focuses on Linnaeus, describing him as founding modern taxonomy by introducing binomial nomenclature in his works Species Plantarum in 1753 and Systema Naturae in 1758. These works established many of the rules that taxonomists use today to systematically classify and name organisms.
The document discusses the history of taxonomy from its earliest developments in China and ancient Greece through the modern Linnaean era. It notes that the Chinese emperor Shen Nung in around 3000 BC is considered the "Father of Chinese medicine" and helped develop early plant classification. It then focuses on Linnaeus, describing how he established modern taxonomy with works like Species Plantarum in 1753, introducing binomial nomenclature that provided standardized scientific names for organisms. Linnaeus helped transform botany and zoology into scientific disciplines through establishing standard terminology and processes for classification.
This document discusses the history of taxonomy from its earliest developments in ancient China and Greece to modern times. It describes how early taxonomists like Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides began classifying and naming organisms. It then focuses on the pivotal contributions of Carl Linnaeus in the 1700s, who established the binomial nomenclature system still used today. The document also discusses how taxonomy evolved after Linnaeus to increasingly reflect evolutionary relationships, with influential post-Linnaean taxonomists and the development of standardized nomenclature rules.
The document discusses the history and development of taxonomy from its earliest forms in ancient China through the modern era. It covers key figures and works that advanced the field, such as the first herbal works in ancient Egypt and Greece, early classification systems, Carolus Linnaeus's seminal contributions in the 1700s that established the modern binomial nomenclature system, the development of rules for nomenclature in the 19th century, and the shift from morphological to molecular techniques in recent decades. The document traces how taxonomy transformed from early herbalism and classification into the formal scientific discipline it is today.
The document provides a history of taxonomy from ancient times through modern evolutionary taxonomy. It describes how early taxonomy began with folk classifications and the earliest written works from China, Egypt, and Greece. Key figures discussed include Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny who established early plant classifications. The development of printing helped spread herbals written by early botanists. Early modern taxonomists like Caesalpino and the Bauhin brothers established genera and species as taxonomic levels. John Ray established species as the basic unit of taxonomy. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort dominated pre-Linnaean botanical taxonomy with his floral-based system. Carl Linnaeus then revolutionized taxonomy with his
Carl Linnaeus established the foundations of modern taxonomy in the 18th century with works like Systema Naturae and Species Plantarum which introduced binomial nomenclature. Over subsequent centuries, various scientists improved and developed taxonomic methods. Rules for botanical nomenclature were established in the 19th century to promote stability of scientific names. The development of evolutionary theory in the mid-19th century led to a shift from classification based only on observable characteristics to classifications attempting to reflect evolutionary relationships and phylogenies.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of botany, the scientific study of plants. It discusses how botany originated in prehistory as herbalism and the identification of edible, medicinal and poisonous plants. It then outlines key developments in botany, including the earliest recorded plant classifications from ancient texts, the contributions of Theophrastus and Pedanius Dioscorides in ancient Greece, the founding of botanical gardens in 16th century Italy, the development of plant taxonomy and binomial nomenclature by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century, and modern developments in microscopy, genetics and molecular biology in the 19th-20th centuries.
This document discusses milestones in biological classification, focusing on four influential scientists: Aristotle, Charakan, John Ray, and Carl Linneaus. It provides biographical details and summarizes their key contributions to early systems of classifying organisms. Aristotle was the first to classify organisms into plants and animals. Charakan classified hundreds of Indian plants and animals. John Ray developed biological definitions of species and classified plants. Finally, Carl Linneaus established the system of binomial nomenclature still used today and published comprehensive works classifying thousands of species of plants and animals.
powerpoint presentation by ARYA SB (MLESTONE CLLASSIFICATION)shilpadevu
This document discusses milestones in biological classification, focusing on four famous scientists: Aristotle, Charakan, John Ray, and Carl Linneaus. It summarizes their key contributions to early systems of classifying organisms. Aristotle was the first to classify organisms into two groups of plants and animals. John Ray rejected dichotomous classification and instead grouped organisms based on observable similarities and differences. Carl Linneaus developed the system of binomial nomenclature used in modern taxonomy. Overall, the document outlines the early history of biological classification and the important role played by these pioneering scientists.
This document discusses milestones in biological classification, focusing on four famous scientists: Aristotle, Charakan, John Ray, and Carl Linneaus. It summarizes their key contributions to early systems of classifying organisms. Aristotle was the first to classify organisms into plants and animals. Charakan classified over 200 animals and 340 plants. John Ray published works rejecting dichotomous classification and advocated classifying based on observed similarities. Carl Linneaus developed the system of binomial nomenclature still used today and published works classifying thousands of plant and animal species. Overall, the document outlines the early history and development of biological taxonomy and classification systems.
Power Point Presentation on Milestones in Classificationjinulazer
This document discusses milestones in biological classification, focusing on four famous scientists: Aristotle, Charakan, John Ray, and Carl Linneaus. It summarizes their key contributions to early systems of classifying organisms. Aristotle was the first to classify organisms into two groups of plants and animals. John Ray rejected dichotomous classification and instead grouped organisms based on observable similarities and differences. Carl Linneaus developed the system of binomial nomenclature used in modern taxonomy. Overall, the document outlines the early history of biological classification and the pivotal role played by these four scientists.
This document discusses milestones in biological classification, focusing on four influential scientists: Aristotle, Charakan, John Ray, and Carl Linneaus. It provides biographical details and summarizes their key contributions to early systems of classifying organisms. Aristotle was the first to classify organisms into plants and animals. Charakan classified hundreds of Indian plants and animals. John Ray developed biological definitions of species and classified plants. Finally, Carl Linneaus established the system of binomial nomenclature still used today and published comprehensive works classifying thousands of species of plants and animals.
This document provides an overview of botany and the history of botanical study. It discusses how botany originated from herbalism and the identification of medicinal plants. Key developments included the earliest plant classifications in ancient Greece and China, the modern binomial naming system of Linnaeus in the 18th century, and advances in microscopy that allowed the discovery of cells and tissues. Modern botany utilizes various techniques including molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology to study plant structure, function, development, taxonomy, and relationships at the molecular and ecological level.
The document provides information on plant systematics and the history of botanical nomenclature. It discusses:
1) Plant systematics aims to reconstruct plant evolutionary history and divides plants into taxonomic groups using various data.
2) Three approaches to plant classification - cladistics, phenetics, and phyletics - are described.
3) The establishment of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) in 1930 provided internationally accepted rules for naming plants. The ICBN has been modified over time at successive International Botanical Congresses.
The document summarizes the history of angiosperm classification from ancient times to modern systems like APG. It describes the early work of ancient Greek and Roman scholars like Theophrastus and Pliny. It then discusses the major historical periods of classification including the Period of Herbalists, Period of Mechanical Systems established by Linnaeus, Period of Natural Systems, and Period of Phylogenetic Systems influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution. Finally, it outlines the modern Angiosperm Phylogeny Group systems from APG I to the current APG IV, which is based on molecular data and recognizes 64 orders and 416 families of flowering plants.
Objectives and History of-Plant-Taxonomy.pptxflorachandran
The document provides an overview of the history and objectives of plant taxonomy. It discusses key figures and their contributions from ancient times through the modern era, including Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Parasara, Albertus Magnus, Linnaeus, de Jussieu, and modern systems proposed by Takhtajan, Cronquist, Dahlgren, and Thorne. It also outlines the development of classification schemes from phenetic to phylogenetic approaches and the future directions of being dynamic, interdisciplinary, and shaped by new technologies.
This document provides an overview of taxonomy and the classification of life. It discusses the early development of taxonomy from Aristotle through Linnaeus and the establishment of the binomial nomenclature system. It also describes how Darwin's theory of evolution influenced taxonomy by establishing that classification should reflect evolutionary relationships and shared ancestry. Modern taxonomy incorporates various lines of evidence including morphology, embryology, biochemistry, and molecular data to reconstruct evolutionary history and classify organisms appropriately.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of taxonomy, the science of classifying living organisms. It discusses how early taxonomists like Aristotle and Linnaeus grouped organisms based on visible characteristics. Charles Darwin later established that taxonomy should reflect evolutionary relationships and shared ancestry. The document also outlines the major kingdoms and domains proposed by scientists over time to classify the diversity of life, from the original plant and animal kingdoms to the current three domain system of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Molecular evidence now supports or refines previous taxonomic classifications.
During the 17th century, important developments in botany included Robert Hooke inventing the microscope in 1665, allowing close examination of plant cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed live cells under a microscope. Johannes van Helmont conducted experiments on tree water uptake. During the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus introduced modern taxonomy and plant classification. Gregor Mendel's experiments in the 19th century laid the foundations for genetics. In the 20th century, technology advanced the study of plant structures and genetics at the cellular level, while ecology emerged as a separate discipline. Modern research continues to enhance understanding of plant functions and applications in agriculture.
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